Blind people and mobile touch-based text-entry: acknowledging the need for different flavors
Abstract
The emergence of touch-based mobile devices brought fresh and exciting possibilities. These came at the cost of a considerable number of novel challenges. They are particularly apparent with the blind population, as these devices lack tactile cues and are extremely visually demanding. Existing solutions resort to assistive screen reading software to compensate the lack of sight, still not all the information reaches the blind user. Good spatial ability is still required to have notion of the device and its interface, as well as the need to memorize buttons' position on screen. These abilities, as many other individual attributes as age, age of blindness onset or tactile sensibility are often forgotten, as the blind population is presented with the same methods ignoring capabilities and needs. Herein, we present a study with 13 blind people consisting of a touch screen text-entry task with four different methods. Results show that different capability levels have significant impact on performance and that this impact is related with the different methods' demands. These variances acknowledge the need of accounting for individual characteristics and giving space for difference, towards inclusive design.
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Individual attributes and abilities have a significant impact on learning different text entry methods and on their performance, but so do previous experiences and technical aptitudes of users.
“Individual attributes and abilities have a significant impact on learning different text entry methods and on their performance [12], but so do previous experiences and technical aptitudes of users.”
From Designing a text entry multimodal keypad for blind users of touchscreen mobile phones (2014) · cites this paper as [12]
Most work on non-visual text-entry for people with visual impairments has focused on comparison of input techniques reporting performance measures such as accuracy and speed.
“Most work on non-visual text-entry for people with visual impairments has focused on the comparison of input techniques reporting on performance measures, such as accuracy and speed.”
From Typing Performance of Blind Users (2015) · cites this paper as [19]
Text-entry rates are much slower for visually impaired users than for sighted users.
“While the visual layout of the QWERTY keyboard is identical to that presented to sighted users, the text-entry rates are much slower for visually impaired users [19].”
From Typing Performance of Blind Users (2015) · cites this paper as [19]
Non-visual input is slow and error prone, especially for novice users.
“While researchers have been able to establish that non-visual input is slow and error prone, there is little understanding on how to improve it.”
From Typing Performance of Blind Users (2015) · cites this paper as [19]
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MethodTowards accessible mobile pattern authentication for persons with visual impairments
Balaji, V., & Kuppusamy, K. S. (2017) · 2017 International Conference on Computational Intelligence in Data Science(ICCIDS) · doi:10.1109/iccids.2017.8272662 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Normal solution to prevent this issue is that user needs to use an effective authentication application such as security lock system in their mobile devices [9].”
BackgroundText entry for the Blind on Smartwatches: A study of Braille code input methods for a novel device
Luna, M. M., Nascimento, H. A. D., Quigley, A., & Soares, F. (2023) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-022-00870-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Evaluating Smartphone Screen Divisions for Designing Blind-Friendly Touch-Based Interfaces
Khusro, S., Niazi, B., Khan, A., & Alam, I. (2019) · International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology (FIT) · doi:10.1109/fit47737.2019.00068 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The magnitude of these issues will result in interface complexity, inconsistency and extended navigational routes [10].”
BackgroundAlly: Understanding Text Messaging to Build a Better Onscreen Keyboard for Blind People
Lottridge, D., Yoon, C., Burton, D., Wang, C., & Kaye, J. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/3533707 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“While recent research [37] suggests that speech recognition accuracy has improved, the laboratory conditions under which such research is conducted are significantly different from the noisy environs of a subway train or crowded office.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialImproving the Screen Exploration of Smartphones Using Haptic Icons for Visually Impaired Users
González-Cañete, F. J., López-Rodríguez, J., Galdón, P. M., & Díaz-Estrella, A. (2021) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21155024 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Consequently, VI people use a much slower process to operate a smartphone [4], one requiring a high cognitive load [5,6], which has a negative impact on the user experience.”
BackgroundTyping Slowly but Screen-Free: Exploring Navigation over Entirely Auditory Keyboards
Mathur, R., Sheth, A., Vyas, P., & Bolchini, D. (2019) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3308561.3353789 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cho, H., Park, K., & Choi, S. (2018) · IEEE International Workshop/Symposium on Haptic, Audio and Visual Environments and Games · doi:10.1109/have.2018.8547502 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“designing text-entry methods for visually-impaired users [17].”
Why visually impaired people resist to adopt touchscreen smartphones in the Czech Republic?
Balata, J., & Míkovec, Z. (2016) · IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications · doi:10.1109/coginfocom.2016.7804523 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“[17] have shown in their study comparing four different text-entry systems, different people had different performance on different textentry systems.”
BackgroundSaSYS: A Swipe Gesture-Based System for Exploring Urban Environments for the Visually Impaired
Kim, J.-E., Bessho, M., Koshizuka, N., & Sakamura, K. (2013) · Mobile Computing, Applications, and Services · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-05452-0_5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“) could affect the performance [12]; and to perform the task, users had to interact much more with SaSYS.”
BackgroundBraille text entry on smartwatches: an evaluation of methods for composing the Braille cell
Luna, M. M., de M. N. Soares, F. A. A., Nascimento, H. A. D., & Quigley, A. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3319499.3328233 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A Review of Smartphone's Text Entry for Visually Impaired
Shahid, H., Ali Shah, M., Dar, B. K., & Fizzah, F. (2018) · 2018 24th International Conference on Automation and Computing (ICAC) · doi:10.23919/iconac.2018.8749128 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“A study [37] compared four different text entry methods, namely: BrailleType, MultiTap, NavTouch, and soft QWERTY keyboard.”
BackgroundMethodMedina, M. J., Thoo, Y.-J., Baudet, C., Froehlich, J. E., Ruffieux, N., & Lalanne, D. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/3726531 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The touch modality is facilitated through mainstream technologies, such as touchscreens [90, 91, 138], and assistive technologies like braille and wearable devices [141].”
Kocielinski, D., & Brzostek-Pawlowska, J. (2013) · International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services · doi:10.1145/2493190.2494439 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“in turn noticed lower erroneousness in case of entering text in Braille, using a physical or virtual keyboard [2, 4] e.”
MethodResultSensory Aids for Persons With Visual Impairments
Cook, A., Polgar, J., & Encarnação, P. (2020) · Assistive Technologies · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-52338-7.00016-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The usability of text entry systems now and in the future
Clawson, J., Brewster, S., Dunlop, M., Kristensson, P., Isokoski, P., Oulasvirta, A., Vertanen, K., & Waller, A. (2014) · CHI Extended Abstracts · doi:10.1145/2559206.2559217 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“We attracted high-quality submissions and brought researchers active outside of the HCI field to the CHI conference.”
BackgroundDevelopment of a More Universal Voting Interface
Lee, S., Liu, Y., Xiong, X., & Sanford, J. (2013) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1541931213571361 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The delete and space key are located at the corners of the screen to simplify the touchscreen navigation for visually-impaired people, since blind users find edge and corners better on touchscreen (Oliveira, Guerreiro, Nicolau, Jorge, & Gonçalves, 2011).”
BackgroundAntona, M., Stephanidis, C., & Bertino, E. (2020) · Interacción · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49282-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Exploring Shared Augmented Reality for Low-Vision Training of Activities of Daily Living
Thoo, Y.-J., Aebischer, K., Ruffieux, N., & Lalanne, D. (2025) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3663547.3746371 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Abdulreda, H., Doush, I. A., & Almeraj, Z. (2024) · International Conference on Software Development for Enhancing Accessibility and Fighting Info-exclusion · doi:10.1145/3696593.3696651 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Other works focusing on challenges faced by visually impaired individuals in using smartphones, have identified difficulties with login processes and inconsistent assistance, underscoring the need for improved accessibility measures [37, 42, 46, 47].”
Exploring the impact of word prediction assistive features on smartphone keyboards for blind users
Alnfiai, M., & Kabir, M. A. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36653 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Despite modern technology, people with impaired vision face difficulties when using input methods on touchscreen devices due to the absence of physical keys, either because they are prone to making errors or because the tasks are too arduous [3 – 8].”
BackgroundImproving Accessibility Design on Touchscreens
Xu, S. (2015) · Interacción · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20681-3_15 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“[9] compared four methods: QWERTY, MultiTap, NavTouch, and BrailleType.”
Designing ballot interfaces for voters with vision disabilities
Lee, S. (2014) · CHI Extended Abstracts · doi:10.1145/2559206.2579414 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“All the buttons are placed in the corners or the edges of the screen for blind or visuallyimpaired users [9, 11].”
BackgroundSlideType: universal design text-entry interface for touchscreen devices
Xiong, X., & Sanford, J. (2013) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/2513383.2513429 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“SlideType user interface utilizes the edge and corners of the screen for better navigation[14].”
MethodSIG: NVI (non-visual interaction)
Brock, A. M., Kammoun, S., Nicolau, H., Guerreiro, T., Kane, S. K., & Jouffrais, C. (2013) · CHI Extended Abstracts · doi:10.1145/2468356.2468818 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Non-visual interaction techniques typically leverage modalities such as haptics [10] and audio [13,18], and feature applications such as internet browsing [1], text entry [14], indoor and outdoor navigation [2,10], maps exploration [5,8], games [15], crowd-based Q&A [4], and even photography [9].”
Self-citationUser Requirements for Camera-Based Mobile Applications on Touch Screen Devices for Blind People
Choi, Y., & Hong, K.-H. (2012) · International Conference on Computers for Handicapped Persons · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31534-3_8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Voice-Based Email for Visually Challenged
Lekha, Bhargav, S., Pratap, B., & Das, S. (2025) · IJARCCE · doi:10.17148/ijarcce.2025.14633 · Cited by 2
Alajarmeh, N., & Ladner, R. (2024) · International journal of human computer interactions · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2376356 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“These challenges can be compiled in: typing complexity and speed (Azenkot, Wobbrock, et al., 2012; Barbosa et al., 2016; Oliveira et al., 2011), memorization (Hayes et al., 2017), and exposure to various security threats (Ahmed et al., 2015; Azenkot, Rector et al., 2012; Napoli et al., 2021).”
Samanta, D., & Chakraborty, T. (2020) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/3406537 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“A similar solution has been proposed based on the layout of the traditional 4×3 telephone keypad [25, 44] (Figure 4(b)).”
MethodWell-Being Through Design for Dynamic Diversity: The Voice of Minorities in Design for All
Butlewski, M. (2019) · International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20145-6_5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Android Based Braille Tutor System for Visually Impaired People
Kulkarni, S., & Sannakki, S. (2018) · doi:10.32628/ijsrst184838 · Cited by 2
Research and implementation of blind reader system based on android platform
Wang, J., Guo, X., & Xiao, K. (2016) · 2016 13th International Computer Conference on Wavelet Active Media Technology and Information Processing (ICCWAMTIP) · doi:10.1109/iccwamtip.2016.8079840 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“, [1]), no single solution has yet been widely accepted by the blind community, mainly because existing systems cannot satisfy all of visually impaired people’s mobility needs, and usually require additional dedicated hardware that is expensive and cumbersome.”
BackgroundFinger Based Techniques for Nonvisual Touchscreen Text Entry
Fakrudeen, M., Yousef, S., Miraz, M. H., & Hussein, A. (2015) · International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists · doi:10.1142/9789814667364_0028 · Cited by 2
“Oliver et al. [4,9] propose a new text entry based on Braille.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialA Review of Popular Applications on Google Play - Do They Cater to Visually Impaired Users?
Venugopal, G. (2015) · arXiv.org · doi:10.17485/ijst/2015/v8is4/61436 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ember: A Smartphone Web Browser Interface for the Blind
Jassi, I., Ruchika, S., Pulakhandam, S., Mukherjee, S., Ashwin, T., & Reddy, G. R. (2014) · International Symposiu on Visual Information Communication and Interaction · doi:10.1145/2636240.2636847 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“2 Acknowledging the Need for a Different Method of Touch Based Text Entry In [2], four different methods of text input were analyzed.”
Method
- Authors
- Oliveira, J., Guerreiro, T., Nicolau, H., Jorge, J., & Gonçalves, D.
- Affiliations
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento (PT)
- Venue
- The proceedings of the 13th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2011-10-24
- Pages
- 179-186
- OpenAlex
- W2123382439
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 20.74
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Digital Accessibility for Disabilities
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Assistive Technology in Communication and Mobility
- Keywords
- blind users, mobile devices, assistive technology, screen readers, tactile cues, spatial ability, tactile sensitivity, individual differences, inclusive design, accessibility
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