Motiv-ARCHE: co-creation of augmented reality educational content to motivate cultural and natural heritage learning

May combine two claims.

The lack of motivation to visit heritage exhibitions is particularly noticeable among adolescents, where exhibition information is often perceived as irrelevant.

“This issue is particularly noticeable among the adolescent population [11,12], where the information displayed during exhibitions is often perceived as irrelevant.”

• cites [11] Cesário V, Coelho A, Nisi V. Design patterns to enhance teens’ museum experiences. In: Proceedings of the 32nd International BCS Human Computer Interaction Conference. HCI ’18. BCS Learning & Development Ltd., Swindon, GBR, 2018. https://doi.org/10.14236/ewic/HCI2018.160 . sourcePartly supported

  Section 1 says museums often fail to engage teenagers and lack tours or guidance tailored to them, supporting the claim about adolescent engagement. The concluding remarks say teenagers sought more exciting, less mundane experiences, but the paper does not say they often perceive exhibition information as irrelevant. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [12] Tzibaz V. Participatory action research with young people in museums. Museum Manag Curatorship. 2013;28(2):153–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/09647775.2013.776800. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Content co-creation improves users' motivation to visit exhibitions and fosters collaborative participation between visitors and curators.

“Furthermore, content cocreation improves the level of motivation for users to visit the exhibitions, and as previously mentioned, it fosters collaborative participation between visitors and curators [23][24][25].”

• cites [23] Bollwerk E. Co-creation’s role in digital public archaeology. Adv Archaeol Pract. 2015;3(3):223–34. https://doi.org/10.7183/2326-3768.3.3.223. sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract describes co-creation as collaboration between archaeologists or archaeological organizations and non-specialist communities, and says it can make digital resources more engaging. The paper does not establish that content co-creation increases users’ motivation to visit exhibitions, nor does it specifically examine collaboration between exhibition visitors and curators. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [24] Cesário V, Coelho A, Nisi V. Co-designing gaming experiences for museums with teenagers. In: Brooks AL, Brooks E, Sylla C, editors. Interactivity, game creation, design, learning, and innovation. Cham: Springer; 2019. p. 38–47. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [25] Bollwerk E, Connolly R, McDavid C. Co-creation and public archaeology. Adv Archaeol Pract. 2015;3(3):178–87. https://doi.org/10.7183/2326-3768.3.3.178. sourcePartly supported

  The sections “ARCHAEOLOGY, THE PARTICIPATORY MUSEUM, AND CO-CREATION” and “Co-Creation and Public Archaeology (cont.)” describe visitors contributing content and museums engaging visitors in reciprocal collaboration with staff. They do not say that content co-creation increases users’ motivation to visit exhibitions. The passages provided do not specify page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In an application where users create content about heritage elements, users created much more content than expected, driven by motivation and interest.

“An example of this concept's application is described in [20], where users create diverse types of content about heritage elements.As a result, it has been observed that they have created much more content than expected, driven by their motivation and interest in doing their best.”

• cites [20] Connolly R. Co-creation as a twenty-first century archaeology museum practice. Adv Archaeol Pract. 2015;3(3):188–97. https://doi.org/10.7183/2326-3768.3.3.188. sourcePartly supported

  The discussion of the CHNM projects describes community members and students creating exhibits, oral histories, and other heritage-related materials in response to their interests. It does not report that they created much more content than expected or attribute an unexpectedly high output to their motivation to do their best. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Curators often overwhelm visitors with irrelevant data, and considering user interests and needs helps avoid information overload and improve the visitor experience.

“On the other hand, in the case of museums, it is noted in [15] those curators, in their attempt to provide as much information as possible about heritage elements, often end up overwhelming visitors with data that they find irrelevant.For this reason, considering user characteristics such as their interests and needs helps to avoid information overload and improve the visitor experience.”

• cites [15] Ardissono L, Kuflik T, Petrelli D. Personalization in cultural heritage: the road travelled and the one ahead. User Model User-Adap Inter. 2012;22(1):73–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11257-011-9104-x. sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction says large cultural-heritage collections risk overloading users and that visitors need help finding information relevant to their interests and needs. The paper supports personalization as a way to improve access, but it does not say curators often overwhelm visitors by trying to provide as much information as possible. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

To evaluate the use of Motiv-ARCHE, the ARAM technology acceptance test was used.

“To evaluate the use of Motiv-ARCHE, the ARAM technology acceptance test [55] was used.”

• cites [55] Marto A, Gonçalves A, Melo M, Bessa M, Silva R. Aram: A technology acceptance model to ascertain the behavioural intention to use augmented reality. J Imaging. 2023;9(3):73. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9030073. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Vuforia was the most suitable option for image recognition in Motiv-ARCHE due to advantages such as cloud-based database, multiplatform compatibility, and seamless integration with Unity, despite licensing costs.

“This comparison revealed advantages over the other tools analyzed, such as the management of a cloud-based database that allows users to upload and visualize content in real time, its multiplatform compatibility that enables deployment across different operating systems, and its seamless integration with Unity.”

• Also stated in: § 3.4.1 Services · plain

  “Despite the associated licensing costs reported in the literature, these features made Vuforia the most suitable option for the implementation of this application.”

• cites [51] González Vargas JC, Fabregat R, Carrillo-Ramos A, Jové T. Survey: Using augmented reality to improve learning motivation in cultural heritage studies. Appl Sci. 2020;10(3):897. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10030897. sourcePartly supported

  Table 2 (Conclusions and Considerations; page unavailable) lists Vuforia as supporting image tracking, iOS, Android, and Unity, and gives a price for its cloud option. It does not identify Vuforia as the most suitable choice for Motiv-ARCHE or say that users can upload and visualize content in real time; its conclusion names several suitable frameworks rather than preferring Vuforia. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Learning of cultural and natural heritage takes place in three types of environments: indoor, outdoor, and virtual.

“• Indoor: learning takes place in enclosed spaces, such as museums, classrooms, excavations, or art galleries, among others.”

• Also stated in: § 3.3 AR activation methods · plain

  “• Outdoor: learning occurs in open environments, such as parks, natural sites, or outdoor archaeological sites.”

• Also stated in: § 3.3 AR activation methods · plain

  “• Virtual: learning occurs in a completely digital environment, so it does not require activation methods to display the content associated with the heritage element.”

• cites [15] Ardissono L, Kuflik T, Petrelli D. Personalization in cultural heritage: the road travelled and the one ahead. User Model User-Adap Inter. 2012;22(1):73–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11257-011-9104-x. sourcePartly supported

  Section 2, “A Comparative Analysis,” distinguishes indoor, outdoor, and virtual settings for interaction with cultural-heritage systems. It does not classify learning in cultural and natural heritage into those three environments. The cited paper discusses museums and galleries, but the supplied passages do not establish classrooms or excavations as indoor learning settings. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [48] Copic Pucihar K, Kljun M. ART for Art: Augmented Reality Taxonomy for Art and Cultural Heritage, pp. 73–94. Springer, Cham 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69932-5_3 . sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Adaptation used in [34] to dynamically recommend points of interest based on characteristics of a user group has been identified as a potential means to enhance motivation.

“Although none of these studies implement information adaptation specifically targeted at a group of users, this type of adaptation-used, for example, in [34] to dynamically recommend points of interest based on the characteristics of a user group-has been identified as a potential means to enhance motivation.”

• cites [34] Abbas R, Amran GA, Alsanad A, Ma S, Almisned FA, Huang J, et al. Recommending reforming trip to a group of users. Electronics. 2022;11(7):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11071037. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Users feel motivated both in the co-creation of heritage elements, content, and routes, and in accessing content through AR.

“Furthermore, it was found that users feel motivated both in the co-creation of heritage elements, content, and routes, and in accessing content through AR.”

May combine two claims.

The results showed that the application progressively improved, achieving better results in subsequent experiments, thanks to the methodology and user feedback.

“The results showed that, thanks to the use of the methodology in the first experiment and the feedback provided by users, the application progressively improved, achieving better results in subsequent experiments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Adjustments to Motiv-ARCHE were required because the Vuforia version available at that time introduced API changes affecting creation of recognition images from mobile devices.

“However, adjustments were later required because the version of Vuforia available at that time introduced changes to its API, which affected the creation of recognition images from mobile devices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the Universitat de Girona experiment, there was no significant difference in age with respect to gender.

“The result shows that there is no significant difference in age with respect to gender.”

May combine two claims.

In the Santa Clara Museum experiment, all users reported that the recognition image associated with the heritage element worked correctly, so they never had to use the QR code to activate AR and display associated content.

“In all cases, users reported that the Fig. 24 Average Results of the ARAM Test for accessing Content at the Santa Clara Museum recognition image associated with the heritage element worked correctly, so they never had to use the QR code to activate the AR and display content associated.”

May combine two claims.

In the Santa Clara Museum experiment, the IMMS results reflected a positive perception in both technological acceptance and motivation to explore diverse types of content.

“In this case, the results reflect a positive perception both in terms of technological acceptance and in the motivation to explore the diverse types of content.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the Universitat de Girona experiment, all IMMS test variables were correlated with each other.

“As shown in Table 8, all the IMMS test variables are correlated with each other.”

May combine two claims.

In the Institut de Sils experiment, the average value for the four IMMS variables increased compared to the previous experiment, with values ranging from 3.98 to 4.33.

“Compared to the previous experiment, it can be observed that the average value for the four variables has increased, with values ranging from 3.98 to 4.33.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

In the Universitat de Girona experiment, the IMMS results were at an intermediate level, between 2.83 and 3.08.

“The results obtained in this case are presented in Fig. 21 and show that the values obtained are at an intermediate level (between 2.83 and 3.08).”

May combine two claims.

In the access experiment at the Santa Clara Museum, users felt motivated to use the application and considered it interesting to apply it in other heritage environments.

“The results showed that users felt motivated to use the application and considered that it would be interesting to apply it in other heritage environments.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The IMMS test validly measures user motivation.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The ARAM test validly measures technology acceptance.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The number of applications using virtual reality in heritage sites has increased, functioning as virtual museums that digitize heritage elements and content to preserve and conserve cultural and natural heritage.

“For example, in [18], it is mentioned that the number of applications using virtual reality in heritage sites has increased, functioning as virtual museums that digitize heritage elements and content to preserve and conserve cultural and natural heritage.”

• cites [18] Styliani S, Fotis L, Kostas K, Petros P. Virtual museums, a survey and some issues for consideration. J Cult Herit. 2009;10(4):520–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2009.03.003. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Understanding visitors' interests is essential for learning about displayed topics, and needs, interests, novelty, emotions, and experiences motivate visits to heritage sites.

“Regarding motivation, Falk [14] states that it is essential to understand the interests of visitors to heritage sites in relation to learning about the topics on display.Falk identifies factors such as needs, interests, novelty, emotions, and experiences as elements that motivate users to visit these sites.”

• cites [14] Falk JH. An identity-centered approach to understanding museum learning. Curator: The Museum J. 2006;49(2):151–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2151-6952.2006.tb00209.x. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In related works, the AR activation method used to display content associated with a heritage element depends on the environment: indoor settings use image recognition or sensors, while outdoor environments use GPS.

“In some of these works, the AR activation method used to display the content associated with a heritage element depends on the environment in which the proposed system is executed.Most of those deployed in indoor settings, such as museums and galleries, use image recognition or sensors as the AR activation method.In contrast, those designed for outdoor environments, such as cities and natural sp”

May combine two claims.

Although several studies mention that immersive technologies enhance motivation for learning about cultural and natural heritage, very few works consider co-creation and information adaptation to improve user motivation.

“Although several studies [13,35,42] mention that the use of immersive technologies enhances the level of motivation for learning about cultural and natural heritage, features such as co-creation and information adaptation are aspects that very few works consider improving user motivation [15,[43][44][45].”

• cites [13] Barbara J, Bellini M, Koenitz H, Makai PK, Sampatakou D, Irsha S. The sacra infermeria-a focus group evaluation of an augmented reality cultural heritage experience. New Rev Hypermedia Multimed. 2022;28(3–4):143–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/13614568.2022.2150324. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [35] Graziano T, Privitera D. Cultural heritage, tourist attractiveness and augmented reality: insights from Italy. J Heritage Tourism. 2020;15(6):666–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2020.1719116. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [42] Xu N, Li Y, Wei X, Xie L, Yu L, Lian H-N. Cubemuseum ar: a tangible augmented reality interface for cultural heritage learning and museum gifting. Int Human–Comput Interact. 2024;40(6):1409–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2023.2171350. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [15,[43][44][45]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Allowing people to create content is an effective way to motivate them to visit heritage sites, making visitors more active and participatory.

“Additionally, it has been found that an effective way to motivate people to visit heritage sites is by allowing them to create content.This encourages users to take a greater interest in expanding the information about heritage and natural elements, making visitors more active and participatory [19].”

• cites [19] Campos AC, Mendes J, Valle PO, Scott N. Co-creation of tourist experiences: a literature review. Curr Issues Tourism. 2018;21(4):369–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1081158. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Motiv-ARCHE suggests heritage elements, content associated, and routes based on the user's characteristics and context, to avoid fatigue during visualization.

“Additionally, it suggests heritage elements, content associated with these elements (such as audio, images, videos, 3D models, PDFs, websites, and texts), and routes based on the user's characteristics and context, to avoid fatigue during visualization.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The development of Motiv-ARCHE follows the Design-Based Research (DBR) methodology, an iterative approach divided into three phases: design, implementation, and analysis.

“The development of Motiv-ARCHE follows the Design-Based Research (DBR) methodology, an iterative approach divided into three phases: design, implementation, and analysis.”

• Also stated in: § 3.1 Development methodology · plain

  “This methodology is structured into three iterative phases: design, implementation, and analysis.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Motiv-ARCHE has been designed to operate in indoor environments using image recognition through 2D images and QR codes, and in outdoor environments through geographic location via the device's GPS.

“Motiv-ARCHE has been designed to operate in indoor environments using image recognition through 2D images and QR codes, and in outdoor environments through geographic location via the device's GPS.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All participants gave their informed consent prior to participation.

“All participants gave their informed consent prior to participation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The creation, updating, and deletion of associated content are carried out exclusively through the web application.

“On the other hand, the creation, updating, and deletion of associated content are carried out exclusively through the web application, as it facilitates the entry and modification of information related to heritage elements, content associated, and routes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The adaptation of the IMMS test for co-creation may generate limitations in the study results, and the impact of this adaptation should be analyzed, particularly regarding co-creation and its role in user motivation.

“It is important to highlight that this adaptation of the test may generate limitations in the study results, and the impact of this adaptation should be analyzed, particularly regarding co-creation and its role in user motivation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The use case diagram outlines services that enable Motiv-ARCHE's operation and contribute to improving users' motivation levels.

“This diagram outlines the services that enable its operation and contribute to improving users' motivation levels.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The recommended activation method depends on the type of environment where AR is activated.

“The recommended activation method will depend on the type of environment where AR is activated.”

May combine two claims.

In the Universitat de Girona experiment, Motiv-ARCHE was in an early development phase, which led to some issues during the experiment.

“It is important to note that in this experiment, Motiv-ARCHE was in an early development phase, which led to some issues during the experiment.”

May combine two claims.

Thanks to the modifications, new versions of Motiv-ARCHE were implemented, which led to improvements in motivation levels related to both accessing and creating content.

“Thanks to these modifications, new versions of Motiv-ARCHE were implemented, which led to improvements in motivation levels related to both accessing and creating content.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

To assess motivation, two versions of the IMMS test were used: one for co-creation and one for content access.

“Finally, to assess motivation, two versions of the IMMS test were used: one for when Motiv-ARCHE is used to co-create content and another for when it is used to access content.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study was conducted in accordance with general ethical research principles.

“The study was conducted in accordance with general ethical research principles.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For motivation related to accessing content, the 36-question IMMS test was used, with a Likert scale from 1 to 7, to achieve greater sensitivity and precision in user responses.

“For motivation related to accessing content, the 36-question IMMS test was used, with a Likert scale from 1 to 7, to achieve greater sensitivity and precision in user responses, allowing them to provide more detailed feedback on their experience with the use of AR.”

May combine two claims.

With the number of participants (between 8 and 48), it is not possible to evaluate certain quality attributes such as concurrency control or the generality of the application's use; however, it did allow identification of positive and negative aspects and opportunities for improvement.

“It is important to note that with this number of participants it is not possible to evaluate certain quality attributes such as concurrency control or the generality of the application's use; however, it did allow the identification of both positive and negative aspects of the system, as well as opportunities for improvement.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the Institut de Sils experiment, Motiv-ARCHE was in a much more advanced development phase, which may have positively influenced the results, along with the fact that the students were younger but all took a subject related to cultural heritage as an elective.

“In this case, Motiv-ARCHE was already in a much more advanced development phase, which may have positively influenced the results, along with the fact that, although the students were younger, they all took this subject related to cultural heritage as an elective.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Approval by an institutional ethics committee was not required due to the non-invasive and low-risk nature of the study.

“Approval by an institutional ethics committee was not required due to the non-invasive and low-risk nature of the study.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first version of Motiv-ARCHE is described in [50], detailing services such as upload of recognition images, recognition process, image recognition database, and route creation.

“In [50] the first version of Motiv-ARCHE is described, detailing the execution of several services such as the upload of recognition images to activate AR, the recognition process from the mobile application, an overview of the image recognition database, and the creation of routes.”

• cites [50] Vargas JCG, Fabregat R, Carrillo-Ramos A, Jové T. Motiv-arche: an augmented reality application to co-create cultural heritage resources with teenagers. Eur J Post-classical Archaeol (PCA). 2021;11:387–97.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The literature review helped identify key elements to consider and implement in Motiv-ARCHE.

“This review helped identify key elements to consider and implement in Motiv-ARCHE.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Motiv-ARCHE is a system that uses AR to enhance people's motivation to learn about cultural and natural heritage.

“This article describes the Motiv-ARCHE system, which uses AR to enhance people's motivation to learn about cultural and natural heritage.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

No sensitive personal data (e.g., health, biometric, or financial data) were collected, stored, or analyzed.

“No sensitive personal data (e.g., health, biometric, or financial data) were collected, stored, or analyzed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first version of Motiv-ARCHE used Vuforia as the AR platform due to the advantages explained in the article.

“It is worth highlighting that the first version of Motiv-ARCHE used Vuforia as the AR platform due to the advantages explained in this article.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The ARAM test variables are performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy (EE), social influence (SI), facilitating condition (FC), hedonic motivation (HM), computer anxiety (CA), trust expectancy (TE), technological innovation (TI), and behavioral intention (BI).

“In [56], the considered variables are described: performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy (EE), social influence (SI), facilitating condition (FC), hedonic motivation (HM), computer anxiety (CA), trust expectancy (TE), technological innovation (TI), and behavioral intention (BI).”

• cites [56] González Vargas JC, Fabregat R, Carrillo-Ramos A, Jové T. Evaluation of motiv-arche in the santa clara museum. Information. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/info16030165. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Various co-creation experiments were conducted to assess motivation in content co-creation, which helped make successive improvements to Motiv-ARCHE.

“To assess motivation in content co-creation, various co-creation experiments were conducted, which helped make successive improvements to Motiv-ARCHE.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Motiv-ARCHE can be used in any type of heritage site.

“Motiv-ARCHE can be used in any type of heritage site and enables collaborative content co-creation without requiring specialized knowledge of this technology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study involved voluntary participation of users in interaction sessions with the system.

“The study involved voluntary participation of users in interaction sessions with the system.”

May combine two claims.

The design and implementation of Motiv-ARCHE considered strengths, weaknesses, and challenges from literature and related works, and incorporated user feedback from experiments to define content types, co-creation process, AR activation methods, and services.

“As previously mentioned, the design and implementation of Motiv-ARCHE considered the strengths, weaknesses, and challenges identified in the literature review and related works.Subsequently, throughout various experiments, user feedback on the use of the applications was incorporated to define the types of content associated with heritage elements, the co-creation process, the AR activation meth”

May combine two claims.

In the Santa Clara Museum experiment, users perceived Motiv-ARCHE as easy to use, the amount of information provided as adequate, and the displayed content as reliable.

“This shows that users perceive Motiv-ARCHE as easy to use, that the amount of information provided is adequate, and that the displayed content is reliable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The visualization of AR content associated can only be performed through the mobile application, because the mobile device's camera is needed for image recognition and GPS sensor for geographic location.

“It is important to note that the visualization of AR content associated can only be performed through the mobile application, since the mobile device's camera must be used to activate AR by image recognition and GPS sensor is required to activate by geographic location.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In the IMMS test for co-creating content, the questions from the original IMMS test were adapted to focus on motivation in co-creation, and some questions were removed.

“In the IMMS test for co-creating content, the questions from the original IMMS test [57] were adapted to focus on motivation in co-creation, and some questions were removed.”

• cites [57] Keller JM. Motivational Design for Learning and Performance: The ARCS Model Approach. Springer, New York, NY, USA 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1250-3 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana experiment, being computer engineering students may have led them to appreciate the use of such applications more positively, although their profile was not related to learning cultural and natural heritage.

“It is worth mentioning that, although the students' profile was not related to the learning of cultural and natural heritage, being computer engineering students may have led them to appreciate the use of such applications more positively.”