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A Survey of Augmented, Virtual, and Mixed Reality for Cultural Heritage
Abstract
A multimedia approach to the diffusion, communication, and exploitation of Cultural Heritage (CH) is a well-established trend worldwide. Several studies demonstrate that the use of new and combined media enhances how culture is experienced. The benefit is in terms of both number of people who can have access to knowledge and the quality of the diffusion of the knowledge itself. In this regard, CH uses augmented-, virtual-, and mixed-reality technologies for different purposes, including education, exhibition enhancement, exploration, reconstruction, and virtual museums. These technologies enable user-centred presentation and make cultural heritage digitally accessible, especially when physical access is constrained. A number of surveys of these emerging technologies have been conducted; however, they are either not domain specific or lack a holistic perspective in that they do not cover all the aspects of the technology. A review of these technologies from a cultural heritage perspective is therefore warranted. Accordingly, our article surveys the state-of-the-art in augmented-, virtual-, and mixed-reality systems as a whole and from a cultural heritage perspective. In addition, we identify specific application areas in digital cultural heritage and make suggestions as to which technology is most appropriate in each case. Finally, the article predicts future research directions for augmented and virtual reality, with a particular focus on interaction interfaces and explores the implications for the cultural heritage domain.
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“Some cutting-edge virtual museums are indeed doing this by including meta-commentary on their own reconstruction process (e.g., showing what data is missing, or showing alternate reconstructions) [10,36,38,49].”
From Virtual Museums as Meaning-Modeling Systems in Digital Heritage (2025) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“The use of extended reality technologies, such as AR, enhances the user experience and interaction with the exhibits [21,22].”
From Motiv-ARCHE: co-creation of augmented reality educational content to motivate cultural and natural heritage learning (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
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Theorizing Digital Cultural Heritage: A Critical Discourse (Media in Transition)
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Fusion of Multimedia and Mobile Technology in Audioguides for Museums and Exhibitions
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Virtual and Augmented Reality Applied to Educational and Cultural Heritage Domains
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3D Visualization via Augmented Reality: The Case of the Middle Stoa in the Ancient Agora of Athens
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Gamified AR/VR Character Rendering and Animation-Enabling Technologies
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Mixed reality technologies for museum experience
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Fusion of Smart, Multimedia and Computer Gaming Technologies
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Methodology To Create 3D Models For Augmented Reality Applications Using Scanned Point Clouds
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VIRTUAL RECONSTRUCTION OF LOST ARCHITECTURES: FROM THE TLS SURVEY TO AR VISUALIZATION
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Augmented Reality for Restoration/Reconstruction of Artefacts with Artistic or Historical Value
Saggio, G., & Borr, D. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/27066 · Cited by 14
Baglivo, A., Ponti, F. D., Luca, D. D., et al. (2013) · Digital Heritage International Congress · doi:10.1109/digitalheritage.2013.6744840 · Cited by 14
Hsieh, C.-K., Liao, W.-C., Yu, M.-C., et al. (2014) · Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage · doi:10.1145/2535937 · Cited by 14
The Conjugation Method of Augmented Reality in Museum Exhibition
Choi, H.-S. (2014) · International Journal of Smart Home · doi:10.14257/ijsh.2014.8.1.23 · Cited by 14
3D visualization tools to explore ancient architectures in South America
Pierdicca, R., Malinverni, E. S., Frontoni, E., et al. (2016) · Virtual Archaeology Review · doi:10.4995/var.2016.5904 · Cited by 14
Virtual Reality Visualization for Photogrammetric 3D Reconstructions of Cultural Heritage
Herrmann, H., & Pastorelli, E. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13969-2_21 · Cited by 13
Oliva, L. S., Mura, A., Betella, A., et al. (2015) · 2015 Digital Heritage · doi:10.1109/digitalheritage.2015.7413860 · Cited by 13
The Application of Augmented Reality for Reanimating Cultural Heritage
Rattanarungrot, S., White, M., Patoli, Z., et al. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07464-1_8 · Cited by 12
Supporting outdoor mixed reality applications for architecture and cultural heritage
Santos, P., Acri, D., Gierlinger, T., et al. (2010) · Spring Simulation Multiconference · doi:10.1145/1878537.1878735 · Cited by 12
4‐1: Invited Paper : Mobile AR in Your Pocket with Google Tango
Lee, J. J.-Y. (2017) · SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers · doi:10.1002/sdtp.11563 · Cited by 12
Kang, J. (2012) · Wireless Personal Communications · doi:10.1007/s11277-012-0758-4 · Cited by 11
Mobile Real-Time Collaboration for Semantic Multimedia
Kovachev, D., Nicolaescu, P., & Klamma, R. (2013) · Mobile Networks and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11036-013-0453-z · Cited by 10
Interacting with the Andrea Palladio Works
Baldissini, S., & Gaiani, M. (2014) · Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage · doi:10.1145/2611374 · Cited by 10
Ables, A. (2017) · ACM SIGUCCS Annual Conference (SIGUCCS) · doi:10.1145/3123458.3123464 · Cited by 10
Practical Augmented Visualization on Handheld Devices for Cultural Heritage
Murru, G., Fratarcangeli, M., & Empler, T. (2013) · Digital Library (University of West Bohemia) · Cited by 9
Image Recognition and Augmented Reality in Cultural Heritage Using OpenCV
Amato, A., Venticinque, S., & Martino, B. D. (2013) · doi:10.1145/2536853.2536878 · Cited by 9
Simulating Life in Ancient Sites Using Mixed Reality Technology
Magnenat‐Thalmann, N., Papagiannakis, G., Foni, A., et al. (2004) · Cited by 9
Digital Mont'e Prama: 3D Cultural Heritage presentations in museums and anywhere
Rodríguez, M. B., Agus, M., Bettio, F., et al. (2015) · 2015 Digital Heritage · doi:10.1109/digitalheritage.2015.7419573 · Cited by 8
Ray-on, an On-Site Photometric Augmented Reality Device
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‘Tangible Pasts’: User-centred Design of a Mixed Reality Application for Cultural Heritage
Chrysanthi, A., Papadopoulos, C., Frankland, T., & Earl, G. P. (2014) · Amsterdam University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9789048519590-004 · Cited by 7
Augmented Painted Architectures for Communicating Cultural Heritage
Sdegno, A., Masserano, S., Cochelli, P., et al. (2015) · Institutional Research Information System (University of Udine) · doi:10.2423/i22394303v5n1p93 · Cited by 7
Assessing the Impact of Technology-Enhanced Field Trips in Science Centers and Museums
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Virtual Reconstruction of Historical Architecture as Media for Knowledge Representation
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A survey of mobile and wireless technologies for augmented reality systems
PapagiannakisGeorge, SinghGurminder, & Magnenat-ThalmannNadia (2008) · Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds · doi:10.5555/1348083.1348087 · Cited by 6
Sense-Enabled Mixed Reality Museum Exhibitions
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archAR: an archaeological augmented reality experience
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Mobile Wireless Middleware, Operating Systems and Applications
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Augmented Reality Applied to the Diagnostics and Fruition of Cultural Heritage
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Intelligent Interactive Applications for Museum Visits
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An augmented reality interface for visualizing and interacting with virtual content
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Augmented Reality Browsers: A Proposal for Architectural Standardization
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The Augmented Reality in The Cultural Heritage Sector
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Kajos Attila and Bányai Edit . 2012 . Beyond reality: The possibilities of augmented reality in cultural and heritage tourism . In Proceedings of the 2nd International Tourism and Sport Management Conference. 5--6. Kajos Attila and Bányai Edit. 2012. Beyond reality: The possibilities of augmented reality in cultural and heritage tourism. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Tourism and Sport Management Conference. 5--6.
- 10.1007/978-3-642-00437-7_3 · DOI
- 10.1109/ISMAR.2012.6402563 · DOI
- Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann and George Papagiannakis . 2005. Virtual worlds and augmented reality in cultural heritage applications. Recording, Modeling and Visualization of Cultural Heritage ( 2005 ), 419--430. Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann and George Papagiannakis. 2005. Virtual worlds and augmented reality in cultural heritage applications. Recording, Modeling and Visualization of Cultural Heritage (2005), 419--430.
- Jacob Rigby and Shamus P . Smith . 2013 . Augmented reality challenges for cultural heritage. Newcastle : Applied Informatics Research Group. University of Newcastle ( 2013). Jacob Rigby and Shamus P. Smith. 2013. Augmented reality challenges for cultural heritage. Newcastle: Applied Informatics Research Group. University of Newcastle (2013).
- Jiri Zara . 2004 . Virtual reality and cultural heritage on the web . In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Graphics and Artificial Intelligence. 101--112 . Jiri Zara. 2004. Virtual reality and cultural heritage on the web. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Graphics and Artificial Intelligence. 101--112.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Augmented Reality in Cultural Heritage: An Overview of the Last Decade of Applications
Boboc, R. G., Băutu, E., Gîrbacia, F., Popovici, N., & Popovici, D.-M. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12199859 · Cited by 387
Trunfio, M., Lucia, M. D., Campana, S., & Magnelli, A. (2022) · Journal of Heritage Tourism · doi:10.1080/1743873x.2020.1850742 · Cited by 321
“…Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR) – is the innovation impacting the most on cultural heritage and museums (Bec et al., 2019; Bekele et al., 2018; Buhalis et al., 2019; Han et al., 2018; Jung et al., 2016; Loureiro et al., 2020; Trun fi o et al., 2020; Yung &…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDigitizing Intangible Cultural Heritage Embodied: State of the Art
Hou, Y., Kenderdine, S., Picca, D., Egloff, M., & Adamou, A. (2022) · Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage · doi:10.1145/3494837 · Cited by 323
Virtual Reality in Museums: Exploring the Experiences of Museum Professionals
Shehade, M., & Stylianou-Lambert, T. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10114031 · Cited by 255
Ferdani, D., Fanini, B., Piccioli, M. C., Carboni, F., & Vigliarolo, P. (2020) · Journal of Cultural Heritage · doi:10.1016/j.culher.2019.12.004 · Cited by 212
Metadata
- Authors
- Bekele, M. K., Pierdicca, R., Frontoni, E., Malinverni, E. S., & Gain, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Marche Polytechnic University (IT)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage
- Published
- 2018-03-22
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1-36
- ISSN
- 1556-4711 (ISSN-L)
- 1556-4673
- OpenAlex
- W2790695540
- Semantic Scholar
- cdeda2c21fdfe930327cbca424f8ce5ac9d30c67
- Cited by
- 1,147
- References
- 167
- Citations by year
- 2026: 215 · 2025: 199 · 2024: 144 · 2023: 163 · 2022: 145 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 17
- FWCI
- 34.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage (publishedVersion)
- Università Politecnica delle Marche (Università Politecnica delle Marche) (submittedVersion)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
- U-PAD Unimc - Open Digital Publications (University of Macerata) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Hasso-Plattner Institute
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Augmented Reality Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Museology › Museums and Cultural Heritage
- Keywords
- augmented reality, virtual reality, mixed reality, cultural heritage, digital heritage, virtual museum, heritage education, heritage reconstruction, digital accessibility, interaction interfaces
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