Open Challenges of Blind People Using Smartphones
Open accessAbstract
Blind people face significant challenges when using smartphones. The focus on improving nonvisual mobile accessibility has been at the level of touchscreen access. Our research investigates the challenges faced by blind people in their everyday usage of mobile phones. In this article, we present a set of studies performed with the target population, novices and experts, using a variety of methods, targeted at identifying and verifying challenges; and coping mechanisms. Through a multiple methods approach we identify and validate challenges locally with a diverse set of user expertise and devices, and at scale through the analyses of the largest Android and iOS dedicate forums for blind people. We contribute with a prioritized corpus of smartphone challenges for blind people, and a discussion on a set of directions for future research, which tackle the open and often overlooked challenges.
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Dynamic content such as ads that causes changes based on users' behavior could create difficulties for users who rely on their mental models.
“Dynamic content (such as ads) that causes changes based on users' behavior could create difficulties for users who rely on their mental models [56].”
From The accessibility of digital technologies for people with visual impairment and blindness: a scoping review (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
Difficulty with navigation is another common type of help-seeking situation related to structures.
“Difficulty with navigation is another common type of help-seeking situation related to structures [7,16,19].”
From Help-Seeking Situations Related to Visual Interactions on Mobile Platforms and Recommended Designs for Blind and Visually Impaired Users (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
BVI users often encounter challenges related to locating and accessing features/elements due to labeling issues (e.g., missing, improper, or inadequate labels) in mobile websites and applications.
“Specifically, BVI users often encounter challenges related to locating and accessing features/elements due to labeling issues (e.g., missing, improper, or inadequate labels) in mobile websites and applications [7,16,17,18,19,20,21,22].”
From Help-Seeking Situations Related to Visual Interactions on Mobile Platforms and Recommended Designs for Blind and Visually Impaired Users (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
Mobile devices with touch interfaces may be difficult for BVI users to interact with due to the reliance on gestures and small, hidden icons and the lack of physical buttons, which limits tactile feedback.
“Mobile devices with touch interfaces may be difficult for BVI users to interact with due to the reliance on gestures and small, hidden icons and the lack of physical buttons, which limits tactile feedback [16,19].”
From Help-Seeking Situations Related to Visual Interactions on Mobile Platforms and Recommended Designs for Blind and Visually Impaired Users (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
Mobile screen readers, such as VoiceOver and TalkBack, have image description features, but BVI users may not be aware of them.
“Moreover, mobile screen readers, such as VoiceOver and TalkBack, have image description features [6,19], but BVI users may not be aware of them.”
From Help-Seeking Situations Related to Visual Interactions on Mobile Platforms and Recommended Designs for Blind and Visually Impaired Users (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
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Csomós, G., & Farkas, J. Z. (2024) · Journal of Urban Design · doi:10.1080/13574809.2024.2374735 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exploring the impact of word prediction assistive features on smartphone keyboards for blind users
Alnfiai, M., & Kabir, M. A. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36653 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Advancing Color Perception: An IoT-driven Pedagogical System for Visually Impaired Children
Balage, P., & Jayawardene, N. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Advances in Signal Processing, Power, Communication, and Computing (ASPCC) · doi:10.1109/aspcc62191.2024.10881142 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
OHiFormer: Object-Wise Hierarchical Dependency-Based Transformer for Screen Summarization
Han, Y. J., Lee, S., Kim, J. S., Lee, B., & Han, S. W. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3431711 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alajarmeh, N., & Ladner, R. (2024) · International journal of human computer interactions · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2376356 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
MASC: A Dataset for the Development and Classification of Mobile Applications ScreensPreprint
Ahmed, A. A. S., Zaki, A. M., Elgeldawi, E., Abdallah, M., & Girgis, M. R. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3786876/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Blindophile: Mobile Assistive Gesture-Empowered Ubiquitous Input Device
Agarwal, I., Kumar, U., Jain, R., Chugh, R., & Abraham, A. (2021) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-71187-0_62
Using Games to Practice Screen Reader Gestures
Lobo, G., Gonçalves, D., Pais, P., Guerreiro, T., & Rodrigues, A. (2021) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3441852.3476556 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationARJUNA : An accessible pin entry model in smartphones for persons with low vision
Balayogi, G., & Kuppusamy, K. S. (2023) · Internet Technology Letters · doi:10.1002/itl2.466
النيل, ه. ا. م. أ., حسن, س., الشهاوي, م. ر. إ., جلال, ه. ن. ع. ا., & الوکيل, ک. م. ع. (2024) · مجلة کلیة علوم ذوی الاحتیاجات الخاصة · doi:10.21608/jshm.2024.353060
Touchtalk: Enhancing Messaging in Smartphones for Visually Impaired
Shah, B., & Abhyankar, M. (2024) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-4335-3_7
Public Transport App Usage and Spatial Accessibility: Evidence from GermanyPreprint
Boyko, D., & Schaefer, K. J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5168627
Perceptions of Blind Adults on Non-Visual Mobile Text EntryPreprint
Gaines, D. C., & Vertanen, K. (2024) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2410.22324
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From Struggle to Success: Context-Aware Guidance for Screen Reader Users in Computer Use
Chen, N., Lu, J., Wang, Z., Qiu, L. K., Chen, S., & Yang, Y. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790661
GCI: Efficient Design of Gesture Based Human Computer Interaction Targeting Visually Impaired People
Lohar, D., Sen, B., Basu, A., & Ahmadpour, S. (2026) · Computers · doi:10.3390/computers15070408
aSISTA. Aplicación de Asistencia a Personas con Discapacidades Visuales en Dispositivos Móviles
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FocalFlow: Facilitating Decision-Making in Multi-Step Mobile Tasks for Blind and Low Vision People
Xie, J., Wu, Z., Wang, Z., Li, Z., Franz, R. L., & Fan, M. (2026) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3831982 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rodrigues, A., Nicolau, H., Montague, K., Guerreiro, J., & Guerreiro, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Lisbon (PT)
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento (PT)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Rodrigues, André
- Venue
- International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-06-01
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 1605-1622
- ISSN
- 1044-7318 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7590
- OpenAlex
- W2974592089
- Semantic Scholar
- 7881a67f1409541f833993ab6495b22e0e4c3bc1
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 10.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/M023001/1)
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/103935/2014, UID/CEC/00408/2019, UID/CEC/50021/2019)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Digital Accessibility for Disabilities
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Assistive Technology in Communication and Mobility
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- blind people, smartphone accessibility, touchscreen interaction, user challenges, coping strategies, user expertise, assistive technology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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