Cited by 493Assistive Technology in Communication and MobilityDigital Accessibility for DisabilitiesDisability Rights and Representation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 161 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design

Open access

Bennett, Cynthia L., Brady, Erin, Branham, Stacy M.·2018·Proceedings of the 20th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility

DOI 10.1145/3234695.3236348

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Abstract

In this paper, we describe interdependence for assistive technology design, a frame developed to complement the traditional focus on independence in the Assistive Technology field. Interdependence emphasizes collaborative access and people with disabilities' important and often understated contribution in these efforts. We lay the foundation of this frame with literature from the academic discipline of Disability Studies and popular media contributed by contemporary disability justice activists. Then, drawing on cases from our own work, we show how the interdependence frame (1) synthesizes findings from a growing body of research in the Assistive Technology field and (2) helps us orient to additional technology design opportunities. We position interdependence as one possible orientation to, not a prescription for, research and design practice--one that opens new design possibilities and affirms our commitment to equal access for people with disabilities.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The paper proposes interdependence as a complementary frame to independence in assistive technology research and design, emphasizing relational access and disabled people’s contributions. It develops four tenets and illustrates them through three cases and three AT research areas.

Key findings

The authors define an interdependence frame with four tenets: attention to relations, recognition of simultaneous assistance, visibility of work done by people with disabilities, and disruption of ability-based hierarchies.
They argue independence and interdependence are not mutually exclusive, citing rehabilitation scholarship that recommends teaching both in vocational programs.
They apply the frame to three cases: two visually impaired shoppers navigating a store with a guide dog, three disabled coworkers in a public-sector office, and the Disability March organized alongside the 2017 Women’s March, which took place in over 400 U.S. cities.
They identify implications for three AT areas: crowd work, Ability-Based Design, and navigation.

Methods

Conceptual and position paper synthesizing literature from Disability Studies, disability justice activism, and assistive technology research.
Three qualitative cases drawn from the authors’ research: a conversation transcript from field observations of two visually impaired shoppers, interviews and observations of three disabled team members in a workplace, and analysis of the Disability March blog/social media and participant accounts.
Main analysis applies the four-tenet interdependence frame to the cases and discusses how it could expand existing AT research directions.

Limitations

Stated limitations: Not stated in the paper; the authors do present interdependence as a possible lens rather than a required prescription.
Evident from the text: the cases are small and illustrative—one transcript, three coworkers in one office, and one online march—so they do not provide generalizable findings.
Evident from the text: the paper does not formally evaluate or compare the interdependence frame against alternative framings, and the cases come from the authors’ own work.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1145/3234695.3236348

Cites

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Statistics

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Claims the paper makes

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In the paper
“Oliver contrasted the social model with the individual model”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 2. DISABILITY, INDEPENDENCE, AND INTERDEPENDENCE Models of Disability
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In the paper
“This model asserts that disability is a dysfunction of the body that should be cured, and that it is an individual's responsibility to adapt to an inaccessible world.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 2. DISABILITY, INDEPENDENCE, AND INTERDEPENDENCE Models of Disability
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“Disabled activists and scholars from disciplines spanning Disability Studies and Rehabilitation Medicine have begun to interrogate the meaning of independence, identify its potential negative impacts, and offer complementary framings [12,17,21,22,25,32,[35][36][37][38]40,41,58].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 1. INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Specifically, assistive devices can portray users as vulnerable or incapable, leading to awkward social interactions and minimal use even when the technology enables autonomy [7,30,43,48,49,54,64].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 1. INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“This model was first articulated by disability rights activists, and later introduced to the field of Disability Studies by Mike Oliver [42] to better represent views of people with disabilities.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 2. DISABILITY, INDEPENDENCE, AND INTERDEPENDENCE Models of Disability
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In the paper
“At the same time, AT researchers have documented people with disabilities working together with others to improve access at work [7,8], during team sports [11], in face-to-face communication [13], and when using educational materials [55].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 1. INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“This model asserts that disability is a dysfunction of the body that should be cured, and that it is an individual's responsibility to adapt to an inaccessible world.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 2. DISABILITY, INDEPENDENCE, AND INTERDEPENDENCE Models of Disability
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In the paper
“Even when the goal is not explicitly stated, researchers and practitioners tacitly agree that “all accessible computing approaches share a common goal of improving independence, access, and quality of life for people with disabilities” [60].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 1. INTRODUCTION
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“The Independent Living Movement declared that all people have equal worth, all people can and should make choices about their lives, and people with disabilities have the right to participate in public to the degree that nondisabled people can [2].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Disability and Independence
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“Led predominantly by LGBTQ people of color”
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“Disability justice activist Mia Mingus argues that independence is a myth.”
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“The Independent Living Movement declared that all people have equal worth, all people can and should make choices about their lives, and people with disabilities have the right to participate in public to the degree that nondisabled people can [2].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Disability and Independence
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In the paper
“In contrast, Oliver's social model locates disability within society, and asserts that quality of life for disabled people can be increased by removing physical and social barriers, improving attitudes, and anticipating the presence of people with disabilities in design and planning.”
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“Part of the collective's work is to help disabled community members find trustworthy access partners.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence
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In the paper
“In contrast, Oliver's social model locates disability within society, and asserts that quality of life for disabled people can be increased by removing physical and social barriers, improving attitudes, and anticipating the presence of people with disabilities in design and planning.”
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In the paper
“their disability justice primer suggests sharing routes home to stay safe, dividing access-related tasks according to group members' strengths, and being flexible to dynamic access needs such as offering remote attendance [50].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence
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In the paper
“While acknowledging the importance of the Independent Living Movement, some Disability Studies scholars and activists critique its focus on independence as the main goal of accessibility [25,50].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence
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“Modern activist groups, like The Disability Justice Collective in the San Francisco Bay Area, use the term”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence
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In the paper
“The Independent Living Movement declared that all people have equal worth, all people can and should make choices about their lives, and people with disabilities have the right to participate in public to the degree that nondisabled people can [2].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Disability and Independence
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In the paper
“The movement transformed how disability was interpreted and supported outside communities of disabled people [2,14] and led to significant legal advances and protections for people with disabilities.”
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In the paper
“Historically, people with disabilities have often been isolated from society, either living at home under the care of family or living in institutions in the care of the state--where”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Disability and Independence
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“Some go further to argue that emphasizing selfsufficiency can do harm to all people, disproportionately impacting people with disabilities [12].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence
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In the paper
“While the term interdependence has not been used in AT literature, the concept has long been discussed in Disability Studies and disability justice circles.”
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In the paper
“This type of close relationship development in the process of providing interdependent access has been called access intimacy by disabled activist Mia Mingus [37].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence
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In the paper
“In the context of this movement,”
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“For example, in the very first issue of the Disability Studies Reader, published in 1997, Feminist Disability Studies scholar Susan Wendell argued that a culture based in”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence
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In the paper
“They taught each other strategies for advocating access and living on their own, removed structural barriers around campus, ran a wheelchair repair shop, and built a network of trusted attendant care providers that disabled students could hire [47].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence
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“Assistance and relationship maintenance were intertwined-while nondisabled partners were happy to help their partners with disabilities, both parties sometimes found acts of assisting interfered with other important factors in their relationship.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Reveal Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
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“This means that some people provide access support while receiving it, and multiple types of access support are provided during one event.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Reveal Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
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In the paper
“Traditionally, society has viewed people with disabilities as being worth less than their nondisabled counterparts [15], so their actions and contributions are often ranked lower in a hierarchy of importance.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Challenge Ability-Based Hierarchies
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In the paper
“Sighted employees pervasively misunderstood access needs, and office spaces and cultures still proved inaccessible.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Reveal the Work Done by People with Disabilities
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“Yet, gendered histories of power make Kelly feel vulnerable and out of place when she takes Killian into men's restrooms.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Independence or Interdependence?
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In the paper
“Their partnership brings out Killian as not a passive recipient of care, but equal and active in cultivating friendship.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Independence or Interdependence?
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In the paper
“Rehabilitation medicine scholars [58] recommended that vocational rehabilitation programs for people with disabilities teach interdependence alongside independence.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Independence or Interdependence?
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In the paper
“In articulating the political/relational model, Alison Kafer describes disability not as a static entity but as”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence Allows Us to See Relations
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“This work identified ways in which much navigation research seeks to facilitate”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence Allows Us to See Relations
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“Disability Studies scholar Christine Kelly [22] described the possibilities and pitfalls of interdependence in her”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Independence or Interdependence?
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In the paper
“Finally, since interdependence considers everyone mutually reliant, it asserts that people with and without disabilities are equal.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Challenge Ability-Based Hierarchies
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- The authors state this as an assumption: Interdependence considers everyone and everything in an interaction to be mutually reliant.
- The authors state this as an assumption: People with and without disabilities are equal.
In the paper
“She explicitly acknowledged the ways in which Killian simultaneously supports her through their relationship, acting with care to identify what she is capable of providing and how it will impact their friendship.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Reveal Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Science and Technology Studies scholars Moser and Law [41] described how a wheelchair user's travel plans went awry when their train arrived with a broken wheelchair lift.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Independence or Interdependence?
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [41]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedSingle case
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“She is sometimes paid to provide care for a man, Killian, who is also a close friend.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Independence or Interdependence?
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [22]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle case
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In AT research, studying relations can help nuance the individual experiences often reported in our findings.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence Allows Us to See Relations
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: AT research often reports individual experiences in its findings.
In the paper
“Disabled activists including Nomy Lamm [25] who write about collective access describe it as an ongoing process where everyone supports one another.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Reveal Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [25]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Their companionship has honed an attunement among them, elevating her job responsibilities from completing instrumental tasks to an interdependent mingling of providing care and being together.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Independence or Interdependence?
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [22]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedSingle case
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An interdependence framing can help us more adequately represent everyone's needs and contributions and encourages us to focus more attention on the practices that people with disabilities engage in to cocreate accessibility with their peers.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Reveal the Work Done by People with Disabilities
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Interdependence considers everyone and everything in an interaction to be mutually reliant.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With this in mind, an interdependence framing can help us to contribute research that pushes back on these histories with not only accessible designs but also designs which give attention to and challenge ability-based hierarchies.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Challenge Ability-Based Hierarchies
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Interdependence considers everyone and everything in an interaction to be mutually reliant.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead, they are assumed integral to interdependent interactions for bringing valued perspective and skill regardless of whether they are assisting, being assisted, or doing both.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Challenge Ability-Based Hierarchies
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Interdependence considers everyone and everything in an interaction to be mutually reliant.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interdependence seeks to break out of this circular problem by explicitly valuing people, including those with disabilities, from the outset for who they are and irrespective of their abilities or assistive technologies they use.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Challenge Ability-Based Hierarchies
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Interdependence considers everyone and everything in an interaction to be mutually reliant.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“We propose that an interdependence frame can synthesize recent scholarly contributions from within the AT field, which increasingly emphasize social dimensions of accessibility (e.g., [48,49,54,59,64]).”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5. DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [48]
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  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [49]
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  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [54]
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  cites [59]
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [64]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“In reflection, many Women's March attendees again emphasized the importance of their attendance in person, commenting that “I just felt so empowered being there” or “I felt the need to show up with my body and my voice.”( [33], emphasis added).”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Case 3: Interdependent Activism at a Distance
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [33]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Costs associated with this model, along with exciting innovations in AI, have nudged future directions for this work toward minimizing human assistance [31,63].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.1 Crowd Work and Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [31]
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [63]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Organizers and attendees highlighted the importance of physical presence at the march and the need to “stand together in solidarity” [66].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Case 3: Interdependent Activism at a Distance
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [66]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, Aira [31], a visual interpreting subscription-based service, released smart glasses with OCR capabilities.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.1 Crowd Work and Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [31]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“System names like “BeMyEyes” [68] minimize the role of blind individuals by framing them as passive recipients of assistance.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.1 Crowd Work and Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [68]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“A second thread of research addresses the viability of crowd work as a source of income and volunteerism for older adults [9,24] and people with disabilities [27,53,56,65].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.1 Crowd Work and Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [9]
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [24]
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [27]
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [53]
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [56]
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [65]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, they found that a device guiding a blind user into the wrong store was not consequential to them, but entering the preferred bathroom for their gender identity was of paramount importance.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.3 Navigation and Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [1]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An influential approach for designing assistive technologies has been Wobbrock et al.'s Ability-Based Design [60].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.2 Ability-Based Design and Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [60]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Unlike predominant themes in AT research which attempt to minimize errors altogether, they contend that navigation systems will not be error free, so they instead direct research to support contextappropriate error and safety management processes for users with disabilities.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.3 Navigation and Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [1]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Past research [59] found crossability navigation assistance was not always joyfully done; sighted people misunderstood how to best assist blind walking partners.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.3 Navigation and Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [59]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Accessible navigation has long been a focus of AT research [10,18,29].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.3 Navigation and Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [10]
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [18]
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [29]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Ability-Based Design contends that technologies should be responsive to each user's unique interaction capabilities, and that AT researchers should design systems that are appropriate for multiple users and contexts.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.2 Ability-Based Design and Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [60]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

183 of 183

The paper relies on this without support.
There has yet to be an exploration of the meaning of independence in the AT community.
“To our knowledge, there has yet to be an exploration of this kind in the AT community.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The individual model was the prominent conception of disability at the time.
“Oliver contrasted the social model with the individual model, the prominent conception of disability at the time.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The term 'interdependence' has not been used in AT literature.
“While the term interdependence has not been used in AT literature, the concept has long been discussed in Disability Studies and disability justice circles.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Some scholars have adopted a view that interdependent relationships are necessary to achieve access.
“Amid critiques, some scholars have adopted a view that interdependent relationships are necessary to achieve access.”
The paper relies on this without support.
For people with disabilities, asserting independence has been and remains an important step toward equal rights.
“For people with disabilities, asserting independence has been and remains an important step toward equal rights.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Independence and interdependence are not dichotomous or mutually exclusive.
“First, independence and interdependence are not dichotomous or mutually exclusive.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Interdependence is not necessarily better than independence.
“Second, interdependence is not necessarily better than independence, and the following examples elucidate these complexities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Instilling interdependence establishes people with disabilities as contributors to, not just recipients of, community support and assistance.
“But, instilling interdependence establishes them as contributors to--not just recipients of--community support and assistance.”
The paper relies on this without support.
AT research often reports individual experiences in its findings.
“In AT research, studying relations can help nuance the individual experiences often reported in our findings.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Interdependence considers everyone and everything in an interaction to be mutually reliant.
“Since interdependence considers everyone and everything in an interaction to be mutually reliant”
“since interdependence considers everyone mutually reliant”
The authors state this as an assumption.
People with and without disabilities are equal.
“it asserts that people with and without disabilities are equal.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Disability March draws on early disability rights protests in which activists self-organized to ensure that their access needs were met appropriately.
“First, the Disability March itself draws on the early disability rights protests -a group of activists self-organizing to ensure that their access needs were met appropriately.”

12 of 12

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Blind-employees study is cited as reference 7
Minor
The text attributes the blind-employees study to Branham and Kane [7], but reference 7 is by Brady and colleagues. The Branham and Kane study appears as reference 8.
Wayfinding claim cites a crowd-work study
Minor
The introduction cites reference 10 as an example of research on independent navigation, but reference 10 concerns older adults' motivations and challenges in crowd work.
Mixed-ability co-habitants study is cited as reference 8
Minor
The passage cites reference 8 for Branham and Kane's work on co-habitants, but reference 8 is their study of workplaces. Their study of home spaces is listed as reference 9.
William is called Warren in Case 1
Minor
The shopping case identifies the participant as William, but its analysis calls him Warren.

4 of 4

Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity
(1969) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.45.527.642 · Cited by 14,255
Feminist, Queer, Crip
Kafer, A. (2013) · doi:10.2979/6841.0 · Cited by 2,131
Layers of Silence, Arenas of Voice: The Ecology of Visible and Invisible Work
Star, S. L., & Strauss, A. (1999) · Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1023/a:1008651105359 · Cited by 1,500
No Pity: People with Disabilities Forging a New Civil Rights Movement
Leighty, C. A., & Shapiro, J. P. (1994) · Michigan Law Review · doi:10.2307/1289622 · Cited by 771
The New Disability History: American Perspectives
Trent, J. W., Longmore, P. K., & Umansky, L. (2002) · Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/2700798 · Cited by 668
Ability-Based Design
Wobbrock, J. O., Kane, S. K., Gajos, K. Z., Harada, S., & Froehlich, J. E. (2011) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/1952383.1952384 · Cited by 643
VizWiz: nearly real-time answers to visual questions
Bigham, J. P., Jayant, C., Ji, H., Little, G., Miller, A., Miller, R. C., Miller, R., Tatarowicz, A., White, B., White, S., et al. (2010) · Proceedings of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology · doi:10.1145/1866029.1866080 · Cited by 601
VizWiz
Bigham, J. P., Jayant, C., Ji, H., Little, G., Miller, A. E., Miller, R. C., Tatarowicz, A., White, B., White, S., & YEH, T. P. (2010) · International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A) · doi:10.1145/1805986.1806020 · Cited by 536
Building Access: Universal Design and the Politics of Disability
Liebermann, W. K. (2018) · Journal of Design History · doi:10.1093/jdh/epy023 · Cited by 500
In the shadow of misperception: assistive technology use and social interactions
Shinohara, K., & Wobbrock, J. O. (2011) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1978942.1979044 · Cited by 495

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 57 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Dom Chatterjee . 2018 . Independence is an Ableist Myth: Unlocking the Power of Community in Healing. The Body is Not An Apology . Retrieved February 22, 2018 from https://thebodyisnotanapology.com/magazine/independence-is-an-ableist-myth-unlocking-the-power-of-community-in-healing/ Dom Chatterjee. 2018. Independence is an Ableist Myth: Unlocking the Power of Community in Healing. The Body is Not An Apology. Retrieved February 22, 2018 from https://thebodyisnotanapology.com/magazine/independence-is-an-ableist-myth-unlocking-the-power-of-community-in-healing/
Nomy Lamm . This Is Disability Justice. The Body is Not An Apol . Retrieved April 12, 2018 from https://thebodyisnotanapology.com/magazine/this-is-disability-justice/ Nomy Lamm. This Is Disability Justice. The Body is Not An Apol. Retrieved April 12, 2018 from https://thebodyisnotanapology.com/magazine/this-is-disability-justice/
10.1145/2702123.2702437 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 410

Watch Your Language: Using Smartwatches to Support Communication
Curtis, H., & Neate, T. (2023) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3597638.3608379 · Cited by 21
Complex Dynamics: Disability, Assistive Technology, and the LGBTQIA+ Community Center Experience in the United States
Crawford, K. A., Spiel, K., & Hamidi, F. (2023) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3597638.3608401 · Cited by 21
“More recently, Bennett et al. underscored the importance of considering interdependence as a frame for AT research and design, highlighting the role of social networks and support systems in facilitating better social integration for individuals with disabilities [6].”
Background
Advocacy as Access Work: How People with Visual Impairments Gain Access to Digital Banking in India
Kameswaran, V., Y, V., & Marathe, M. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3579596 · Cited by 22
“[6].”
Distributed agency in smart homecare interactions: A conversation analytic case study
Albert, S., & Hall, L. (2024) · Discourse & Communication · doi:10.1177/17504813241267059 · Cited by 20
“Like the frame of ‘interdependence’ for assistive technology proposed by Bennett et al. (2018), our analysis suggests an alternative to what Jackson et al. (2022) describes as the high-tech ‘disability dongle’ design paradigm.”
Designing for Relational Maintenance: New Directions for AAC Research
Dai, J., Moffatt, K., Lin, J., & Truong, K. N. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3502011 · Cited by 18
“More opportunities arise in targeting the workload shared among AAC users and caregivers from collaborative, multi-stakeholder perspectives, aligning with the interdependence framing as an orientation to design practice [5].”
Background
Kids Across the Spectrums
Alper, M. (2023) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/14152.001.0001 · Cited by 18
Conceptualizing Celebratory Technologies for Neurodiversity to Reduce Social Stigma
Boyd, L. E. (2023) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3597638.3614478 · Cited by 18
“Also, interdependencies between people with varying roles and abilities alongside technologies highlights the complex relational dimension of inclusive technologies [2].”
Background
Speaking with My Screen Reader: Using Audio Fictions to Explore Conversational Access to Interfaces
Phutane, M., Jung, C., Chen, N., & Azenkot, S. (2023) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3597638.3608404 · Cited by 18
“[76] We connect this with Bennett et al.’s framework of interdependence with AT [21].”
Method
“Not There Yet”: Feasibility and Challenges of Mobile Sound Recognition to Support Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing People
Huang, J. Z., Chhabria, H., & Jain, D. (2023) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3597638.3608431 · Cited by 22
“…independent living [3, 4], some disability studies scholars were skeptical about the concept of “independence” and “self-reliance” because they underscored the importance of community support and collective eforts to information access ( e.g., “interdependence” and “access intimacy”) [4, 44, 45].”
Background
Stories from the Front Seat
Brewer, R. N., Austin, A. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3359197 · Cited by 19
“’s interdependence framing discusses a "mutually reliant" relationship where different types of assistance show how people with disabilities can contribute to the relationship [9].”
Background
Umwelt: Accessible Structured Editing of Multi-Modal Data Representations
Zong, J., Pineros, I. P., Chen, M. (., Hajas, D., & Satyanarayan, A. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3641996 · Cited by 18
Queering/Cripping Technologies of Productivity
Janicki, S., Riggs, A. T., Howell, N., Sullivan, A., & Stangl, A. J. (2024) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3613905.3644067 · Cited by 18
Breaking Badge: Augmenting Communication with Wearable AAC Smartbadges and Displays
Curtis, H., Lau, Y. H., & Neate, T. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642327 · Cited by 19
“…– such as slowing speeds (i.e., “Please talk slower’ ’), giving time for people with CCN to repair their dialogue (i.e., “Do not fnish my words” ), recommend useful alternative communication modes (i.e., “Please write this down” ) and reveal the wearer’s interests (i.e., Keith Harding artwork) [4].”
Background
Exploring A Reporting Tool to Empower Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities to Self-Report Abuse
Venkatasubramanian, K., Skorinko, J. L. M., Kobeissi, M., Lewis, B., Jutras, N., Bosma, P., Mullaly, J., Kelly, B., Lloyd, D., Freark, M., et al. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445150 · Cited by 17
Interdependent Variables: Remotely Designing Tactile Graphics for an Accessible Workflow
de Greef, L., Moritz, D., & Bennett, C. (2021) · Proceedings of the 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3441852.3476468 · Cited by 16
“, that it is the responsibility of all team members) [6, 10], we reflect on our collective process for making an accessible workflow that enabled our primary task.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Applying Ability-Based Design Principles to Adaptive Outdoor Activities
Alsaleem, A., Imburgia, R., Merryweather, A., Rosenbluth, J. P., Trapp, S. K., & Wiese, J. (2020) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3357236.3395508 · Cited by 16
“This also builds on the idea of interdependence [4].”
Background
Designing an Inclusive Mobile App for People with Disabilities to Independently Use Autonomous Vehicles
Martelaro, N., Carrington, P., Fox, S., et al. (2022) · International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (AutomotiveUI) · doi:10.1145/3543174.3546850 · Cited by 16
“interdependence as a key feature of accessible design [4]; future work should include the voices of people who need support from another person during daily tasks, as well as caretakers.”
Background
Simphony: Enhancing Accessible Pattern Design Practices among Blind Weavers
Das, M., Gergle, D., & Piper, A. M. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581047 · Cited by 21
“instead of always being on the receiving end [14, 37, 118].”
BackgroundInfluential
Conversational User Interfaces in Smart Homecare Interactions: A Conversation Analytic Case Study
Albert, S., Hamann, M., & Stokoe, E. (2023) · International Conference on Conversational User Interfaces · doi:10.1145/3571884.3597140 · Cited by 18
“Similarly, research on distributed cognition and the extended mind provide theoretical starting points for studies of the role of CUIs in smart homecare [10].”
Background
Barriers to Photosensitive Accessibility in Virtual Reality
South, L., Yildirim, C., Pavel, A., & Borkin, M. A. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642635 · Cited by 18
“Interdependence: When asked about their procedures for seeking out accessible content, participants described their practices of relying on trusted family members or friends to help them stay safe while watching flms or television (i.e., interdependence [9]).”
Working Together Toward Interdependence: Chatbot-Based Support for Balanced Social Interactions Between Neurodivergent and Neurotypical Individuals
Kong, H., Lowy, R., Choi, Y., & Kim, J. G. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713344 · Cited by 20
HCI and Older Adults: The Critical Turn and What Comes Next
Lazar, A., Brewer, R. N., & Knowles, B. (2025) · Foundations and Trends® in Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1561/1100000094 · Cited by 16
The ‘Working Body’: Interrogating and Reimagining the Productivist Impulses of Transhumanism through Crip-Centered Speculative Design
Spektor, F., & Fox, S. (2020) · Somatechnics · doi:10.3366/soma.2020.0326 · Cited by 18
Transreal tracing: Queer-feminist speculations on disabled technologies
Spiel, K. (2022) · Feminist Theory · doi:10.1177/14647001221082299 · Cited by 17
Not robots; Cyborgs — Furthering anti-ableist research in human-computer interaction
Guberman, J., & Haimson, O. L. (2023) · First Monday · doi:10.5210/fm.v28i1.12910 · Cited by 17
Dump It, Destroy It, Send It to Data Heaven': Blind People's Expectations for Visual Privacy in Visual Assistance Technologies
Stangl, A., Sadjo, E., Emami-Naeini, P., Wang, Y., Gurari, D., & Findlater, L. (2023) · 20th International Web for All Conference · doi:10.1145/3587281.3587296 · Cited by 15
“Alhabri et al. [15] observed that blind VAT users view obfuscation as a task that requires interdependence [18] in part due to the nuances that gender, religion, and ethnicity instill in a user’s privacy decision-making.”
Background
Understanding Peer-to-Peer Instructional Support in an Online Community for Blind Audio Producers
Saha, A., Gergle, D., & Piper, A. M. (2023) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3597638.3608399 · Cited by 17
“Prior research within Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), accessibility, and Disability Studies highlights how accessibility is created among groups of people with and without disabilities [4, 10, 15, 16, 34] and the ways in which disabled people are agents in securing access [3, 18, 26, 36].”
Background
"Because Some Sighted People, They Don't Know What the Heck You're Talking About:" A Study of Blind Tokers' Infrastructuring Work to Build Independence
Lyu, Y., & Carroll, J. M. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3637297 · Cited by 22
“They have investigated how these desires, including being ordinary (" to appear as ordinary members of the society, unnoticeable and not be treated differently (p.2)") [49], dignified [46], beautiful [47], competent [65], and independent [43], are mediated through the use of ICT.”
Background
The Dilemma of Building Do-It-Yourself (DIY) Solutions For Workplace Accessibility
Cha, Y., Jackson, V., Kohl, K., Prikladnicki, R., van der Hoek, A., & Branham, S. (2025) · Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713302 · Cited by 14
“When coworkers acknowledge and enact this interdependence, the culture becomes one that can disrupt ability-based hierarchies by revealing the contributions of people with disabilities [14].”
Self-citation
Designing for and with People with Dementia using a Human Rights-Based Approach
Chopra, S., Dixon, E., Ganesh, K., Pradhan, A., Radnofsky, M. L., & Lazar, A. (2021) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3411763.3443434 · Cited by 14
“While existing design methodologies, such as Value-Sensitive Design [11], design for social acceptance [33], and an interdependence frame for design [2], touch on important aspects of human rights, they do not directly incorporate a human rights approach.”
Method
Maker Technology and the Promise of Empowerment in a Flemish School for Disabled Children
Vandenberghe, B., Gerling, K., Geurts, L., & Vanden Abeele, V. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3501853 · Cited by 15
“Hence, our work underscores the relevance of interdependence [8] in this specifc context: at the school, students learn to know and develop themselves and each other through experiences, and we observed many instances in which students provided support to their peers, which was often reciprocated.”
Background
“I’m Just Overwhelmed”: Investigating Physical Therapy Accessibility and Technology Interventions for People with Disabilities and/or Chronic Conditions
Yamagami, M., Mack, K., Mankoff, J. C., & Steele, K. M. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/3563396 · Cited by 16
“Although less prevalent, other models of disability highlight different factors core to the disabled experience, such as interdependence [8] or social effects [46].”
Background
“Why are there so many steps?”: Improving Access to Blind and Low Vision Music Learning through Personal Adaptations and Future Design Ideas
Lu, L., Cochrane, K. A., Kang, J., & Girouard, A. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/3615663 · Cited by 18
“[5] proposed the interdependence frame of assistive technology.”
Background
Emergence and collapse of reciprocity in semiautomatic driving coordination experiments with humans
Shirado, H., Kasahara, S., & Christakis, N. A. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2307804120 · Cited by 16
“Although technical and human factors associated with such systems have been studied (6–9), the social repercussions of assistive technology have often been overlooked (10).”
Cuddling Up With a Print-Braille Book: How Intimacy and Access Shape Parents' Reading Practices with Children
Cassidy, C. T., Figueira, I., Park, S., Kim, J. S., Edwards, E. J., & Branham, S. M. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642763 · Cited by 17
Self-citation
Supported Standing and Supported Stepping Devices for Children with Non-Ambulant Cerebral Palsy: An Interdependence and F-Words Focus
Paleg, G., Williams, S. A., & Livingstone, R. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21060669 · Cited by 14
“An interdependence frame emphasizes “being and doing together” [54] (p. 169).”
BackgroundInfluential
An Ecosystem of Support: A U.S. State Government-Supported DIY-AT Program for Residents with Disabilities
Higgins, E., Sakowicz, M., & Hamidi, F. (2024) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3663548.3675667 · Cited by 16
Accessibility-Related Publication Distribution in HCI Based on a Meta-Analysis
Colley, M., Kränzle, T., & Rukzio, E. (2022) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3491101.3519701 · Cited by 16
Home Worlds: Situating Domestic Computing in Everyday Life Through a Study of DIY Home Repair
Wolf, C. T., Ringland, K. E., & Hayes, G. R. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3359263 · Cited by 14
“A “worlds” perspective looks at how everyday activities are accomplished and connected through these diffuse social networks – such a pivot reframes the locus of our design practices to consider a broader [28] and more interdependent [11] scale of interaction.”
Background
Cripping the Co-Design of Pacing Technologies For Energy-Limiting Conditions
Homewood, S., Hinkle, C. A., & Kaklopoulou, I. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713990 · Cited by 18
Enriching Social Sharing for the Dementia Community: Insights from In-Person and Online Social Programs
Dai, J., & Moffatt, K. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/3582558 · Cited by 13
“More work is needed to create a distinctive group structure that signifies a collaborative dynamic among peers in virtual environments, drawing from an interdependence for assistive technology de-sign framework to emphasize interpersonal relationships and collective work [6].”
Background
Coding Non-Visually in Visual Studio Code: Collaboration Towards Accessible Development Environment for Blind Programmers
Seo, J., & Rogge, M. (2023) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3597638.3614550 · Cited by 14
“This perspective is consistent with the “interdependent framework” [4, 6] that other accessibility researchers have advocated to move away from the dependency of accessibility on the individual with disabilities and instead view accessibility as a shared responsibility of people with and without…”
Result
“I never realized sidewalks were a big deal”: A Case Study of a Community-Driven Sidewalk Accessibility Assessment using Project Sidewalk
Li, C., Yau, K. O., Saugstad, M., Fujii, K., Delaney, M., Eisenberg, Y., Labbé, D., Shanley, J. L., Snyder, D., Thomas, F. P., et al. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642003 · Cited by 13
“While lived experiences have not been traditionally considered as scientifc, emerging research has increasingly recognized their value [4, 40, 57].”
Demonstrating Interaction: The Case of Assistive Technology
Reyes-Cruz, G., Fischer, J. E., & Reeves, S. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3514236 · Cited by 15
“Futurework on interdependent practices [6] could further explore the use of screen readers in social situations through demonstrations, as they are intrinsically a social occurrence (i.”
Background
Depending on Independence An Autoethnographic Account of Daily Use of Assistive Technologies
Fussenegger, F., & Spiel, K. (2022) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3517428.3551354 · Cited by 15
“The concept considers access to be relational and simultaneous, highlights the contributions of people with disabilities, and challenges traditional hierarchies of abilities [3].”
Background
Two decades of assistive technologies to empower people with disability: a systematic mapping study
Enríquez, J. G., Morillo, L. M. S., García-García, J. A., & Álvarez-García, J. A. (2023) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/17483107.2023.2263504 · Cited by 15
“Nevertheless, some authors affirm that traditionally, technologies are conceived, designed and developed for use by neurotypical people, without adequately considering using them by people with disabilities [8,9].”
Background
"That comes with a huge career cost:" Understanding Collaborative Ideation Experiences of Disabled Professionals
Das, M., Stangl, A., & Findlater, L. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3641018 · Cited by 15
Pixelated Interactions: Exploring Pixel Art for Graphical Primitives on a Pin Array Tactile Display
Bhatnagar, T., Upadhyay, V., Sharma, A., et al. (2023) · ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS) · doi:10.1145/3563657.3596044 · Cited by 11
“[4], drawing and learning on Tacilia facilitated interdependence.”
BackgroundInfluential
Supporting Social Inclusion with DIY-ATs: Perspectives of Kenyan Caregivers of Children with Cognitive Disabilities
Hamidi, F., Kidane, T., Owuor, P. M., Hynie, M., & Baljko, M. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/3616378 · Cited by 13
Designing While Blind: Nonvisual Tools and Inclusive Workflows for Tactile Graphic Creation
Race, L., Fleet, C., Montour, D., Yazzolino, L. A., Salsiccia, M., Ferrari, C., Wells-Jensen, S., & Hurst, A. K. (2023) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3597638.3614546 · Cited by 12
“Bennett et al. advocated for moving from nondisabled people designing for disabled people to nondisabled and disabled people designing together [ 7].”
Help Supporters: Exploring the Design Space of Assistive Technologies to Support Face-to-Face Help Between Blind and Sighted Strangers
Teng, Y., Courtien, C., Rios, D. A., Tseng, Y. M., Gibson, J., Aziz, M., Reyna, A., Vaish, R., & Smith, B. A. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642816 · Cited by 14
“…and its two constituent phases allowed us to demonstrate and explore how assistive technology can respect the interdependence framework proposed by Bennett et al. [5] rather than attempting to “bridge a perceived gap between disabled bodies and environments designed for non-disabled peo-ple” [5].”
BackgroundInfluential
"I Upload... All Types of Different Things to Say the World of Blindness Is More Than What They Think It Is": A Study of Blind TikTokers' Identity Work from a Flourishing Perspective
Lyu, Y., Cai, J., Dosono, B., Yadav, D., & Carroll, J. M. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3687013 · Cited by 17
Exploring Technology Design for Students with Vision Impairment in the Classroom and Remotely
Gadiraju, V., Doyle, O., & Kane, S. K. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445755 · Cited by 17
“However, even when students play and learn independently, they still have relationships with their parents and educators that afect their interaction with assistive technology [5].”
Background
Adaptive Soft Switches: Co-Designing Fabric Adaptive Switches with Occupational Therapists for Children and Adolescents with Acquired Brain Injury
Cochrane, K. A., Nguyen, C., Cao, Y., Roestel, N. M. E., Jones, L., & Girouard, A. (2023) · International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction (TEI) · doi:10.1145/3569009.3572734 · Cited by 11
“[6] explain that interdependence is a shift to designing AT so that all people, including people with disabilities, have equal access.”
Background
Beyond Repairing with Electronic Speech: Towards Embodied Communication and Assistive Technology
Curtis, H., & Neate, T. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642274 · Cited by 13
“Therefore, a human-centered and interdependent direction must still remain the core focus of future research [6].”
Background
The Making of Accessibility to Rural Place for Blind People
Giraud, T., Loreto, I. D., & Tixier, M. (2020) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3357236.3395527 · Cited by 11
“Taking interdependence as a frame for relational design [4] implies to acknowledge the work done by disabled people in the making of accessibility.”
Background
What difference does tech make? Conceptualizations of Disability and Assistive Technology among Kenyan Youth
Barbareschi, G., Kopi, N. S., Oldfrey, B. M., & Holloway, C. (2021) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3441852.3471226 · Cited by 13
“However, developing these skills takes time and resource as well as dedication by the AT user and their allies [10,15,65,73].”
Background
Digital assessments for children and adolescents with ADHD: a scoping review
Cibrian, F. L., Monteiro, E. M., & Lakes, K. D. (2024) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2024.1440701 · Cited by 13
HCI, Disability and Sport: A Literature Review
Strobel, L., & Gerling, K. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3716136 · Cited by 15
Shifting the Focus: Exploring Video Accessibility Strategies and Challenges for People with ADHD
Jiang, L., Ko, W., Yuan, S., Shende, T., & Azenkot, S. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713637 · Cited by 11
Enabling meaningful use of AI-infused educational technologies for children with blindness: Learnings from the development and piloting of the PeopleLens curriculum
Morrison, C. P., Cutrell, E. B., Grayson, M., Becker, E. R., Kladouchou, V., Pring, L., Jones, K. M., Marques, R. F., Longden, C., & Sellen, A. J. (2021) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3441852.3471210 · Cited by 13
“Our community also has a rising discourse about using technology to challenge the status quo, empowering people with disabilities to more actively shape the potential of technologies [2,53].”
Background
Usability, Accessibility and Social Entanglements in Advanced Tool Use by Vision Impaired Graduate Students
Shinohara, K., Tamjeed, M., McQuaid, M., & Barkins, D. A. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3555609 · Cited by 13
“In contrast, we recognize that human involvement entangled in social relationships may also be an essential aspect of interdependence [6] and productivity [10], and can be incorporated with empathy [7].”
BackgroundInfluential
Alignment Work for Urban Accessibility: A Study of How Wheelchair Users Travel in Urban Spaces
Wu, Y., Ding, X., Dai, X., Zhang, P., Lu, T., & Gu, N. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3555165 · Cited by 14
“propose “interdependence” to complement traditional “independence” as a framework to help identify new additional design opportunities for assistive technologies [9].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A framework for tailorable games: toward inclusive end-user development of inclusive games
Garcia, F. E., & Néris, V. P. D. A. (2020) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-020-00779-8 · Cited by 10
“Although they are often recipients of assistance—many times unfairly [13]—success stories were found in [12, 13, 19, 75, 136, 164].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
An Emergent Design Framework for Accessible and Inclusive Future Mobility
Detjen, H., Schneegaß, S., Geisler, S., Kun, A. L., & Sundar, V. (2022) · International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (AutomotiveUI) · doi:10.1145/3543174.3546087 · Cited by 10
“Assistive technology typically aims at supporting users’ independence by bridging a perceived access gap between an impaired person and the environment designed for the non-impaired [3].”
Background
Performing Qualitative Data Analysis as a Blind Researcher: Challenges, Workarounds and Design Recommendations
Aishwarya, O. (2022) · Proceedings of the 24th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3517428.3551356 · Cited by 12
“autoethnographies, etc [1, 3, 8, 9, 11, 19] Advocates of participatory research emphasise the right of all people to be actively involved as researchers in matters relevant to their own lives and communities [17].”
Background
Virtual Collaboration Tools for Mixed-Ability Workspaces: A Cross Disability Solidarity Case from Turkey
Yildiz, Z., & Subasi, O. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580937 · Cited by 9
“As an important framework, disability justice is also used widely within academia, as well as in HCI research around disability and accessibility [3, 35, 39].”
BackgroundInfluential
The next decade in accessibility research
Gerling, K., Rauschenberger, M., Tannert, B., & Weber, G. (2024) · i-com · doi:10.1515/icom-2024-0015 · Cited by 9
Towards Accessible Musical Performances in Virtual Reality: Designing a Conceptual Framework for Omnidirectional Audio Descriptions
Dang, K., Burke, G., Korreshi, H., & Lee, S. (2024) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3663548.3675618 · Cited by 10
Envisioning Collective Communication Access: A Theoretically-Grounded Review of Captioning Literature from 2013-2023
McDonnell, E. J., & Findlater, L. (2024) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3663548.3675649 · Cited by 17
“Yet, as accessibility research matures as a field and begins to integrate more interdisciplinary critique (e.g., [18, 98, 152]) we identify an opportunity to reflect on how we study communication and what perspectives are or are not included in current practice.”
Background
Weaving Sound Information to Support Real-Time Sensemaking of Auditory Environments: Co-Designing with a DHH User
Huang, J. Z., Herskovitz, J., Wu, L.-Y., Morrison, C. P., & Jain, D. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3714268 · Cited by 17
“Moreover, the friend group’s supportive actions demonstrated how introducing novel assistive technologies can foster new social norms rooted in interdependence [4].”
Understanding and Enhancing The Role of Speechreading in Online d/DHH Communication Accessibility
Desai, A., Mankoff, J. C., & Ladner, R. E. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580810 · Cited by 10
“Together, the complex interactions of technical, environmental, and social factors underscore the importance of contextualizing AT research and engaging with the interdependence framework [8].”
Background
"I... caught a person casing my house... and scared him off:" The Use of Security-Focused Smart Home Devices by People with Disabilities
Lewis, B., Ranalli, T.-M., Gourley, A., Kirupaharan, P., & Venkatasubramanian, K. K. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581007 · Cited by 9
“Further, we specifcally look at the problem using the lens of interdependence [14].”
BackgroundInfluential
Designing to Support Blind and Visually Impaired Older Adults in Managing the Invisible Labor of Social Participation: Opportunities and Challenges
Shinde, P., & Martin-Hammond, A. M. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642203 · Cited by 13
Understanding Participation among Disabled Creators in Online Marketplaces
Borgos-Rodriguez, K., & Piper, A. M. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3610105 · Cited by 11
“Although many research eforts to support disabled individuals have taken an independence-driven approach in the past, more recent literature in HCI has highlighted the collaborative nature of creating access [12, 110].”
Background
Digital Technologies for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children: a Systematic Review, Critical Reflections, and Future Research Directions
Zhao, J., Neto, I., Pires, A. C., Tomé‐Pires, C., & Nicolau, H. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3714241 · Cited by 10
“Finally, with recent calls for HCI and Accessibility research to consider critical approaches to the design of assistive technologies [19, 52, 118], justice and agency throughout and beyond the design process [20, 107, 110], and the role of culture and linguistic identity of DHH people [23, 24,…”
Informing the Design of Mobile and Wearable Technology for Noise Sensitivity MHCI017
Hicks, E., Park, S., Mavrovounioti, A., Du, W., Hu, J., Na, K., Serrano, N., Munoz, R. C., Ankrah, E. A., Min, A., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3743725 · Cited by 9
“This work aligns with prior literature highlighting opportunities for sensing technology to support awareness and regulation [10, 54, 76] and the role of technology in enhancing collaboration and interdependence within communities [2, 77].”
Supporting Piggybacked Co-Located Leisure Activities via Augmented Reality
Reig, S., Cruz, E. P., Powers, M. M., He, J., Chong, T., Tham, Y. J., Kratz, S., Robinson, A., Smith, B. A., Vaish, R., et al. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580833 · Cited by 8
“Our exploration of piggybacking allows us to frame the problem of fostering co-located interactions as a form of interdependence [7], a collective effort between all parties involved—people, pets, the environment itself, and the mobile AR app—to enhance the social bonding occasion.”
Background
Accessibility Research and Users with Multiple Disabilities or Complex Needs
Theil, A., Anderton, C., Creed, C., Olson, N., Holt, R. J., & Sarcar, S. (2023) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3597638.3615651 · Cited by 8
“Similar arguments related to the need for a multifaceted approach in the accessibility community are also made by Mankof et al [19], Bennett et al [10, 11], Shinohara et al [26], and Frauenberger [9].”
Background
ChatGPT as an Assistive Technology: Enhancing Human-Computer Interaction for People with Speech Impairments
Roy, A., Karim, E., Farukee, M. B., & Makedon, F. S. (2024) · International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments (PETRA) · doi:10.1145/3652037.3663956 · Cited by 10
Landscape Analysis of Commercial Visual Assistance Technologies
Sadjo, E., Findlater, L., & Stangl, A. J. (2021) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3441852.3476521 · Cited by 8
“may be a more suitable way to describe the interaction between users and assistive technologies [13] and the care work that occurs when tasks are approached collaboratively [16].”
Background
Terms of use: Crip legibility in information systems
Brilmyer, G. M., & Lee, C. (2023) · First Monday · doi:10.5210/fm.v28i1.12935 · Cited by 13
What Do We Mean by “Accessibility Research”?: A Literature Survey of Accessibility Papers in CHI and ASSETS from 1994 to 2019
Mack, K., McDonnell, E., Jain, D., Lu Wang, L., E. Froehlich, J., & Findlater, L. (2021) · Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445412 · Cited by 7
“’s work on interdependence as a frame for assistive technology [16].”
Background
"Is This Seat Accessible for Me?": An Autoethnography of a Person With a Mobility Disability Using Interactive Seat Plans for Public Events
Strobel, L., Gerling, K., & Rixen, J. O. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713414 · Cited by 10
Envisioning Financial Technology Support for Older Adults Through Cognitive and Life Transitions
Dai, J., & McGrenere, J. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713427 · Cited by 14
Rethinking Technological Solutions for Community-Based Older Adult Care: Insights from `Older Partners' in China
Sun, Y., Ankenbauer, S. A., Guo, Z., Chen, Y., Ma, X., & He, L. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3711058 · Cited by 11
Who Puts the "Social" in "Social Computing"?: Using A Neurodiversity Framing to Review Social Computing Research
Baillargeon, P., Yoon, J., & Zhang, A. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3711106 · Cited by 8
Minor Resistance: The Everyday Politics and Power Dynamics of Assistive Technology Adoption
Hsueh, S., Dusen, D. V., Caspi, A., & Mankoff, J. C. (2025) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3663547.3746465 · Cited by 10
Creating assistive technology in disabled communities, five years on: a reflection of neurodivergency and crafting accessible social spaces
Ringland, K. E., & Wolf, C. T. (2021) · ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing · doi:10.1145/3507912.3507914 · Cited by 7
Working with troubles and failures in conversation between humans and robots: workshop report
Forster, F. M. C., Romeo, M., Holthaus, P., Wood, L. J., Dondrup, C., Fischer, J. E., Liza, F. F., Kaszuba, S., Hough, J., Nesset, B., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2023.1202306 · Cited by 7
“This kind of hybrid smart homecare setting can support and extend the independence of a disabled person within an interdependent, collaborative participation framework (Bennett et al., 2018).”
Background
Factors impacting community living outcomes among former long-term nursing home residents using the interdependence-Human Activity Assistive Technology (i-HAAT) model
Lee, F. N., Balcázar, F. E., Hsieh, K., et al. (2024) · Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/10400435.2024.2322722 · Cited by 7
“The interdependence frame for AT (Bennett et al., 2018, Figure 2) is a contemporary contribution to AT theory that supplements the traditional scholarly focus on independence.”
Influential
Accessibility through Awareness of Noise Sensitivity Management and Regulation Practices
Hicks, E., Mavrovounioti, A., Du, W., Ankrah, E. A., Johnson, J., Min, A., & Hayes, G. R. (2024) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3663548.3675630 · Cited by 7
WLA4ND: a Wearable Dataset of Learning Activities for Young Adults with Neurodiversity to Provide Support in Education
Zheng, H. M., Mahapasuthanon, P., Chen, Y., Rangwala, H., Evmenova, A. S., & Motti, V. G. (2021) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3441852.3471220 · Cited by 7
“Because the common traits in neuro-diversity affect the individual autonomy in daily activities, support from a caregiver or an assistant is often required [6, 72].”
Background
Evaluating Technologies with and for Disabled Children
Brulé, É., Metatla, O., Spiel, K., Kharrufa, A., & Robinson, C. (2019) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3290607.3311757 · Cited by 7
“This is opening new perspectives for design, rooted for instance in interdependence [1], moving beyond models isolating children with disabilities and their assistive technologies from their social and institutional context.”
Background
Scribe
Karimi, P., Bora, P., & Martin-Hammond, A. M. (2021) · International Web for All Conference (W4A) · doi:10.1145/3430263.3452420 · Cited by 7
“need to further consider the role of interdependence in caregiving relationships [2] when designing tools such as Scribe.”
Method
Conceptualizing disability accommodation device acceptance by workgroups through a sociomaterial lens
Kulkarni, M., BALDRIDGE, D. C., & Swift, M. L. (2022) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/edi-01-2022-0010 · Cited by 6
“Just like meeting in person” - Examination of interdependencies in dementia-friendly virtual activities.
Czech, E., Marshall, P., & Metatla, O. (2022) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3517428.3544815 · Cited by 8
Advancement of IoT-Based Smart Systems for Real-Time Sports Performance Analysis: Potential and Challenges
Nasir, A., Babu, D., Sidik, M. H. M., Abdullah, N. B., & Jabbar, W. A. (2024) · Lecture notes in bioengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-3741-3_34 · Cited by 6
Together in the Mikrokosmos: Exploring Disabled Embodied Experiences in Designed Sociotechnical Worlds
Ringland, K. E., Carstensdóttir, E., Tung, M., Seetharaman, B., Eagle, T., Baltaxe-Admony, L. B., & Weatherwax, K. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3686974 · Cited by 6
Designing for Neurodiversity in Academia: Addressing Challenges and Opportunities in Human-Computer Interaction
Tcherdakoff, N. A. P., Stangroome, G. J., Milton, A., Holloway, C., Cecchinato, M. E., Nonnis, A., Eagle, T., Al Thani, D., Hong, H., & Williams, R. M. (2025) · Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706599.3716288 · Cited by 6

Authors: Bennett, C. L., Brady, E., & Branham, S. M.
Affiliations: University of Washington (US)
Indiana University Indianapolis (US)
University of California, Irvine (US)
ORCID: Bennett, Cynthia L.
Brady, Erin
Branham, Stacy M.
Venue: Proceedings of the 20th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility
Publisher: ACM
Published: 2018-10-08
Pages: 161-173
DOI: 10.1145/3234695.3236348
OpenAlex: W2896226941
Cited by: 493
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 122 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 1
FWCI: 42.61
Type: conference paper
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.acm.org/publications/policies/copyright_policy#Background (vor)
Locations: International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) (publishedVersion)
IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
Author eBooks
Funders: National Science Foundation (IIS-1353312 and DGE-1256082)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Assistive Technology in Communication and Mobility
Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Digital Accessibility for Disabilities
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Disability Rights and Representation
Keywords: interdependence, assistive technology design, disability independence, disability studies, people with disabilities, equal access

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Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design

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