Accessible Touchscreen Technology for People with Visual Impairments: A Survey
Abstract
Touchscreens have become a de facto standard of input for mobile devices as they most optimally use the limited input and output space that is imposed by their form factor. In recent years, people who are blind and visually impaired have been increasing their usage of smartphones and touchscreens. Although basic access is available, there are still many accessibility issues left to deal with in order to bring full inclusion to this population. Many of the accessibility problems are complex; in the past decade, various solutions have been explored. This article provides a review of the current state of the art of touchscreen accessibility for people with visual impairments and identifies new directions for research.
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Multi-stroke or multi-finger gestures can be difficult for VI users to perform because of timing and spatial constraints.
“We have observed (along with References [13,15,27]) that executing these types of gestures can be difficult for a VI user to perform due to the timing and spatial constraints of the gesture.”
From Design Guidelines and Recommendations for Multimodal, Touchscreen-based Graphics (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
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SlideType: universal design text-entry interface for touchscreen devices
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Flagged first, then by citations
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“Given these clear advantages, there are a growing number of studies utilizing touchscreen-based smart devices for providing BVI users with audio-tactile access to many types of graphical content (for general reviews, see Grussenmeyer and Folmer, 2017; Gorlewicz et al., 2019).”
BackgroundOpen Challenges of Blind People Using Smartphones
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Touch Screen Exploration of Visual Artwork for Blind People
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TetraMail: a usable email client for blind people
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Exploration strategies for tactile graphics displayed by electrovibration on a touchscreen
Sadia, B., Sadic, A., Ayyıldız, M., & Başdoğan, Ç. (2021) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102760 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Non-visual Perception of Lines on a Multimodal Touchscreen Tablet
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Hybrid-Brailler: Combining Physical and Gestural Interaction for Mobile Braille Input and Editing
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Modeling Touch-based Menu Selection Performance of Blind Users via Reinforcement Learning
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Establishing Vibration-Based Tactile Line Profiles for Use in Multimodal Graphics
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Collaborative Tabletops for Blind People
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Mobile Accessibility for People with Combined Visual and Motor Impairment
Fajardo-Flores, S. B., Gaytan-Lugo, L. S., Santana-Mancilla, P. C., & Rodríguez-Ortiz, M. Á. (2017) · Latin American conference on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3151470.3151476 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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Design of an Audio Repository for Blind and Visually Impaired: A Case Study
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Coping strategies of people with low vision for touch input: A lead-in study
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AIGuide: Augmented Reality Hand Guidance in a Visual Prosthetic
Lee, S., Aldas, N. D. T., Lee, C., Rosson, M. B., Carroll, J. M., & Narayanan, V. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/3508501 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Xie, I., Wang, S., Lee, T. H., & Lee, H. S. (2024) · International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2260673 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Evaluation of the electronic long cane: improving mobility in urban environments
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Improving the Screen Exploration of Smartphones Using Haptic Icons for Visually Impaired Users
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Digital Accessibility in Intelligent Environments
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Communicating Multimodal Wayfinding Messages for Visually Impaired People via Wearables
van der Bie, J., Allouch, S. B., & Jaschinski, C. (2019) · International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI) · doi:10.1145/3338286.3344419 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wear + Touch: An Exploration of Wearables for Vibrotactile Feedback During Touchscreen Input
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BrushLens: Hardware Interaction Proxies for Accessible Touchscreen Interface Actuation
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Promoting Self-Efficacy Through an Effective Human-Powered Nonvisual Smartphone Task Assistant
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Understanding the Authoring and Playthrough of Nonvisual Smartphone Tutorials
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What Gestures Do Users with Visual Impairments Prefer to Interact with Smart Devices?
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Detection of Touchscreen-Based Urdu Braille Characters Using Machine Learning Techniques
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SBraille: A New Braille Input Method for Mobile Devices
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Smart Systems to Improve the Mobility of People with Visual Impairment Through IoM and IoMT
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Liu, Z., He, J., Feng, J., & Zhou, J. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3569491 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Accessible Gesture Typing on Smartphones for People with Low Vision
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Object Detection and Position using CLIP with Thai Voice Command for Thai Visually Impaired
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Design and Implementation of a Semantic Information Expression Device Based on Vibrotactile Coding
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Defining a Model for Development of Tactile Interfaces on Smartphones
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Design and Evaluation of Tactile Number Reading Methods on Smartphones
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Vibration-Based Pattern Password Approach for Visually Impaired People
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Accessibility of Mobile User Interfaces using Flutter and React Native
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Performance Evaluation of Numeric Keypad Layout Based on Cognitive Workload
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Exploring Auditory Hand Guidance for Eyes-free 3D Path Tracing
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The Accessibility, Security, and Privacy Nexus: Trends and Opportunities
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AGAA: An Android GUI Accessibility Adapter for Low Vision Users
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- Authors
- Grussenmeyer, W., & Folmer, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Nevada, Reno (US)
- ORCID
- Folmer, Eelke
- Venue
- ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing
- Published
- 2017-01-17
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1-31
- ISSN
- 1936-7228 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-7236
- OpenAlex
- W2572522973
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 110
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 45.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (DGE-0907992)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Digital Accessibility for Disabilities
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Assistive Technology in Communication and Mobility
- Keywords
- visual impairment, blind users, smartphones, assistive technology, mobile devices
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