Creating creativity: user interfaces for supporting innovation
Open accessAbstract
A challenge for human-computer interaction researchers and user interf ace designers is to construct information technologies that support creativity. This ambitious goal can be attained by building on an adequate understanding of creative processes. This article offers a four-phase framework for creativity that might assist designers in providing effective tools for users: (1)Collect: learn from provious works stored in libraries, the Web, etc.; (2)Relate: consult with peers and mentors at early, middle, and late stages, (3)Create: explore, compose, evaluate possible solutions; and (4)Donate: disseminate the results and contribute to the libraries. Within this integrated framework, this article proposes eight activities that require human-computer interaction research and advanced user interface design. A scenario about an architect illustrates the process of creative work within such an environment.
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Mixed-initiative interfaces conflict with traditional design patterns of creativity support systems, which include being maximally unobtrusive to promote and sustain user engagement.
“While clearly intended to augment creativity, this puts mixed-initiative interfaces at odds with the traditional design patterns of creativity support systems, which include being maximally unobtrusive in order to promote and sustain user engagement [51].”
From When is a Tool a Tool? User Perceptions of System Agency in Human–AI Co-Creative Drawing (2023) · cites this paper as [51]
Mixed-initiative systems, by definition, conflict with the long-standing creativity-support design principle of maximal unobtrusiveness.
“Almost by defnition, mixed-initiative systems violate the principle of maximal unobtrusiveness that has long been a hallmark design principle for creativity support systems [51].”
From When is a Tool a Tool? User Perceptions of System Agency in Human–AI Co-Creative Drawing (2023) · cites this paper as [51]
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Drawing with Reframer: Emergence and Control in Co-Creative AI
Lawton, T., Ibarrola, F., Ventura, D. A., & Grace, K. S. (2023) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/3581641.3584095 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Using digital narratives to support the collaborative learning and exploration of cultural heritage
Mulholland, P., & Collins, T. (2004) · International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications (DEXA) · doi:10.1109/dexa.2002.1045951 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Facilitating the collecting process is also seen by Shneiderman [13] as a key goal of computer support for creativity.”
BackgroundCollaborative Design Thinking (CoDeT): A co-design approach for high child-to-adult ratios
Mechelen, M. V., Laenen, A., Zaman, B., Willems, B., & Abeele, V. V. (2019) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.06.013 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Supporting creative and reflective processes
Johnson, H., & Carruthers, L. (2006) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2006.06.001 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Whilst this covers the rare revolutionary events (Kuhn, 1996), ‘Eureka moments’ in which a great breakthrough occurs (Shneiderman, 2000) and evolutionary acts (Basalla, 1998), the necessity of recognition as innovative by external judges excludes what might be termed ‘everyday’ (Candy and Edmonds, 1999) or P-creativit…”
BackgroundInfluentialWorkflow- and agent-based cognitive flow management for distributed team Cooperation
Zhuge, H. (2003) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-7206(02)00061-7 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Keywords: Agent; Cognition; Cooperation; Knowledge management; Teamwork; Workflow”
Creative problem solving in digital space using visual analytics
Cybulski, J. L., Keller, S., Nguyen, L., & Saundage, D. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.061 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Whereas Shneiderman (2000) describes three views of the creative process, the structuralist view appears most relevant to IVA since it applies a more systematic approach to exploring and transforming conceptual spaces.”
BackgroundMethodDesign students meet industry players: Feedback and creativity in communities of practice
Mavri, A., Ioannou, A., & Loizides, F. (2020) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100684 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Creativity Guildford’s (1967) contribution to creativity research was key in aiming to provide a concrete definition (Batey, 2012; Kurtzberg & Amabile, 2001; Shneiderman, 2000).”
BackgroundCreativity as a pathway to computer science
Knobelsdorf, M., & Romeike, R. (2008) · ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE) · doi:10.1145/1384271.1384347 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Computers and software tools can support creativity [2, 21, 22]”
BackgroundMethodBLANDFORD, A. E., & Attfield, S. (2010) · Synthesis lectures on human-centered informatics · doi:10.2200/s00227ed1v01y200911hci006 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Sharmin, M., Bailey, B. P., Coats, C., & Hamilton, K. (2009) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1518701.1519064 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Studying relevant prior work and existing designs is often the first and most important step [32].”
BackgroundInfluentialInnovativeness and creativity as nature and nurture
Zarządzania, W. O. I., Wolniak, R., & Grebski, M. E. (2018) · Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology Organization and Management Series · doi:10.29119/1641-3466.2018.116.16 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Shneiderman, B., Creating Creativity: User Interfaces for Supporting Innovation, ACM 34 Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, Vol. 7, No. 1, March 2000; 35 ssltest.cs.umd.edu/ben/papers/Shneiderman2000Creating.pdf. pp. 5-6.”
InfluentialInnovativeness and creativity as factors in workforce development – perspective of psychology
Zarządzania, W. O. I., Wolniak, R., & Grebski, M. E. (2018) · Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology Organization and Management Series · doi:10.29119/1641-3466.2018.116.15 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Creativity in Amateur Multimedia: Popular Culture, Critical Theory, and HCI
Bardzell, J. (2007) · Human Technology · doi:10.17011/ht/urn.200768 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Computer-Supported Creativity: Evaluation of a Tabletop Mind-Map Application
Stéphanie Buisine, A., Besacier, G., Najm, M., Aoussat, A., & Vernier, F. D. (2007) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73331-7_3 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Interactive design galleries: A general approach to interacting with design alternatives
Woodbury, R. F., Mohiuddin, A., Cichy, M., & Mueller, V. (2017) · Design Studies · doi:10.1016/j.destud.2017.05.001 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
An experiment on the effectiveness of creativity enhancing decision-making support systems
Forgionne, G. A., & Newman, J. (2006) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2006.05.009 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“There has been evidence that creativity enhances the performance of persons in a variety of tasks, including decision-making [14,16,19,29].”
BackgroundZeng, L., Proctor, R. W., & Salvendy, G. (2010) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720810376056 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“This type of description regarding the creative process, coined by Shneiderman (2000) as the “inspirationalist” perspective, suggests sudden emergence of a useful idea.”
BackgroundMethodTowards a Diffractive Analysis of Prompt-Based Generative AI
Rajcic, N., Llano Rodriguez, M. T., & McCormack, J. (2024) · Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3641971 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Information system users’ creativity
Pacauskas, D., & Rajala, R. (2017) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-04-2015-0090 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Heuristics for Evaluating IT Security Management Tools
Jaferian, P., Hawkey, K., Sotirakopoulos, A., Velez-Rojas, M., & Beznosov, K. (2013) · Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/07370024.2013.819198 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“As ITSM involves creative work to address unknown conditions, providing usage histories supports creativity, learning, and quality improvement (Shneiderman, 2000).”
BackgroundTowards a Unified Design Theory for Creativity Support Systems
Voigt, M., Niehaves, B., & Becker, J. (2012) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-29863-9_13 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Design Heuristics for Computer Supported Collaborative Creativity
Herrmann, T. A. (2009) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2009.144 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“The main literature which is relevant in the field of CSCW is summarized by Shneiderman [28] and Farooq et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialAn integrated model of innovation drivers for smaller software firms
Rose, J., Jones, M., & Furneaux, B. (2015) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2015.10.005 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“…2009; Kristensson et al., 2002; Leimeister et al., 2009; Massetti, 1996; Pisano & Verganti, 2008; Romijn & Albaladejo, 2002; Santanen et al., 2004; Shneiderman, 2000; Sosa, 2011) Ideation Expertise The ability to refine and exploit creative ideas to (Brem & Voigt, 2009; Cooper, 2011; Santanen…”
MethodRoberts, J. C., Ritsos, P. D., Jackson, J. R., & Headleand, C. J. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2017.2745878 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“They acknowledge the balance of 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration – a flash of insight followed by much hard work to produce a practical result” [60].”
BackgroundSupporting creativity in problem solving environments
Vass, M. T., Carroll, J. M., & Shaffer, C. A. (2002) · Creativity and Cognition · doi:10.1145/581710.581717 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Priming Designers to Communicate Sustainability
She, J., & MacDonald, E. F. (2013) · Journal of Mechanical Design · doi:10.1115/1.4025488 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Shneiderman recommended ways in which technology can enhance creativity and encouraged to develop creativity support tools through human-computer interaction [58].”
BackgroundKnowledge use in an advanced manufacturing environment
Reed, N., Scanlan, J., Wills, G. B., & Halliday, S. T. (2011) · Design Studies · doi:10.1016/j.destud.2010.10.002 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Lee, S., & Jin, Y. (2016) · Design Studies · doi:10.1016/j.destud.2016.02.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
An interactive environment for the modeling and discovery of scientific knowledge
Bridewell, W. B., Sánchez, J., Pat Langley, B., & Billman, D. O. (2006) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2006.06.006 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“This view is consistent with Shneiderman’s (2000) proposal for computational tools that support creative enquiry.”
BackgroundHsueh, S., Ciolfi Felice, M., Alaoui, S. F., & Mackay, W. E. (2024) · Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642854 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Bao, P., Gerber, E. M., Gergle, D., & Hoffman, D. (2010) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1753326.1753511 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Early attempts to reduce interference often used electronic brainstorming systems [4,13].”
BackgroundContribution, commercialization & audience
Cook, E. C., Teasley, S. D., & Ackerman, M. S. (2009) · International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work (GROUP) · doi:10.1145/1531674.1531681 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“challenges in designing and building information and communications technology to support creative activities [27, 7].”
BackgroundCreativity in the Engineering Design Process
Howard, T. J., Culley, S. J., & Dekoninck, E. A. (2007) · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Image libraries and their scholarly use in the field of art and architectural history
Münster, S., Kamposiori, C., Friedrichs, K., & Kröber, C. (2018) · International Journal on Digital Libraries · doi:10.1007/s00799-018-0250-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Applying creativity in CS high school education: criteria, teaching example and evaluation
Romeike, R. (2007) · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Copy-and-paste between overlapping windows
Chapuis, O., & Roussel, N. (2007) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1240624.1240657 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
ICT as a driver for Creative Learning and Innovative Teaching
Ferrari, A., Cachia, R., & Punie, Y. (2009) · Joint Research Centre (European Commission) · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Backdoor creativity : collaborative creativity in technology supported teams
Sundholm, H., Artman, H., & Ramberg, R. (2004) · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Predicting the creativity of design majors based on the interaction of diverse personality traits
Chang, C., Peng, L.-P., Lin, J. C., & Liang, C. (2014) · Innovations in Education and Teaching International · doi:10.1080/14703297.2014.999697 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Shneiderman (2000) identified three major design phases, namely collecting, creating and donating or communicating.”
BackgroundMendels, P., Frens, J. W., & Overbeeke, K. (2011) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1978942.1979160 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Free association is important for drawing inspiration during the creative process [9] but also for reflection.”
BackgroundVoigt, M., & Bergener, K. (2013) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2013.195 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Hence, session histories support idea reflection and information storage within the group [57], as well as tracing the development of ideas by means of dialogue mapping.”
BackgroundThe Impact of Social Interaction and Communications on Innovation in the Architectural Design Studio
Sidawi, B. (2012) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings2030203 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“[6-9] have put emphasis on collaboration and the social interaction/dialogue to initiate creativity.”
BackgroundEvidence of problem exploration in creative designs
Studer, J. A., Daly, S. R., McKilligan, S., & Seifert, C. M. (2018) · Artificial intelligence for engineering design analysis and manufacturing · doi:10.1017/s0890060418000124 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Problem exploration in design can occur through an extensive research phase involving data collection (Archer, 1968; Shneiderman, 2000; Kruger and Cross, 2006), feasibility studies (Asimow, 1962), and market research (Vasconcelos et al., 2016).”
BackgroundKnowledge exploration with concept association techniques
Liu, C., Chiang, S. F., Chou, C., & Chen, S. Y. (2010) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/14684521011084627 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“While new knowledge is built on previous knowledge, the development of new knowledge usually consists of associations that had not been thought of before (Shneiderman, 2000).”
BackgroundHeuristics for evaluating IT security management tools
Jaferian, P., Hawkey, K., Sotirakopoulos, A., Velez-Rojas, M., & Beznosov, K. (2011) · Symposium On Usable Privacy and Security · doi:10.1145/2078827.2078837 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Changing the Perspective: Improving Generate thinkLets for Ideation
Knoll, S. W., & Horton, G. (2010) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2010.103 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“We will introduce a new approach that implements these changes of perspective with thinkLets and argue how it can be used to improve the applicability of GSS for ideation process.”
MethodCybulski, J. L., Nguyen, L., Thanasankit, T., & Lichtenstein, S. (2003) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Breaking from realism: exploring the potential of glitch in AI-generated dance
Wallace, B., Nymoen, K., Tørresen, J., & Martin, C. P. (2024) · Digital Creativity · doi:10.1080/14626268.2024.2327006 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The ideation phase is generally seen as one of several stages in the creative process, together with problem analysis and idea evaluation (Gabriel et al. 2016), used to challenge an innovator ’ s existing mind set, allowing them to perceive the problem with fresh eyes (Shneiderman 2000).”
MethodBELIV'08: Beyond time and errors
Bertini, E., Perer, A., Catherine Plaisant, B., & Santucci, G. (2008) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/1358628.1358955 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Researchers are beginning to develop methodologies that help capture the process of discovery and understanding [2], and supporting the creative activities of data analysts [3].”
Backgroundde RAADT, M., Dekeyser, S., & Lee, T. Y. (2006) · Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research · doi:10.1145/1315803.1315821 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Even as early as 1978 Shneiderman [16] describes difficulties encountered by students.”
BackgroundInfluentialA Learner-Centred Game-Design Approach: Impacts on Teachers' Creativity.
Frossard, F., Barajas, M., & Trifonova, A. (2012) · Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) · doi:10.1344/der.2012.21.13-22 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Different authors (Wallas, 1926, Amabile, 1983, Shneiderman, 2000) describe the creative process as an iterative sequence of steps or stages.”
BackgroundShneiderman, B. (2002) · Creativity and Cognition · doi:10.1145/581710.581711 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationvan den Broek, S., Sankaran, S., de Wit, J., & de Rooij, A. (2024) · Participatory Design Conference · doi:10.1145/3661455.3669868 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Deep Learning in Computational Design Synthesis: A Comprehensive Review
Singh, S., Rai, R., Khawale, R. P., Patel, D., Bielecki, D., Nguyen, R., Wang, J., & Zhang, Z. (2023) · Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.4064215 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Chevalier, A., Fouquereau, N., & Vanderdonckt, J. M. (2008) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/01449290701288833 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The usability of websites is a very important aspect of their quality (Shneiderman 2000, Trewin et al. 2004), and assisting web designers to develop a user-centred activity is a very important challenge in human–computer interaction (HCI) research.”
BackgroundMelker, S., Gabrils, E., Villavicencio, V., Faraon, M., & Rönkkö, K. (2025) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-025-09964-3 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“The need to prioritize among numerous saved ideas, as emphasized by Shneiderman (2000), presents another potential application for AI.”
Shah, C. S., White, R. W., Thomas, P., Mitra, B., Sarkar, S., & Belkin, N. J. (2023) · Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3576840.3578288 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Other task outcome metrics, including novelty and diversity [40], creativity [149], and adoption and retention, e.”
Background
- Authors
- Shneiderman, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shneiderman, Ben
- ORCID
- Shneiderman, Ben
- Venue
- ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction
- Published
- 2000-03
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 114-138
- ISSN
- 1073-0516 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7325
- OpenAlex
- W2136525681
- Cited by
- 432
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 34.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Design Education and Practice
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Creativity in Education and Neuroscience
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Keywords
- creativity support, creative process, user interface design, knowledge sharing, design framework
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