The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 161 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design
Open accessAbstract
In this paper, we describe interdependence for assistive technology design, a frame developed to complement the traditional focus on independence in the Assistive Technology field. Interdependence emphasizes collaborative access and people with disabilities' important and often understated contribution in these efforts. We lay the foundation of this frame with literature from the academic discipline of Disability Studies and popular media contributed by contemporary disability justice activists. Then, drawing on cases from our own work, we show how the interdependence frame (1) synthesizes findings from a growing body of research in the Assistive Technology field and (2) helps us orient to additional technology design opportunities. We position interdependence as one possible orientation to, not a prescription for, research and design practice--one that opens new design possibilities and affirms our commitment to equal access for people with disabilities.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper proposes interdependence as a complementary frame to independence in assistive technology research and design, emphasizing relational access and disabled people’s contributions. It develops four tenets and illustrates them through three cases and three AT research areas.
Key findings
- The authors define an interdependence frame with four tenets: attention to relations, recognition of simultaneous assistance, visibility of work done by people with disabilities, and disruption of ability-based hierarchies.
- They argue independence and interdependence are not mutually exclusive, citing rehabilitation scholarship that recommends teaching both in vocational programs.
- They apply the frame to three cases: two visually impaired shoppers navigating a store with a guide dog, three disabled coworkers in a public-sector office, and the Disability March organized alongside the 2017 Women’s March, which took place in over 400 U.S. cities.
- They identify implications for three AT areas: crowd work, Ability-Based Design, and navigation.
Methods
- Conceptual and position paper synthesizing literature from Disability Studies, disability justice activism, and assistive technology research.
- Three qualitative cases drawn from the authors’ research: a conversation transcript from field observations of two visually impaired shoppers, interviews and observations of three disabled team members in a workplace, and analysis of the Disability March blog/social media and participant accounts.
- Main analysis applies the four-tenet interdependence frame to the cases and discusses how it could expand existing AT research directions.
Limitations
- Stated limitations: Not stated in the paper; the authors do present interdependence as a possible lens rather than a required prescription.
- Evident from the text: the cases are small and illustrative—one transcript, three coworkers in one office, and one online march—so they do not provide generalizable findings.
- Evident from the text: the paper does not formally evaluate or compare the interdependence frame against alternative framings, and the cases come from the authors’ own work.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Claims the paper makes
94 Sources not found · 79 Own interpretation · 47 No basis given · 38 Own result · 2 Own method · 1 Not checked yet
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“William and Emily did not have to tell the other when they detected that their navigation strengths might be useful, or when the other might know what to do next.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In that moment, William and Emily did not want tools to emulate vision”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work and Challenging Hierarchies
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The outcome of her ongoing labor resulted in interdependency with nondisabled colleagues who began producing documents accessibly from the start.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without full access to the numerous visual cues that may have orientated them, they instead leveraged resources they could make sense of.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work and Challenging Hierarchies
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead, they switched guiding one another seamlessly.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through six years of ongoing engagement, Abby was able to demonstrate to remote colleagues that she was a “real” person who could be included in collaborations if only they would make small changes to workflows like creating accessible PDFs.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, we found that Abby worked to develop relationships with colleagues who might be seen as gatekeepers to access.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disability and access were central to the identity of the team in two ways.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Case 2: Working Out Interdependent Strengths
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and they did not consider assistance separate from just being together.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work and Challenging Hierarchies
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others found opportunities to generate new access intimacies with strangers around their shared cause.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 152
- It may state two separate claims as one. 66
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We show that many recent studies within the AT field have already been aligning with these tenets”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 1. INTRODUCTION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“from Jasmine who recalled the direction of the door after Emily's command to find it”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, Emily has undergone extensive training and years working with her guide dog”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bruce reported to Abby as her reader for half of his daily duties.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Case 2: Working Out Interdependent Strengths
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through conversation, they asked each other for help, share access information, and check on one another's understanding of their progress.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Relations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But their interdependence did not come immediately or outside other relationships.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It took Abby a long time to feel comfortable enough with Crissy to inquire about her appearance after eating.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and again from William who opened the door”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Abby and Crissy were not just assisting one another; they operated in more complex relations with other colleagues who offered different complementary strengths:”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This team was one small part of a much larger organization in which people with disabilities were a minority.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Case 2: Working Out Interdependent Strengths
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, Emily established that she would locate the door”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Warren could smell perfumes and slightly make out display counters”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work and Challenging Hierarchies
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The second case comes from a professional workplace in the public sector.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Case 2: Working Out Interdependent Strengths
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The couple, William and Emily, are both visually impaired.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Case 1: Organic Interdependence on Aisle 3
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the team's mission was to oversee disbursement of grant funding to address workplace accommodations and accessibility initiatives for state and local governments.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Case 2: Working Out Interdependent Strengths
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Crissy had more seniority and responsibility than Bruce”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Case 2: Working Out Interdependent Strengths
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Crissy described visual information while Abby pushed Crissy's wheelchair and grasped out-of-reach items.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Abby delegated work that both she and Crissy could technically do, but not as efficiently or accurately as Bruce.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and their navigation aids helped them to avoid obstacles.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work and Challenging Hierarchies
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“she was assisted by William who grounded their location after smelling and visually recognizing perfume counters”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the context of the organization, Abby was most senior.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Case 2: Working Out Interdependent Strengths
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The three members who worked most closely with one another represented a wide spectrum of ability: one was blind (Abby) and accompanied by a guide dog (Ali), another was hard of hearing (Bruce) and used hearing aids, and another was a wheelchair user (Crissy).”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Case 2: Working Out Interdependent Strengths
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But analyzing how William and Emily communicated through an interdependence lens revealed rich insights from even a short transcript.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work and Challenging Hierarchies
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Second, every member of the team identified as having a disability.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Case 2: Working Out Interdependent Strengths
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Emily has no sight and she navigates with her guide dog, Jasmine.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Case 1: Organic Interdependence on Aisle 3
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Though the pair embraced”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“but was a slightly more junior mentee of Abby.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Case 2: Working Out Interdependent Strengths
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We witnessed their multiple relationships with one another and their environment working in concert toward helping them to find the door, and how they leveraged orientation and navigation strategies unsupported by the store's cues assuming customers would have full vision.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work and Challenging Hierarchies
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“But, she felt a security in both her career and her disability that allowed her to lean into interdependent relationships to achieve access.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Abby was aware that when she was less comfortable with her own strengths and weaknesses, she would have felt it a”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One unique aspect of this case when considered alongside research on guidance is that both William and Emily are visually impaired.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work and Challenging Hierarchies
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, they related to things around them and their memories to find the door.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Relations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this case, we see evidence of access intimacy where Emily and William and Emily and Jasmine work well together.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Crissy and Abby developed a relationship in which they are familiar with each other's abilities and find ways to work together that play to their strengths.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Work in the office was often collaboratively shared according to the strengths of each team member and negotiated to bring activities in alignment with interests of the collective.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“William has a full field of very little sight and he navigates with a white cane.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Case 1: Organic Interdependence on Aisle 3
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and as partners, the two have developed attunement such that Emily could give Jasmine commands mid conversation with William.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather than striving for a march experience that directly replicated the physical march, these organizers identified the critical roles of asynchrony and multimedia in communicating around accessibility and embedded these values into their platform.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We find here that Abby did not rank herself with Bruce according to their abilities; in fact, she considered such a metric irrelevant when they could do something together.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Challenging Hierarchies
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Frustrated by the inaccessibility of “marching” and hoping to ensure representation of women with disabilities in the movement, a group of mostly-female advocacy writers (who were already connected online around their shared health conditions) conceptualized and ran a “Disability March.””
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Case 3: Interdependent Activism at a Distance
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants made clear that accessibility was achieved “together,” “with” each other, and without one partner controlling the other.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Challenging Hierarchies
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of the work of the Disability March was conceived, organized, and executed by people with disabilities, and the two core organizers we spoke with identified as female and queer, respectively.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Disability March was created to reach a wide audience of observers, consisting of both people with and without disabilities.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our inquiry also surfaced contemporary scholarship and activism that offers a complementary frame, interdependence.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5. DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants attended the Disability March to join in the communal expression of outrage that participation in the Women's March signified, and to support the marchers attending the event in person.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Often, they invited other people with disabilities from their own networks to join the Disability March, broadening the reach of their own stories and building the collective.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Abby was forthcoming that her seniority increased her comfort to ask for and accept help from colleagues.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Challenging Hierarchies
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Disability March was initiated by members of an existing collective of writers with chronic illness.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The three coworkers reported to supervisors in a traditional managerial hierarchy.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Challenging Hierarchies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People with disabilities contributed their stories, sharing their unique lived experience with people without disabilities who might not have access to their expertise otherwise.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many organizers began as participants, but were drawn into more formal roles in which they could support the organization through the skills they brought with them.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our inquiry demonstrates the important role independence has played in orienting toward disability, specifically for advancing disabled peoples' claim to basic human rights.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5. DISCUSSION
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, this process required a large amount of invisible work and coordination among organizers, which may not have been recognized by most Women's March participants.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“William and Emily's access needs changed as they traversed the store (Case 1), but their experiences relating with one another kept the navigation from presenting significant barriers.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.2 Ability-Based Design and Interdependence
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Oliver contrasted the social model with the individual model”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 2. DISABILITY, INDEPENDENCE, AND INTERDEPENDENCE Models of Disability
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interdependence emphasizes collaborative access and people with disabilities' important and often understated contribution in these efforts.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This model asserts that disability is a dysfunction of the body that should be cured, and that it is an individual's responsibility to adapt to an inaccessible world.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 2. DISABILITY, INDEPENDENCE, AND INTERDEPENDENCE Models of Disability
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In these studies, access is not only a solution to a disability-related barrier; it is a way of being together and helping one another.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 1. INTRODUCTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Disabled activists and scholars from disciplines spanning Disability Studies and Rehabilitation Medicine have begun to interrogate the meaning of independence, identify its potential negative impacts, and offer complementary framings [12,17,21,22,25,32,[35][36][37][38]40,41,58].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 1. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12,17,21,22,25,32,[35][36][37][38]40,41,58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Specifically, assistive devices can portray users as vulnerable or incapable, leading to awkward social interactions and minimal use even when the technology enables autonomy [7,30,43,48,49,54,64].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 1. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [30]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [43]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [48]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [49]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [54]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [64]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This model was first articulated by disability rights activists, and later introduced to the field of Disability Studies by Mike Oliver [42] to better represent views of people with disabilities.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 2. DISABILITY, INDEPENDENCE, AND INTERDEPENDENCE Models of Disability
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“At the same time, AT researchers have documented people with disabilities working together with others to improve access at work [7,8], during team sports [11], in face-to-face communication [13], and when using educational materials [55].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 1. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [8]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This model asserts that disability is a dysfunction of the body that should be cured, and that it is an individual's responsibility to adapt to an inaccessible world.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 2. DISABILITY, INDEPENDENCE, AND INTERDEPENDENCE Models of Disability
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Even when the goal is not explicitly stated, researchers and practitioners tacitly agree that “all accessible computing approaches share a common goal of improving independence, access, and quality of life for people with disabilities” [60].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 1. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The Independent Living Movement declared that all people have equal worth, all people can and should make choices about their lives, and people with disabilities have the right to participate in public to the degree that nondisabled people can [2].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Disability and Independence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Led predominantly by LGBTQ people of color”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [25,[35][36][37]50]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Disability justice activist Mia Mingus argues that independence is a myth.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The Independent Living Movement declared that all people have equal worth, all people can and should make choices about their lives, and people with disabilities have the right to participate in public to the degree that nondisabled people can [2].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Disability and Independence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In contrast, Oliver's social model locates disability within society, and asserts that quality of life for disabled people can be increased by removing physical and social barriers, improving attitudes, and anticipating the presence of people with disabilities in design and planning.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 2. DISABILITY, INDEPENDENCE, AND INTERDEPENDENCE Models of Disability
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Part of the collective's work is to help disabled community members find trustworthy access partners.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In contrast, Oliver's social model locates disability within society, and asserts that quality of life for disabled people can be increased by removing physical and social barriers, improving attitudes, and anticipating the presence of people with disabilities in design and planning.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 2. DISABILITY, INDEPENDENCE, AND INTERDEPENDENCE Models of Disability
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“their disability justice primer suggests sharing routes home to stay safe, dividing access-related tasks according to group members' strengths, and being flexible to dynamic access needs such as offering remote attendance [50].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“While acknowledging the importance of the Independent Living Movement, some Disability Studies scholars and activists critique its focus on independence as the main goal of accessibility [25,50].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [25]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [50]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Modern activist groups, like The Disability Justice Collective in the San Francisco Bay Area, use the term”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [25,[35][36][37]50]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The Independent Living Movement declared that all people have equal worth, all people can and should make choices about their lives, and people with disabilities have the right to participate in public to the degree that nondisabled people can [2].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Disability and Independence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The movement transformed how disability was interpreted and supported outside communities of disabled people [2,14] and led to significant legal advances and protections for people with disabilities.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Disability and Independence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Historically, people with disabilities have often been isolated from society, either living at home under the care of family or living in institutions in the care of the state--where”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Disability and Independence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, disability is not located within the blind person or the presentation slides, but in the blind person's relationships to other people, objects, and customs.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 2. DISABILITY, INDEPENDENCE, AND INTERDEPENDENCE Models of Disability
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Some go further to argue that emphasizing selfsufficiency can do harm to all people, disproportionately impacting people with disabilities [12].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“While the term interdependence has not been used in AT literature, the concept has long been discussed in Disability Studies and disability justice circles.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This type of close relationship development in the process of providing interdependent access has been called access intimacy by disabled activist Mia Mingus [37].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [37]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In the context of this movement,”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Disability and Independence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [67]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [28]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [46]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [47]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, in the very first issue of the Disability Studies Reader, published in 1997, Feminist Disability Studies scholar Susan Wendell argued that a culture based in”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“They taught each other strategies for advocating access and living on their own, removed structural barriers around campus, ran a wheelchair repair shop, and built a network of trusted attendant care providers that disabled students could hire [47].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [47]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Assistance and relationship maintenance were intertwined-while nondisabled partners were happy to help their partners with disabilities, both parties sometimes found acts of assisting interfered with other important factors in their relationship.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Reveal Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Identifying relevant relations will provide insight into interactions, but interdependence also makes available the possibility that there might be simultaneous relations impacting a particular moment.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Reveal Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The important relations that can be identified through an interdependence framing do not just include relations between people and assistive technologies, but also those between people in situations where assistive technologies are not used.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence Allows Us to See Relations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This means that some people provide access support while receiving it, and multiple types of access support are provided during one event.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Reveal Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [25]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Traditionally, society has viewed people with disabilities as being worth less than their nondisabled counterparts [15], so their actions and contributions are often ranked lower in a hierarchy of importance.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Challenge Ability-Based Hierarchies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Sighted employees pervasively misunderstood access needs, and office spaces and cultures still proved inaccessible.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Reveal the Work Done by People with Disabilities
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“draws out the often-underwritten contributions of people with disabilities”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 3. DEFINING INTERDEPENDENCE FOR THE ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY FIELD
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Yet, gendered histories of power make Kelly feel vulnerable and out of place when she takes Killian into men's restrooms.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Independence or Interdependence?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Their partnership brings out Killian as not a passive recipient of care, but equal and active in cultivating friendship.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Independence or Interdependence?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Rehabilitation medicine scholars [58] recommended that vocational rehabilitation programs for people with disabilities teach interdependence alongside independence.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Independence or Interdependence?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In articulating the political/relational model, Alison Kafer describes disability not as a static entity but as”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence Allows Us to See Relations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This work identified ways in which much navigation research seeks to facilitate”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence Allows Us to See Relations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Disability Studies scholar Christine Kelly [22] described the possibilities and pitfalls of interdependence in her”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Independence or Interdependence?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, since interdependence considers everyone mutually reliant, it asserts that people with and without disabilities are equal.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Challenge Ability-Based Hierarchies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Interdependence considers everyone and everything in an interaction to be mutually reliant.
- The authors state this as an assumption: People with and without disabilities are equal.
In the paper
“She explicitly acknowledged the ways in which Killian simultaneously supports her through their relationship, acting with care to identify what she is capable of providing and how it will impact their friendship.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Reveal Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, interdependence centers relations between those things that make and define disability and access.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence Allows Us to See Relations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Identifying relevant relations will provide insight into interactions, but interdependence also makes available the possibility that there might be simultaneous relations impacting a particular moment.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Reveal Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An interdependence frame (1) focuses on relations”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 3. DEFINING INTERDEPENDENCE FOR THE ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY FIELD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By attending to simultaneous relations, we can also view how else people are connecting during assistive interactions.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Reveal Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Access in this setting also includes how people with disabilities operate with technologies, communicate their needs, and manage their AT-mediated interactions in hopes of presenting themselves professionally.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Reveal the Work Done by People with Disabilities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“helps us make sense of multiple forms of assistance happening simultaneously”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 3. DEFINING INTERDEPENDENCE FOR THE ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY FIELD
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With an interdependence framing, we can characterize the accessibility of a situation with respect to a broader range of influential factors that lead to them.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence Allows Us to See Relations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relationships between people can pre-date requests for access help, or become more complex through assistive interactions themselves.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Reveal Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Science and Technology Studies scholars Moser and Law [41] described how a wheelchair user's travel plans went awry when their train arrived with a broken wheelchair lift.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Independence or Interdependence?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“can help disassemble hierarchies that prefer ability”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 3. DEFINING INTERDEPENDENCE FOR THE ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY FIELD
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“She is sometimes paid to provide care for a man, Killian, who is also a close friend.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Independence or Interdependence?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In AT research, studying relations can help nuance the individual experiences often reported in our findings.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence Allows Us to See Relations
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: AT research often reports individual experiences in its findings.
In the paper
“Disabled activists including Nomy Lamm [25] who write about collective access describe it as an ongoing process where everyone supports one another.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Reveal Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [25]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studying how everything and everyone involved in assistance is relating with one another can emerge opportunities for supporting smoother interactions.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence Allows Us to See Relations
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Their companionship has honed an attunement among them, elevating her job responsibilities from completing instrumental tasks to an interdependent mingling of providing care and being together.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Independence or Interdependence?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An interdependence framing can help us more adequately represent everyone's needs and contributions and encourages us to focus more attention on the practices that people with disabilities engage in to cocreate accessibility with their peers.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Reveal the Work Done by People with Disabilities
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Interdependence considers everyone and everything in an interaction to be mutually reliant.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recognizing this helps us to not compare their strategies to those that sighted people might use, but to think about how technology may support strategies that already work for them.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work and Challenging Hierarchies
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taking any aspect of their interaction on its own would leave out important factors that contributed to William and Emily's accomplishment.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work and Challenging Hierarchies
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Considering the multiple relationships helps us to understand the assistance as situated and personal to them.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this way, William, Emily, and Jasmine each scaffolded assistance.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This foregrounds the important work each did to assist in finding the exit.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work and Challenging Hierarchies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With this in mind, an interdependence framing can help us to contribute research that pushes back on these histories with not only accessible designs but also designs which give attention to and challenge ability-based hierarchies.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Challenge Ability-Based Hierarchies
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Interdependence considers everyone and everything in an interaction to be mutually reliant.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each took information from the other to generate new information”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The scope of study was three members of a team comprising roughly ten colleagues, who work closely with one another in nearby cubicles.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Case 2: Working Out Interdependent Strengths
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead, they are assumed integral to interdependent interactions for bringing valued perspective and skill regardless of whether they are assisting, being assisted, or doing both.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Challenge Ability-Based Hierarchies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Interdependence considers everyone and everything in an interaction to be mutually reliant.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This scenario shows how relating to one another and the environment made finding the door possible.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even when Abby worked with a nondisabled colleague in another unit of the company, an interdependence framing helps us see the contributions made by both parties:”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An interdependence framing also classifies the nondominant strategies they used as legitimate information sources to draw from in providing assistance.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work and Challenging Hierarchies
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interdependence seeks to break out of this circular problem by explicitly valuing people, including those with disabilities, from the outset for who they are and irrespective of their abilities or assistive technologies they use.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Challenge Ability-Based Hierarchies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Interdependence considers everyone and everything in an interaction to be mutually reliant.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“trying to understand anyone's relationship in isolation would omit important details of how they left the store.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead, it was their relations with one another and their environment along with undertaking strategies available that revealed informative nuances of a seemingly unremarkable act of exiting a store.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work and Challenging Hierarchies
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather, our research could pinpoint specific ways to support their process.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work and Challenging Hierarchies
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet it is impossible to understand the process without considering that William, Emily, and Jasmine were simultaneously relating and providing access.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each was using the resources available to them to make sense of the environment for everyone.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the examples above, making visible the work done by people with disabilities is integral for researchers and the participants.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Collectively, they exemplify the flexible application of an interdependence frame to interpret how accessibility is made by people, including those with disabilities, in everyday situations.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 4. APPLYING THE INTERDEPENDENCE FRAME: THREE CASES
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is clear from this vignette that William, Emily, and Jasmine are in relation with one another and the store to find the exit.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Relations
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This conversation provides a momentary snapshot from an entire day of shopping.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work and Challenging Hierarchies
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Applying our interdependence lens, we learn how access occurs through interactions that are not just about getting something done.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5. DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Disability March demonstrates a great deal of the relational work of interdependence amongst the march's participants, observers, and organizers.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interdependence emphasizes how myriad people and devices come together to build access, with special attention to acknowledging the work of people with disabilities.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5. DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This paper is the first attempt we know of in the Assistive Technology community to articulate the origins and meanings of the term independence as it pertains to people with disabilities.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5. DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, like the disability justice activists, interdependence was not an abstract frame for researchers to apply to observations; participants lived collaborative accessibility and described it in such terms.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Challenging Hierarchies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An interdependence reading of their collaboration, however, illuminates how their situation both perpetuates and disrupts traditional professional and abilitybased hierarchies.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Challenging Hierarchies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“We propose that an interdependence frame can synthesize recent scholarly contributions from within the AT field, which increasingly emphasize social dimensions of accessibility (e.g., [48,49,54,59,64]).”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5. DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [49]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [54]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [64]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In reflection, many Women's March attendees again emphasized the importance of their attendance in person, commenting that “I just felt so empowered being there” or “I felt the need to show up with my body and my voice.”( [33], emphasis added).”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Case 3: Interdependent Activism at a Distance
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This mixed audience again fosters the mutual reliance that is core to interdependence.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By joining the Disability March, these individuals both contributed to and were shaped by the larger movement.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Disability March was a tangible reminder from disabled women that their voices and their representation mattered just as much as the able-bodied women who could attend events in person.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Challenging Hierarchies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Costs associated with this model, along with exciting innovations in AI, have nudged future directions for this work toward minimizing human assistance [31,63].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.1 Crowd Work and Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [63]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This march was likely more successful because of the insights contributed by disabled organizers and helped the original Women's March better recognize the limitations of in-person marching.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather, access is entangled with being and doing together when shopping, working, or even protesting.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5. DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Examining an event with an interdependence lens gives us the awareness that people with disabilities can be organizers and initiators of movements, rather than passive participants or beneficiaries of others' activism.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Challenging Hierarchies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These organizers operated as agents of accessibility, rather than recipients of it, developing a satellite movement to fit their own needs and abilities.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This project fostered connections between members of the movement, strengthening its coherency and broadening its presence.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, a “march” demands that participants be able to execute a certain set of physical abilities (including standing and moving throughout the streets) and involves many sensory stimuli that might trigger symptoms.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Case 3: Interdependent Activism at a Distance
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While their companions often had to take the role of “caregiver” in these travels, their attendance was mutually reliant, building a larger coalition together.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > (Simultaneous) Relations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Organizers and attendees highlighted the importance of physical presence at the march and the need to “stand together in solidarity” [66].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Case 3: Interdependent Activism at a Distance
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, Aira [31], a visual interpreting subscription-based service, released smart glasses with OCR capabilities.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.1 Crowd Work and Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“System names like “BeMyEyes” [68] minimize the role of blind individuals by framing them as passive recipients of assistance.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.1 Crowd Work and Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [68]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have demonstrated how an interdependence frame can widen existing areas of AT research.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.3 Navigation and Interdependence
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, pervasive inaccessibility of crowd work platforms significantly impedes full participation of people with disabilities.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.1 Crowd Work and Interdependence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We demonstrated the frame's benefits by applying it to three cases from our research and three emergent areas of AT research: crowd work, Ability-Based Design, and navigation.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 6. CONCLUSION
boosteddirectn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interdependence (1) considers access to be relational and (2) simultaneous, (3) highlights the contributions of people with disabilities, and (4) challenges traditional hierarchies of ability.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 6. CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While some view online activities as slactivism, relating with a community of disabled remote marchers legitimized their contributions, raising their confidence that disability could represent an important perspective in political organizing.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.2 Ability-Based Design and Interdependence
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, though task completers are called “workers,” after the completed task is returned to the requester, their contribution disappears.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.1 Crowd Work and Interdependence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because Ability-Based Design focuses on users' independent interactions with systems, other people and devices who enact assistance are grouped in the broad category of “context.””
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.2 Ability-Based Design and Interdependence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“A second thread of research addresses the viability of crowd work as a source of income and volunteerism for older adults [9,24] and people with disabilities [27,53,56,65].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.1 Crowd Work and Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [27]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [53]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [56]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [65]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Navigation aids, whether or not developed with people with disabilities in mind, tend to focus on directing a user to a destination.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.3 Navigation and Interdependence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, they found that a device guiding a blind user into the wrong store was not consequential to them, but entering the preferred bathroom for their gender identity was of paramount importance.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.3 Navigation and Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While interdependence can be critical of the limitations of previous independencefocused research, it is also generative, encapsulating a method for transferring the relational assistance we have observed into actionable directions for AT research.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.3 Navigation and Interdependence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An influential approach for designing assistive technologies has been Wobbrock et al.'s Ability-Based Design [60].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.2 Ability-Based Design and Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Unlike predominant themes in AT research which attempt to minimize errors altogether, they contend that navigation systems will not be error free, so they instead direct research to support contextappropriate error and safety management processes for users with disabilities.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.3 Navigation and Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Past research [59] found crossability navigation assistance was not always joyfully done; sighted people misunderstood how to best assist blind walking partners.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.3 Navigation and Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, independence and interdependence can coexist as dual goals for accessibility.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.1 Crowd Work and Interdependence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We present interdependence as a frame not to guide designing for people with disabilities from a distance, but by them, as its introduction into the ASSETS community is indebted to their lived experience, activism, and scholarship.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 6. CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While some allow users to select stops along the way, the task of navigating is largely presented as one in which a user follows instructions from a technology, with destination arrival as the metric for success.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.3 Navigation and Interdependence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Accessible navigation has long been a focus of AT research [10,18,29].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.3 Navigation and Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, advancements in object recognition present OCR systems as replacements for human assistance.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.1 Crowd Work and Interdependence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As such, crowd work solutions can be seen as an early means of amassing ground truth data to train machine learning models for fully-automated tools.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.1 Crowd Work and Interdependence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Findings show that members of this population are interested and capable of doing the work.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.1 Crowd Work and Interdependence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this way, the values of independence that are bolstered by Ability-Based designs can be considered alongside interdependency.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.2 Ability-Based Design and Interdependence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We introduced interdependence as a complementary frame for AT researchers.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 6. CONCLUSION
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Ability-Based Design contends that technologies should be responsive to each user's unique interaction capabilities, and that AT researchers should design systems that are appropriate for multiple users and contexts.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 5.2 Ability-Based Design and Interdependence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
There has yet to be an exploration of the meaning of independence in the AT community.
“To our knowledge, there has yet to be an exploration of this kind in the AT community.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The individual model was the prominent conception of disability at the time.
“Oliver contrasted the social model with the individual model, the prominent conception of disability at the time.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The term 'interdependence' has not been used in AT literature.
“While the term interdependence has not been used in AT literature, the concept has long been discussed in Disability Studies and disability justice circles.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Some scholars have adopted a view that interdependent relationships are necessary to achieve access.
“Amid critiques, some scholars have adopted a view that interdependent relationships are necessary to achieve access.”
The paper relies on this without support.
For people with disabilities, asserting independence has been and remains an important step toward equal rights.
“For people with disabilities, asserting independence has been and remains an important step toward equal rights.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Independence and interdependence are not dichotomous or mutually exclusive.
“First, independence and interdependence are not dichotomous or mutually exclusive.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Interdependence is not necessarily better than independence.
“Second, interdependence is not necessarily better than independence, and the following examples elucidate these complexities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Instilling interdependence establishes people with disabilities as contributors to, not just recipients of, community support and assistance.
“But, instilling interdependence establishes them as contributors to--not just recipients of--community support and assistance.”
The paper relies on this without support.
AT research often reports individual experiences in its findings.
“In AT research, studying relations can help nuance the individual experiences often reported in our findings.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Interdependence considers everyone and everything in an interaction to be mutually reliant.
“Since interdependence considers everyone and everything in an interaction to be mutually reliant”
“since interdependence considers everyone mutually reliant”
The authors state this as an assumption.
People with and without disabilities are equal.
“it asserts that people with and without disabilities are equal.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Disability March draws on early disability rights protests in which activists self-organized to ensure that their access needs were met appropriately.
“First, the Disability March itself draws on the early disability rights protests -a group of activists self-organizing to ensure that their access needs were met appropriately.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These innovations reflect a fundamental shift in recent scholarship from accommodation models toward frameworks of interdependence and participatory design, which recognize that all researchers rely on tools, collaborators, and infrastructures, making accessibility a universal rather than special concern [8, 74].”
From "I Don't Trust Any Professional Research Tool": A Re-Imagination of Knowledge Production Workflows by, with, and for Blind and Low-Vision Researchers (2026) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“To alleviate such burdens, researchers have proposed that workplaces could benefit from incorporating an interdependence framework that emphasizes collaborative accessibility, viewing access as a shared responsibility instead of an individual one [5, 75, 76].”
From Accessibility-Driven Information Transformations in Mixed-Visual Ability Work Teams (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This pattern exemplifies interdependence [8]: collaborative access strategies overcome immediate barriers while potentially creating new dependencies.”
From "I Don't Trust Any Professional Research Tool": A Re-Imagination of Knowledge Production Workflows by, with, and for Blind and Low-Vision Researchers (2026) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Our findings revealed that collaborative note-taking facilitated by EmoBridge evoked a sense of interdependence, a framework that emphasizes collaborative access and the contributions of people with disabilities in a task [2].”
From EmoBridge: Bridging the Communication Gap between Students with Disabilities and Peer Note-Takers Utilizing Emojis and Real-Time Sharing (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“According to the Interdependence Theory, technology should not only aim to empower the individual but also address socio-technical and cultural barriers [11], which is also in line with feminist critics around empowerment talk [4, 74].”
From Rethinking “Empowering Technology” in Higher Education Accessibility: A Case Study of Disabled Students’ Experiences at a German University (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Reveal the Work Done by People with Disabilities
“Branham and Kane [7] documented the ways blind employees do their jobs in mixed ability workplaces.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > References
“7. Erin Brady, Meredith Ringel Morris, Yu Zhong, Samuel White, and Jeffrey P Bigham. 2013. Visual challenges in the everyday lives of blind people.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > 1. INTRODUCTION
“the gold standard of wayfinding applications for people who are blind has long been "independent navigation" [10,18,29].”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > References
“10. Robin Brewer, Meredith Ringel Morris, and Anne Marie Piper. 2016. Why would anybody do this?: Understanding older adults' motivations and challenges in crowd work.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Interdependence can Reveal Simultaneous Relations and Assistance
“Branham and Kane's exploration of mixed-ability co-habitants [8]”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > References
“8. Stacy M. Branham and Shaun K. Kane. 2015. The invisible work of accessibility: how blind employees manage accessibility in mixed-ability workplaces.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Visible Work and Challenging Hierarchies
“Warren could smell perfumes and slightly make out display counters, and their navigation aids helped them to avoid obstacles.”
§ Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design > Case 1: Organic Interdependence on Aisle 3
“The couple, William and Emily, are both visually impaired.”
Citations
Cites
Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity
(1969) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.45.527.642 · Cited by 14,255
Kafer, A. (2013) · doi:10.2979/6841.0 · Cited by 2,131
Layers of Silence, Arenas of Voice: The Ecology of Visible and Invisible Work
Star, S. L., & Strauss, A. (1999) · Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1023/a:1008651105359 · Cited by 1,500
No Pity: People with Disabilities Forging a New Civil Rights Movement
Leighty, C. A., & Shapiro, J. P. (1994) · Michigan Law Review · doi:10.2307/1289622 · Cited by 771
The New Disability History: American Perspectives
Trent, J. W., Longmore, P. K., & Umansky, L. (2002) · Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/2700798 · Cited by 668
Wobbrock, J. O., Kane, S. K., Gajos, K. Z., Harada, S., & Froehlich, J. E. (2011) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/1952383.1952384 · Cited by 643
VizWiz: nearly real-time answers to visual questions
Bigham, J. P., Jayant, C., Ji, H., Little, G., Miller, A., Miller, R. C., Miller, R., Tatarowicz, A., White, B., White, S., et al. (2010) · Proceedings of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology · doi:10.1145/1866029.1866080 · Cited by 601
Bigham, J. P., Jayant, C., Ji, H., Little, G., Miller, A. E., Miller, R. C., Tatarowicz, A., White, B., White, S., & YEH, T. P. (2010) · International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A) · doi:10.1145/1805986.1806020 · Cited by 536
Building Access: Universal Design and the Politics of Disability
Liebermann, W. K. (2018) · Journal of Design History · doi:10.1093/jdh/epy023 · Cited by 500
In the shadow of misperception: assistive technology use and social interactions
Shinohara, K., & Wobbrock, J. O. (2011) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1978942.1979044 · Cited by 495
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Dom Chatterjee . 2018 . Independence is an Ableist Myth: Unlocking the Power of Community in Healing. The Body is Not An Apology . Retrieved February 22, 2018 from https://thebodyisnotanapology.com/magazine/independence-is-an-ableist-myth-unlocking-the-power-of-community-in-healing/ Dom Chatterjee. 2018. Independence is an Ableist Myth: Unlocking the Power of Community in Healing. The Body is Not An Apology. Retrieved February 22, 2018 from https://thebodyisnotanapology.com/magazine/independence-is-an-ableist-myth-unlocking-the-power-of-community-in-healing/
- Nomy Lamm . This Is Disability Justice. The Body is Not An Apol . Retrieved April 12, 2018 from https://thebodyisnotanapology.com/magazine/this-is-disability-justice/ Nomy Lamm. This Is Disability Justice. The Body is Not An Apol. Retrieved April 12, 2018 from https://thebodyisnotanapology.com/magazine/this-is-disability-justice/
- 10.1145/2702123.2702437 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Embracing Four Tensions in Human-Computer Interaction Research with Marginalized People
Liang, C. A., Munson, S. A., & Kientz, J. A. (2021) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3443686 · Cited by 268
“HCI researchers have centered groups of people who have faced (and constantly face) racism (e.g., [71, 80, 82, 124, 159]), ageism (e.g., [20, 30]), sexism (e.g., [72, 143]), ableism (e.g., [11, 23]), classism (e.g., [39, 46, 146, 150]), and colonialism (e.g., [27, 51]).”
BackgroundSpiel, K., & Gerling, K. (2021) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3432245 · Cited by 198
“For this demographic, SDT provides a powerful argument for interdependence [15] and can be seen as a theory subscribing to a social model in disability contexts.”
BackgroundLiving Disability Theory: Reflections on Access, Research, and Design
Hofmann, M., Kasnitz, D., Mankoff, J., & Bennett, C. L. (2020) · Proceedings of the 22nd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3373625.3416996 · Cited by 200
“Our narratives demonstrate that relationships for both the disabled and nondisabled people involved can be powerful and positive [8, 11, 53].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationADHD and Technology Research – Investigated by Neurodivergent Readers
Spiel, K., Hornecker, E., Williams, R. M., & Good, J. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3517592 · Cited by 150
“7Interdependence describes how individuals interact with and rely on other people and objects in their daily lives, which is a particularly pronounced experience made by disabled people [11].”
Das, M., Tang, J., Ringland, K. E., & Piper, A. M. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3449282 · Cited by 142
“Our analysis is informed by disability studies and feminist scholarship [9, 28, 48, 53, 93].”
BackgroundMethod“I just went into it assuming that I wouldn't be able to have the full experience”
Mott, M. E., Tang, J. C., Kane, S. K., Cutrell, E. B., & Morris, M. R. (2020) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3373625.3416998 · Cited by 118
“This communication requirement provides an opportunity for VR systems to be designed for interdependence [4].”
BackgroundDas, M., Gergle, D., & Piper, A. M. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3359293 · Cited by 108
“Secondly, we use our fndings to build on current theorizing of accessibility and interdependence in collaborative work [11].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBennett, C. L., Rosner, D. K., & Taylor, A. S. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376568 · Cited by 115
“In conversation with ideas of interdependence [5], [56], we draw out how care work in access is complicated, becoming a mode that invites ‘more-than’ what any one person is capable of, and thus querying (or indeed queering [42]) a deeply entrenched view of specific bodies as intrinsically limited by finite capacities.”
BackgroundSelf-citationColley, M., Walch, M., Gugenheimer, J., Askari, A., & Rukzio, E. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376472 · Cited by 112
“Recent work questions the goal of independence for VIP [6]”
BackgroundNavigating Graduate School with a Disability
Jain, D., Potluri, V., & Sharif, A. (2020) · Proceedings of the 22nd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3373625.3416986 · Cited by 90
“done” [4], generating pathways for everyone to contribute in different stages to improve overall accessibility.”
BackgroundBennett, C. L., Peil, B., & Rosner, D. K. (2019) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3322276.3322376 · Cited by 89
Self-citationDignity, Autonomy, and Style of Company
Coghlan, S., Waycott, J., Lazar, A., & Neves, B. B. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3449178 · Cited by 89
“The notion of relational autonomy recalls the concept of interdependence discussed in the HCI disability and Science and Technology Studies communities [9,34].”
BackgroundSociotechnical Considerations for Accessible Visualization Design
Lundgard, A., Lee, C., & Satyanarayan, A. (2019) · Visualization · doi:10.1109/visual.2019.8933762 · Cited by 74
“Developments in HCI and tactile graphics have previously converged in Assistive Technology (AT) research [7, 26, 32], but visualization researchers have not yet substantively engaged with the developments in tactile information systems, well-established accessibility guidelines, or with the perspectives of PWD.”
BackgroundHow accessible is my visualization? Evaluating visualization accessibility with Chartability
Elavsky, F., Bennett, C., & Moritz, D. (2022) · Computer Graphics Forum · doi:10.1111/cgf.14522 · Cited by 68
Self-citationBayor, A. A., Brereton, M. F., Sitbon, L., Ploderer, B., Birčanin, F., Favre, B., & Koplick, S. (2021) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/3450355 · Cited by 83
“[6], it is essential to reflect on the relationship between the contextual environmental factors such as abled people (in this case proxy availability and training support) in designing assistive technologies for people with disability.”
BackgroundMack, K., McDonnell, E. J., Findlater, L., & Evans, H. (2022) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3517428.3544803 · Cited by 81
Dreaming Disability Justice in HCI
Sum, C. M., Alharbi, R., Spektor, F., Bennett, C. L., Harrington, C., Spiel, K., & Williams, A. (2022) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3491101.3503731 · Cited by 74
“There is also potential for disability justice to surface how we as researchers can better support care webs, interdependence, and access intimacy that center disabled people’s experiences [4, 8, 23, 25].”
BackgroundSelf-citationWeaving by Touch: A Case Analysis of Accessible Making
Das, M., Borgos-Rodriguez, K., & Piper, A. M. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376477 · Cited by 67
“Gifting the products they create allows participation in a reciprocal relationship with others, which can be denied to some people with disabilities [4, 72], and helps shift power dynamics from receiving to giving support.”
BackgroundInfluentialMixed Abilities and Varied Experiences: a group autoethnography of a virtual summer internship
Mack, K., Das, M., Jain, D., Bragg, D., Tang, J., Begel, A., Beneteau, E., Davis, J. U., Glasser, A., Park, J. S., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3441852.3471199 · Cited by 68
“In a group where members had a wide range of seniority levels, it became uncomfortable for those with less power to correct those with more power [2, 10].”
BackgroundInfluentialUnderstanding Mental Ill-health as Psychosocial Disability: Implications for Assistive Technology
Ringland, K. E., Nicholas, J., Kornfield, R., Lattie, E. G., Mohr, D. C., & Reddy, M. (2019) · Proceedings of the 21st International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3308561.3353785 · Cited by 60
“Taking care of myself as long as I can”: How People with Dementia Configure Self-Management Systems
Dixon, E., Piper, A. M., & Lazar, A. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445225 · Cited by 57
“The defnition of self-management put forth by dementia advocates and Wehmeyer’s theorizing of self-determination also align with recent work on interdependence [12], in which people with disabilities are positioned as agents in securing access to resources rather than passive recipients of support.”
MethodMcDonnell, E. J., Liu, P., Goodman, S. M., Kushalnagar, R., Froehlich, J. E., & Findlater, L. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3479578 · Cited by 54
“This reframing opens up possibilities for captioning technology designed to support group interdependence [4] by acknowledging that captions cannot work unless people are willing to work with them.”
BackgroundUnderstanding Accessibility and Collaboration in Programming for People with Visual Impairments
Pandey, M., Kameswaran, V., Rao, H. V., O'Modhrain, S., & Oney, S. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3449203 · Cited by 54
“We discuss some of the design implications in this section, situating them in the perspectives recommended for designing for disability [16, 17, 69].”
BackgroundSimpson, E., Dalal, S., & Semaan, B. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3579490 · Cited by 54
“Request permissions from permissions@acm.org. of life for people with disabilities, neurodiverse people, older adults, and people with chronic health conditions, by allowing for independence and autonomy [9, 68, 95].”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Social Network: How People with Visual Impairment use Mobile Phones in Kibera, Kenya
Barbareschi, G., Holloway, C., Arnold, K. L., Magomere, G. N., Wetende, W. A., Ngare, G., & Olenja, J. M. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376658 · Cited by 55
“Previous work has found collaboration between family members, co-workers and fellow activists was enabled by access to and through technology [3].”
BackgroundApproach Matters: Linking Practitioner Approaches to Technology Design for People with Dementia
Dixon, E., & Lazar, A. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376432 · Cited by 54
“people with dementia [47] and challenges a view of people with disabilities as solely receivers of help [7].”
BackgroundMethodHerskovitz, J., Xu, A., Alharbi, R., & Guo, A. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581249 · Cited by 56
“Although we know that BVI people work to create and customize assistive technology to their needs [12, 14], we aim to better understand why people do this, i.e., the unique needs and scenarios that lead them to desire personalization.”
BackgroundExploring Asymmetric Roles in Mixed-Ability Gaming
Gonçalves, D., Rodrigues, A., Richardson, M., de Sousa, A. A., Proulx, M. J., & Guerreiro, T. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445494 · Cited by 54
“[6] point out the negative side of assuming people’s independence as the goal of accessibility, being that everyone is actually interdependent, relying on others for sustenance, community, and care.”
BackgroundInfluentialBorsotti, V., Begel, A., & Bjørn, P. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3641011 · Cited by 54
“…uncover new possibilities for design by building on work by disability scholars and critical access scholars [35],[43] framing accessibility as collaboration across multiple actors, and stressing how special accommodations should always be studied in concert with socio-technical considerations [7].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSpencer, H., Córdova, V. V., Cid, K. E. E., Azagra, M. J., & Álvarez‐Aguado, I. (2020) · Participatory Design Conference · doi:10.1145/3385010.3385023 · Cited by 60
“Understanding the complexity of relationships that underlie the different types of support demands that different aspects should be thought through simultaneously and presented in an integrated way during codesign sessions [3].”
BackgroundDesigning an Online Infrastructure for Collecting AI Data From People With Disabilities
Park, J. S., Bragg, D., Kamar, E., & Morris, M. R. (2021) · Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency · doi:10.1145/3442188.3445870 · Cited by 50
“We note that needing external assistance is not necessarily problematic, and indeed that interdependence [5] is important to and valued by many PWD; however, it is important for system designers to understand if and how assistance may be required for data upload tasks to create an accessible system.”
BackgroundCash, Digital Payments and Accessibility
Kameswaran, V., & Muralidhar, S. H. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3359199 · Cited by 54
“Finally, Bennett et al. propose an "interdependence" framework for assistive technology design, and argue that an "interdependence" frame foregrounds the work performed by people with disabilities in creating and maintaining accessibility [13].”
Working at the Intersection of Race, Disability and Accessibility
Harrington, C. N., Desai, A., Lewis, A., Moharana, S., Ross, A. S., & Mankoff, J. (2023) · The 25th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3597638.3608389 · Cited by 53
Reyes-Cruz, G., Fischer, J. E., & Reeves, S. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376767 · Cited by 52
Vincenzi, B., Taylor, A. S., & Stumpf, S. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3449143 · Cited by 48
“’s [5] discussion of "crowd work" in AT, in which systems might inspire new forms of collaboration where people with disabilities are not only the recipients of assistance but become proactive companions in completing tasks.”
BackgroundInfluentialAlharbi, R., Tang, J., & Henderson, K. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581541 · Cited by 49
“Echoing disability scholarship, we question the idea of "perfect" accessibility checklists because accessibility is a never-ending process that changes when new needs come up [8, 11, 27, 45].”
InfluentialSocial Sensemaking with AI: Designing an Open-ended AI Experience with a Blind Child
Morrison, C. P., Cutrell, E. B., Grayson, M., Thieme, A., Taylor, A. S., Roumen, G. J., Longden, C., Tschiatschek, S., Marques, R. F., & Sellen, A. J. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445290 · Cited by 54
“provide when working in concert with human agency as a part of the sensemaking process for people with disabilities [5, 33].”
BackgroundThe Village: Infrastructuring Community-based Mentoring to Support Adults Experiencing Poverty
Dillahunt, T. R., Lu, A. J., Israni, A., Lodha, R., Brewer, S., Robinson, T. S., Wilson, A. B., & Wheeler, E. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3501949 · Cited by 47
“Interdependence attends to the collective work that people with disabilities do to create access, which challenges the subject position of people with disabilities as the passive recipient of care [10].”
BackgroundIncluding Adults with Severe Intellectual Disabilities in Co-Design through Active Support
Bircanin, F., Brereton, M., Sitbon, L., Ploderer, B., Azaabanye Bayor, A., & Koplick, S. (2021) · Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445057 · Cited by 46
“Designers can initiate or ofer to help take part in the activity that, through interdependent relations [17], can lead to success and fulfllment of the activity.”
Background“I Choose Assistive Devices That Save My Face”
Li, F. M., Chen, D. L., Fan, M., & Truong, K. N. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445321 · Cited by 3
Understanding Blind Screen-Reader Users’ Experiences of Digital Artboards
Schaadhardt, A., Hiniker, A., & Wobbrock, J. O. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445242 · Cited by 51
“[5] interdependence frame, we recognize the significant and unreasonable effort that blind people put into achieving access for themselves, from the various workarounds employed to requesting sighted assistance from colleagues, friends, or family.”
BackgroundState of the Art in AAC: A Systematic Review and Taxonomy
Curtis, H., Neate, T., & Gonzalez, C. V. (2022) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3517428.3544810 · Cited by 47
“Too often, high-tech AAC restrains communication by acting as a physical independent barrier – restraining the user from freely employing there own unique communication skills including non-verbal signals to provide feedback more quickly [15, 52, 81].”
BackgroundUnderstanding Audio Production Practices of People with Vision Impairments
Saha, A., & Piper, A. M. (2020) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3373625.3416993 · Cited by 44
“” Thus, achieving a professional career in audio production involves working with sighted collaborators to co-create accessibility in ability-diverse workspaces [2, 11, 20, 73], from home work environments to shared studios to unfamiliar venues.”
BackgroundDas, M., McHugh, T. B., Piper, A. M., & Gergle, D. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3501918 · Cited by 40
“Finally, our approach to evaluation and data analysis is informed by the political/relational model of disability [41] and other feminist disability scholarship [8, 31, 46].”
MethodMisfitting With AI: How Blind People Verify and Contest AI Errors
Alharbi, R., Lor, P., Herskovitz, J., Schoenebeck, S., & Brewer, R. N. (2024) · The 26th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3663548.3675659 · Cited by 40
“What we, AI and accessibility researchers, define as universal or general purpose is likely removed from reality and perhaps reflective of Western norms [61].”
Influential"That's the Way Sighted People Do It"
Storer, K. M., & Branham, S. M. (2019) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3322276.3322374 · Cited by 45
Self-citationTowards understanding the design of bodily integration
Mueller, F., Lopes, P., Andrés, J., Byrne, R., Semertzidis, N. A., Li, Z., Knibbe, J., & Greuter, S. (2021) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102643 · Cited by 43
CodeWalk: Facilitating Shared Awareness in Mixed-Ability Collaborative Software Development
Potluri, V., Pandey, M., Begel, A., Barnett, M., & Reitherman, S. (2022) · Proceedings of the 24th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3517428.3544812 · Cited by 39
“Bennett et al.’s reframing of the goals of assistive technology as interdependence instead of independence ring true in CodeWalk’s scenarios [6].”
Background"All in the Same Boat": Tradeoffs of Voice Assistant Ownership for Mixed-Visual-Ability Families
Storer, K. M., Judge, T. K., & Branham, S. M. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376225 · Cited by 39
“been a fundamental goal of AT design, though recent work has noted the collaborative and interdependent nature of constructing access [9,51], often in mixed-ability settings.”
BackgroundSelf-citationKane, S. K., Guo, A., & Morris, M. R. (2020) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3373625.3416990 · Cited by 36
The Role of Sensory Changes in Everyday Technology use by People with Mild to Moderate Dementia
Dixon, E., & Lazar, A. (2020) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3373625.3417000 · Cited by 36
Everyday Uncertainty: How Blind People Use GenAI Tools for Information Access
Tang, X., Abdolrahmani, A., Gergle, D., & Piper, A. M. (2025) · Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713433 · Cited by 30
Playing With Others: Depicting Multiplayer Gaming Experiences of People With Visual Impairments
Gonçalves, D., Rodrigues, A., & Guerreiro, T. (2020) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3373625.3418304 · Cited by 33
“Creating game scenarios in which players are interdependent may “challenge traditional hierarchies of abilities", emphasizing contributions from people with diverse abilities [5].”
BackgroundBaldwin, M. S., Hirano, S. H., Mankoff, J. C., & Hayes, G. R. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3359257 · Cited by 36
“In addressing these challenges, we take the interdependent approach to assistive technology design [10], with an eye towards the ways that working together on both the design and the experience of such technology could drive additional awareness and engagement across the boundaries of the sighted and blind paddler com…”
BackgroundInfluentialConversational Agency in Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Valencia, S., Pavel, A., Santa Maria, J., Yu, S. (., Bigham, J. P., & Admoni, H. (2020) · Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376376 · Cited by 31
“We observe beneficial interdependence [3] between the AC-CCP pair, and acknowledging the unique importance of the contributions of each communicative partner can inform new interactions.”
BackgroundBrailleBlocks: Computational Braille Toys for Collaborative Learning
Gadiraju, V., Muehlbradt, A., & Kane, S. K. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376295 · Cited by 31
“Assistive technologies are often presented as a means of promoting independence, but using some assistive technologies, like screen readers, can have an isolating effect [3].”
BackgroundPLACES: A Framework for Supporting Blind and Partially Sighted People in Outdoor Leisure Activities
Bandukda, M., Holloway, C., Singh, A., & Bianchi‐Berthouze, N. (2020) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3373625.3417001 · Cited by 31
“The desire expressed by our participants to co-explore and make sense of a new place together with those they were with mirrors the example of people shopping given in [10] where two people collectively made sense of their shopping experience.”
BackgroundInfluentialA Support Worker Perspective on Use of New Technologies by People with Intellectual Disabilities
Balasuriya, S. S., Sitbon, L., & Brereton, M. F. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/3523058 · Cited by 35
“Interdependence can empower people to enhance their partnerships with their social network [46] and establishes them as contributors to community support and assistance instead of just a recipient [7].”
BackgroundBarriers and Benefits: The Path to Accessible Makerspaces
Allen, K. H., Balaska, A., Aronson, R. M., Rogers, C., & Short, E. S. (2023) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3597638.3608414 · Cited by 31
“This type of interdependence has potential for cross-disability solidarity and community building[10, 18, 24].”
BackgroundMAIDR: Making Statistical Visualizations Accessible with Multimodal Data Representation
Seo, J., Xia, Y., Lee, B., McCurry, S., & Yam, Y. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642730 · Cited by 44
“This design process was grounded in the interdependence framework [3], which views disabilities as a collective resource.”
BackgroundSoro, A., Brereton, M. F., Sitbon, L., Ambe, A. H., Taylor, J. L., & Wilson, C. (2019) · Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (OzCHI) · doi:10.1145/3369457.3369470 · Cited by 33
“Bennett and colleagues [10] noted that while independence is often a taken for granted goal of research on assistive technologies, several scholars are drawing attention to potentially negative outcomes, such as perpetuating stigma, or representing the assistive technology user as incapable or vulnerable.”
BackgroundXu, S., Yang, C., Ge, W., Yu, C., & Shi, Y. (2020) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3411814 · Cited by 29
“Moreover, as suggested by the interdependence frame in [5], the guidance of electronic devices could be combined with other information sources in order to further facilitate mobility.”
BackgroundInclusive Making: designing tools and experiences to promote accessibility and redefine making
Worsley, M. B., & Bar-El, D. (2020) · Computer Science Education · doi:10.1080/08993408.2020.1863705 · Cited by 29
“They also realize that accessibility should be every designer’s responsibility and not solely the responsibilty of people with disabilities (Rosmaita, 2006; Shinohara, Bennett et al., 2018; Shinohara et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialRocha, F., Pires, A. C., Neto, I., Nicolau, H., & Guerreiro, T. (2021) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/3459990.3460699 · Cited by 30
“In this work, we contribute to prior literature on joint media engagement research by investigating learning relationships between sighted parents and children with VI when novel technologies emerge in home settings.”
Aflatoony, L., Lee, S. J., & Sanford, J. A. (2021) · Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/10400435.2021.1983070 · Cited by 29
“(Bennett et al., 2018, p. 165).”
BackgroundJanicki, S., Parvin, N., & Howell, N. (2024) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3643834.3661509 · Cited by 30
“Instead, interdependence as an ideal recognizes access as relational, created through relationships between people, technologies, and their environments [6].”
BackgroundLe, L. (2024) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3663548.3675651 · Cited by 46
Peng, Y.-H., Wu, J., Bigham, J. P., & Pavel, A. (2022) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/3526113.3545637 · Cited by 30
“Mixed ability collaboration supports an “interdependence” rather than “independence” approach to making content authoring accessible [1].”
BackgroundEngendering collaborative accessibility through tourism: From barriers to bridges
Tomej, K., & Duedahl, E. (2023) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2023.103528 · Cited by 28
Envisioning the (In)Visibility of Discreet and Wearable AAC Devices
Curtis, H., You, Z., Deary, W., Tudoreanu, M.-I., & Neate, T. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580936 · Cited by 31
“[4] interdependent frame of assistive technology.”
BackgroundJiang, L., Phutane, M., & Azenkot, S. (2023) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3597638.3608381 · Cited by 29
“Lastly, Bennett et al. [7] propose the interdependence framework as one that “emphasizes how myriad people and devices come together to build access, with special attention to acknowledging the work of people with disabilities.”
BackgroundA Systematic Review of Ability-diverse Collaboration through Ability-based Lens in HCI
Xiao, L., Bandukda, M., Angerbauer, K., Lin, W., Bhatnagar, T., Sedlmair, M., & Holloway, C. (2024) · Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3641930 · Cited by 26
Challenging Ableism: A Critical Turn Toward Disability Justice in HCI
Sum, C. M., Spektor, F., Alharbi, R., Baltaxe-Admony, L. B., Devine, E., Dixon, H. A., Duval, J., Eagle, T., Elavsky, F., Fernandes, K., et al. (2024) · XRDS: Crossroads, The ACM Magazine for Students · doi:10.1145/3665602 · Cited by 28
“By doing this internal work, researchers can be powerful agents for dent of each other [28].”
BackgroundMcDonnell, E. J., Moon, S. H., Jiang, L., Goodman, S. M., Kushalnagar, R., Froehlich, J. E., & Findlater, L. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580809 · Cited by 32
“, [4, 39, 40]), this thinking creates opportunities to envision access as for communities, rather than solely individual disabled people.”
BackgroundJain, G., Teng, Y., Cho, D. H., Xing, Y., Aziz, M., & Smith, B. A. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3579496 · Cited by 34
“VIPs’ ability to explore is best viewed within an interdependence framework [12, 106] — that is, as a collective effort involving other people, as Figure 1(b) illustrates.”
BackgroundA11yBoard: Making Digital Artboards Accessible to Blind and Low-Vision Users
Zhang, Z., & Wobbrock, J. O. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580655 · Cited by 26
“Don’t ignore the visual channel: Research shows that blind users often collaborate with sighted or low-vision users [5, 37, 60] and therefore might work together using A11yBoard.”
BackgroundCareJournal: A Voice-Based Conversational Agent for Supporting Care Communications
Rudnik, J., Raghuraj, S., Li, M., & Brewer, R. N. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642163 · Cited by 30
Leveraging Shared Control to Empower People with Tetraplegia to Participate in Extreme Sports
Alsaleem, A., Imburgia, R., Godinez, M., Merryweather, A., Altizer, R., Denning, T., Rosenbluth, J., Trapp, S. K., & Wiese, J. (2019) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3308561.3353775 · Cited by 24
“Considering the Tetra-Ski experience through a lens of interdependence [4], we believe more work is necessary to understand and better support the social relation between the user and the trainer moving forward.”
BackgroundLiu, X., Zhao, W., Qi, Q., & Luo, X. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23146260 · Cited by 29
“For example, in [82], the authors proposed a frame that emphasizes the inter-dependency of a disabled individual with other people, which could very well be applied to the development of mobile apps for autism care.”
Designing for Interdependence of Bees, Garden, Designer, and the Changing Season
Ikeya, Y., Bruns, M., & Barati, B. (2024) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3643834.3660743 · Cited by 23
“While interdependence may have diverging meanings and uses across HCI and design literature (e.g., [3 , 26 ]), our take is closer to how Leopold defines it as “ a set of positive and negative causal interactions between parts of an ecosystem ” ([11 , p. 1107] based on Leopold’s definition [ 25]).”
BackgroundBarbareschi, G., & Inakage, M. (2022) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3517428.3544799 · Cited by 26
The Robot Made Us Hear Each Other
Neto, I., Correia, F., Rocha, F., Piedade, P., Paiva, A., & Nicolau, H. (2023) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3568162.3576997 · Cited by 23
Czech, E., Soubutts, E., Eardley, R., & O’Kane, A. A. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580733 · Cited by 23
“This focus on balancing equity and accommodation of practices of collaboration in care is in line with the increasing body of work on "interdependence" [9, 13, 29, 87, 98]: developing technologies to support mutual reciprocity.”
ResultDesigning for Common Ground: Visually Representing Conversation Dynamics of Neurodiverse Dyads
Zolyomi, A., & Snyder, J. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3610057 · Cited by 23
“In our work, we connect Clark’s emphasis on the co-constructed nature of common ground with the concept of interdependency from Disability Studies and assistive technology scholarship [8].”
BackgroundMethodCripping Data Visualizations: Crip Technoscience as a Critical Lens for Designing Digital Access
Hsueh, S., Vincenzi, B., Murdeshwar, A., & Felice, M. C. (2023) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3597638.3608427 · Cited by 25
“For example, Bennett et al. propose the interdependence framework to rethink assistive technology as a way to extend the relations between one another [11].”
BackgroundAtcheson, A., Khan, O., Siemann, B., Jain, A., & Karahalios, K. (2025) · Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3714121 · Cited by 22
Choi, D., Park, S., Lee, K., Hong, H., & Kim, Y. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713792 · Cited by 27
“In this section, we cover the related work in the areas of (1) technology support for communication with neurodiverse children, (2) parenting technology support, and (3) AAC for MVA children.”
Alharbi, R., Brewer, R. N., & Schoenebeck, S. Y. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3555570 · Cited by 34
“Building from our findings, we propose that interdependence [23, 28, 84, 106] is a generative framework to conceptualize and design for obfuscation in VDS.”
BackgroundInfluentialCognitive Accessibility of Digital Payments: A Literature Review
Dai, J., Miedema, J., Hernandez, S., Sutton-Lalani, A., & Moffatt, K. (2023) · International Web for All Conference (W4A) · doi:10.1145/3587281.3587294 · Cited by 27
“…participation can strengthen these approaches, along with lessons drawn from assistive technology design frameworks (e.g., the interdependence frame [7]), as well as strategies for involving stakeholders and surfacing the voices of neurodiverse populations (e.g., for people with dementia [18]).”
BackgroundToward classroom experiences inclusive of students with disabilities
Metatla, O., Thieme, A., Brulé, É., Bennett, C. L., Serrano, M., & Jouffrais, C. (2018) · interactions · doi:10.1145/3289485 · Cited by 22
“As such, they emphasize the participation of all students while attempting to uplift those with disabilities who have been traditionally marginalized [4].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBarbareschi, G., Oldfrey, B., Xin, L.-T., Magomere, G. N., Wetende, W. A., Wanjira, C., Olenja, J., Austin, V., & Holloway, C. (2020) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3373625.3417021 · Cited by 22
“It points out independence is a myth for everyone because “ All people constantly rely on others, even if those others are invisible to us ” [10, 48, 64].”
BackgroundInfluentialAkter, T., Cha, Y., Figueira, I., Branham, S. M., & Piper, A. M. (2023) · The 25th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3597638.3608420 · Cited by 24
Self-citationPainting with Cameras and Drawing with Text: AI Use in Accessible Creativity
Bennett, C. L., Shelby, R., Rostamzadeh, N., & Kane, S. K. (2024) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3663548.3675644 · Cited by 36
“She reflected on As Sheri describes, accessibility is an interdependent and ongoing process influenced by numerous factors, including the relationships between people, tools, and environments [10, 15].”
Self-citationTang, X., Chang, X., Chen, N., Ni, Y. (., LC, R., & Tong, X. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581286 · Cited by 21
“, [18, 54]), a growing body of HCI literature highlighted disabled people’s eforts in creating accessibility [17, 26, 39, 60, 137] and ability-diverse teams’ collaborative practices in creating accessibility [40–42, 73, 80, 107, 128].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWhat's in an ALT Tag? Exploring Caption Content Priorities through Collaborative Captioning
Muehlbradt, A., & Kane, S. K. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/3507659 · Cited by 22
“Systems and services aimed to assist blind people can benefit by not seeing blind people as passive recipients of assistance and, instead, recognizing their expertise in creating access [6, 59].”
BackgroundCoding Together: On Co-located and Remote Collaboration between Children with Mixed-Visual Abilities
Rocha, F., Correia, F., Neto, I., Pires, A. C., Guerreiro, J., Guerreiro, T., & Nicolau, H. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581261 · Cited by 22
“Interdependence empowers the participants to take control during the activity by valuing everyone’s contribution [5].”
BackgroundJohnson, G. M., & Kane, S. K. (2020) · International Web for All Conference (W4A) · doi:10.1145/3371300.3383347 · Cited by 20
“A future goal of this system is to support fully interdependent play [5], where each player can act independently as well as participate fully in collaborative work.”
BackgroundCritical pedagogy and disability in participatory research: a review
May, E. (2024) · Information and Learning Sciences · doi:10.1108/ils-02-2023-0021 · Cited by 20
Seo, J., Kamath, S. S., Zeidieh, A., Venkatesh, S., & McCurry, S. (2024) · The 26th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3663548.3675660 · Cited by 25
“More specifcally, we adopted the inter-dependence framework [12] to facilitate the collaboration between our BLV and non-BLV team members.”
Jung, J. Y., Steinberger, T., Kim, J., & Ackerman, M. S. (2022) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3532106.3533522 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Bennett, C. L., Brady, E., & Branham, S. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Indiana University Indianapolis (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 20th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2018-10-08
- Pages
- 161-173
- OpenAlex
- W2896226941
- Cited by
- 493
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 122 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 42.61
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) (publishedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Author eBooks
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (IIS-1353312 and DGE-1256082)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Assistive Technology in Communication and Mobility
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Digital Accessibility for Disabilities
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Disability Rights and Representation
- Keywords
- interdependence, assistive technology design, disability independence, disability studies, people with disabilities, equal access
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