Co-designing AI literacy exhibits for informal learning spaces
Abstract
AI is becoming increasingly integrated in common technologies, which suggests that learning experiences for audiences seeking a "casual" understanding of AI-i.e. understanding how a search engine works, not necessarily understanding how to program one-is an increasingly important design space. Informal learning spaces like museums are particularly well-suited for such public science communication efforts, but there is little research investigating how to design AI learning experiences for these spaces. This paper explores how to design museum experiences that communicate key concepts about AI, using collaboration, creativity, and embodiment as inspirations for design. We present the design of five low-fidelity AI literacy exhibit prototypes and results from a thematic analysis of participant interactions during a co-design workshop in which family groups interacted with the prototypes and designed exhibits of their own. Our findings suggest new topics and design considerations for AI-related exhibits and directions for future research.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Informal and extra-curricular learning opportunities play a vital role in developing AI literacy.
“informal and extra-curricular learning opportunities play a vital role in developing AI literacy (Long et al., 2021)”
From AI literacy for teacher educators: a holistic curriculum for capacity-building in higher education (2026) · cites this paper as Long et al., 2021
Cites
Using thematic analysis in psychology
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa · Cited by 194,414 · see citing works
(1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 53,488 · see citing works
Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation.
Bloch, M. E. F., Lave, J., & Wenger, É. (1994) · Man · doi:10.2307/2804509 · Cited by 39,323 · see citing works
Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511815355 · Cited by 33,219 · see citing works
S., N. L. (2017) · doi:10.1177/1609406917733847 · Cited by 14,051 · see citing works
Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election
Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.31.2.211 · Cited by 6,767 · see citing works
The four-phase model of interest development
Hidi, S., & Renninger, K. A. (2006) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep4102_4 · Cited by 4,702 · see citing works
Meta-Analysis of Theory-of-Mind Development: The Truth about False Belief
Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., & Watson, J. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00304 · Cited by 4,476 · see citing works
(2005) · Cited by 3,703 · see citing works
(2018) · Cited by 3,510 · see citing works
Resnick, M., Maloney, J., Monroy-Hernández, A., Rusk, N., Eastmond, E., Brennan, K., Millner, A., Rosenbaum, E., Silver, J., Silverman, B., et al. (2009) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/1592761.1592779 · Cited by 3,333 · see citing works
What is AI Literacy? Competencies and Design Considerations
Long, D., & Magerko, B. (2020) · Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376727 · Cited by 3,241 · cited 9× · see citing works
“We use AI literacy competencies developed in our prior work [60] and the “big ideas” of AI from [88] to specify learning goals for our exhibit designs, and we used the design considerations from our prior work [60] as addition inspirations for design.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationWhere the Action Is: The Foundations of Embodied Interaction
Dourish, P. (2001) · Cited by 3,148 · see citing works
Boden, M. A. (2004) · doi:10.4324/9780203508527 · Cited by 2,775 · see citing works
Research through design as a method for interaction design research in HCI
Zimmerman, J., Forlizzi, J., & Evenson, S. (2007) · ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) · doi:10.1145/1240624.1240704 · Cited by 2,300 · see citing works
Goffman, E. (1963) · Cited by 2,151 · see citing works
Functional imaging of ‘theory of mind’
Gallagher, H. L., & Frith, C. D. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)00025-6 · Cited by 2,092 · see citing works
XAI—Explainable artificial intelligence
Gunning, D., Stefik, M., Choi, J., Miller, T., Stumpf, S., & Yang, G.-Z. (2019) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aay7120 · Cited by 2,053 · see citing works
Learning from Museums: Visitor Experiences and the Making of Meaning
Falk, J. H., & Dierking, L. D. (2000) · Cited by 1,875 · see citing works
FILTER BUBBLE: Wie wir im Internet entmündigt werden
Pariser, E. (2012) · doi:10.3139/9783446431164 · Cited by 1,849 · see citing works
The filter bubble: how the new personalized web is changing what we read and how we think
(2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-0926 · Cited by 1,319 · see citing works
What should we expect from research through design?
Gaver, W. W. (2012) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2207676.2208538 · Cited by 1,163 · see citing works
Getting a grip on tangible interaction: a framework on physical space and social interaction
Hornecker, E., & Buur, J. (2006) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1124772.1124838 · Cited by 1,100 · see citing works
Envisioning AI for K-12: What Should Every Child Know about AI?
Touretzky, D., Gardner-McCune, C., Martin, F., & Seehorn, D. (2019) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33019795 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Designing Theory-Driven User-Centric Explainable AI
Wang, D., Yang, Q., Abdul, A., & Lim, B. Y. (2019) · Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300831 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
The creative mind: Myths and mechanisms
Lustig, R. (1995) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(95)90025-x · Cited by 824 · see citing works
How bodies matter: five themes for interaction design
Klemmer, S. R., Hartmann, B., & Takayama, L. (2006) · Proceedings of the 6th conference on Designing Interactive systems · doi:10.1145/1142405.1142429 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Buechley, L., Eisenberg, M., Catchen, J., & Crockett, A. (2008) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1357054.1357123 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Designs for learning: Studying science museum exhibits that do more than entertain
Allen, S. (2004) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.20016 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Moral crumple zones: cautionary tales in human–robot interaction
Elish, M. C. (2019) · Engaging Science, Technology, and Society · doi:10.17351/ests2019.260 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Inclusive AI literacy for kids around the world
Druga, S., Vu, S. T., Likhith, E., & Qiu, T. (2019) · Proceedings of FabLearn 2019 · doi:10.1145/3311890.3311904 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Comparing the use of tangible and graphical programming languages for informal science education
Horn, M., Solovey, E., Crouser, R. J., & Jacob, R. J. K. (2009) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1518701.1518851 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Funds of Knowledge: Th eorizing Practices in Households, Communities, and Classrooms
Cannella, C. (2007) · Community Literacy Journal · doi:10.25148/clj.1.2.009525 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Pair-programming helps female computer science students
Werner, L., Hanks, B., & McDowell, C. (2004) · Journal on Educational Resources in Computing · doi:10.1145/1060071.1060075 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Learning physics through play in an augmented reality environment
Enyedy, N., Danish, J. A., Delacruz, G. C., & Kumar, M. (2012) · International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning · doi:10.1007/s11412-012-9150-3 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Big data privacy issues in public social media
Smith, M., Szongott, C., Henne, B., & von Voigt, G. (2012) · 2012 6th IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (DEST) · doi:10.1109/dest.2012.6227909 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Παπαστεργίου, Μ. (2007) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2007.06.009 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Gaver, W. W. (2011) · ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) · doi:10.1145/1978942.1979169 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Exploring hypotheses about media computation
Guzdial, M. (2013) · doi:10.1145/2493394.2493397 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Family sense‐making practices in science center conversations
Zimmerman, H. T., Reeve, S., & Bell, P. (2009) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.20374 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
A Design Theme for Tangible Interaction: Embodied Facilitation
Hornecker, E. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-4023-7_2 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Youth Learning Machine Learning through Building Models of Athletic Moves
Zimmermann-Niefield, A., Turner, M., Murphy, B., Kane, S. K., & Shapiro, R. B. (2019) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/3311927.3323139 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Making sense of movement in embodied design for mathematics learning
Abrahamson, D., & Bakker, A. (2016) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-016-0034-3 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Heath, C., & Lehn, D. V. (2008) · Social Studies of Science · doi:10.1177/0306312707084152 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Facilitating family group inquiry at science museum exhibits
Gutwill, J. P., & Allen, S. (2009) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.20387 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
Dey, M. T. (2024) · Advances in environmental engineering and green technologies book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-7822-9.ch012 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“Teach Me–Show Me”—End-User Personalization of a Smart Home and Companion Robot
Saunders, J., Syrdal, D. S., Koay, K. L., Burke, N., & Dautenhahn, K. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems · doi:10.1109/thms.2015.2445105 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Walsh, G., Druin, A., Guha, M. L., Foss, E., Golub, E., Hatley, L., Bonsignore, E., & Franckel, S. (2010) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1753326.1753512 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Uncovering the Honeypot Effect
Wouters, N., Downs, J., Harrop, M., Cox, T., de Oliveira, E. A., Webber, S. E., Vetere, F., & Moere, A. V. (2016) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/2901790.2901796 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Snibbe, S. S., & Raffle, H. S. (2009) · ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) · doi:10.1145/1518701.1518920 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Learning in embodied activity framework: a sociocultural framework for embodied cognition
Danish, J. A., Enyedy, N., Saleh, A., & Humburg, M. (2020) · International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning · doi:10.1007/s11412-020-09317-3 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Designing a digital library for young children
Druin, A., Bederson, B. B., Hourcade, J. P., Sherman, L., Revelle, G. L., Platner, M., & Weng, S. (2001) · ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries · doi:10.1145/379437.379735 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
‘What about Feelings?’: A Study of Emotion and Tension in Social Work Field Education
Barlow, C. A., & Hall, B. L. (2007) · Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/02615470601081712 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Creating Assemblies in Public Environments: Social Interaction, Interactive Exhibits and CSCW
Hindmarsh, J., Heath, C., Lehn, D. V., & Cleverly, J. (2005) · Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1007/s10606-004-1814-8 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Magerko, B. S., Freeman, J., McKlin, T., Reilly, M., Livingston, E., Mccoid, S., & Crews-Brown, A. (2016) · ACM Transactions on Computing Education · doi:10.1145/2886418 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationTangible programming and informal science learning
Horn, M., Solovey, E., & Jacob, R. J. K. (2008) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/1463689.1463756 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Can You Teach Me To Machine Learn?
Sulmont, E., Patitsas, E., & Cooperstock, J. R. (2019) · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) · doi:10.1145/3287324.3287392 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Frey, W. R., Patton, D. U., Gaskell, M. B., & McGregor, K. A. (2018) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/0894439318788314 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Human-Computer Interactions in Museums
Hornecker, E., & Ciolfi, L. (2019) · Synthesis lectures on human-centered informatics · doi:10.2200/s00901ed1v01y201902hci042 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Unplugged Activities in the Context of AI
Lindner, A., Seegerer, S., & Romeike, R. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33759-9_10 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Designing Co-Creative AI for Public Spaces
Long, D., Jacob, M., & Magerko, B. (2019) · Proceedings of the 2019 on Creativity and Cognition · doi:10.1145/3325480.3325504 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationParticipatory design at the museum
Dindler, C., Iversen, O. S., Smith, R. C., & Veerasawmy, R. (2010) · Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction (OzCHI) · doi:10.1145/1952222.1952239 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Supporting group interactions in museum visiting
Tolmie, P., Benford, S., Greenhalgh, C., Rodden, T. A., & Reeves, S. (2014) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/2531602.2531619 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
DiPaola, D., Payne, B. H., & Breazeal, C. (2020) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/3392063.3394396 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Fostering Active Prolonged Engagement
Humphrey, T., & Gutwill, J. P. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315428291 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The Evolution of Engagements and Social Bonds During Child-Parent Co-design
Yip, J. C., Clegg, T., Ahn, J., Uchidiuno, J., Bonsignore, E., Beck, A., Pauw, D., & Mills, K. (2016) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2858036.2858380 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems 2
(1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-66942-5 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Human-Computer Interactions in Museums
Hornecker, E., & Ciolfi, L. (2019) · Synthesis lectures on human-centered informatics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-02225-8 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Developing & using interaction geography in a museum
Shapiro, B. R., Hall, R. P., & Owens, D. A. (2017) · International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning · doi:10.1007/s11412-017-9264-8 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The social construction of knowledge: Social marking and socio-cognitive conflict.
Doise, W., Mugny, G., Pérez, J. A., & Duveen, G. (1998) · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Components, Curriculum, and Community: Robots and Robotics in Undergraduate AI Education
Dodds, Z., Greenwald, L. G., Howard, A., Tejada, S., & Weinberg, J. B. (2006) · SMARTech Repository (Georgia Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1609/aimag.v27i1.1860 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Nishida, T., Kanemune, S., Idosaka, Y., Namiki, M., Bell, T., & Kuno, Y. (2009) · ACM SIGCSE Bulletin · doi:10.1145/1539024.1508951 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Hackers, Computers, and Cooperation
Ames, M. G. (2018) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3274287 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Art of Museum Exhibitions: How Story and Imagination Create Aesthetic Experiences
Bedford, L. (2014) · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Lustig, C. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3359312 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Nishida, T., Kanemune, S., Idosaka, Y., Namiki, M., Bell, T., & Kuno, Y. (2009) · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) · doi:10.1145/1508865.1508951 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Skinner, Z., Brown, S. L., & Walsh, G. (2020) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3334480.3382901 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Exploring the awe-some: Mobile eye-tracking insights into awe in a science museum
Krogh‐Jespersen, S., Quinn, K. A., Krenzer, W. L. D., Nguyen, C., Greenslit, J., & Price, C. A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239204 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A case for intergenerational distributed co-design
Walsh, G., & Foss, E. (2015) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/2771839.2771850 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Balancing justice: comparing whole body and controller-based interaction for an abstract domain
Antle, A. N., Corness, G., & Bevans, A. (2013) · International Journal of Arts and Technology · doi:10.1504/ijart.2013.058285 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Designing for Socially Interactive Systems
Long, D., Jacob, M., Davis, N. M., & Magerko, B. S. (2017) · Creativity and Cognition · doi:10.1145/3059454.3059479 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationComputational thinking and mental models: From kodu to calypso
Touretzky, D. S. (2017) · IEEE Blocks and Beyond Workshop (B&B) · doi:10.1109/blocks.2017.8120416 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Loi, D., Lodato, T. J., Wolf, C. T., Arar, R., & Blomberg, J. (2018) · Participatory Design Conference · doi:10.1145/3210604.3210614 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Oh, H., Deshmane, A., Li, F., Han, J. Y., Stewart, M., Tsai, M., Xu, X. M., & Oakley, I. (2013) · International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction (TEI) · doi:10.1145/2460625.2460633 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Beyond School Walls: Informal Education and the Culture of Science.
Sullenger, K. S. (2006) · Education Canada · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Co-designing social robots with cognitively impaired citizens
Rodil, K., Rehm, M., & Krummheuer, A. L. (2018) · Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3240167.3240253 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Trajectories of Physical Engagement and Expression in a Co-Creative Museum Installation
Long, D., McKlin, T., Weisling, A., Martin, W. B., Guthrie, H., & Magerko, B. S. (2019) · Creativity and Cognition · doi:10.1145/3325480.3325505 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationDoise, W., & Mugny, G. (1984) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-030215-7.50010-x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Roberts, J. J., & Lyons, L. (2017) · Computer Supported Collaborative Learning · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Science, society and science centres
Mintz, A. (2005) · História Ciências Saúde-Manguinhos · doi:10.1590/s0104-59702005000400013 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Liu, L., Long, D., & Magerko, B. S. (2020) · International Conference on Movement and Computing (MOCO) · doi:10.1145/3401956.3404228 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationLong, D., McKlin, T., Weisling, A., Martin, W. B., Blough, S., Voravong, K., & Magerko, B. S. (2020) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/3392063.3394430 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationCharoenying, T. (2013) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/2485760.2485850 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Museum of Science and Industry
Anderson, R. H. (1946) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.103.2672.342.b · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 95 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Artificial intelligence literacy in higher and adult education: A scoping literature review
Laupichler, M. C., Aster, A., Schirch, J., & Raupach, T. (2022) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100101 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
A review of AI teaching and learning from 2000 to 2020
Ng, D., Lee, M., Tan, R. J. Y., Hu, X., Downie, J. S., & Chu, S. K. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies : Official Journal of the IFIP technical committee on Education · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11491-w · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Almatrafi, O., Johri, A., & Lee, H. (2024) · Computers and Education Open · doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100173 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Çelik, İ. (2023) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2023.102026 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Pinski, M., & Benlian, A. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2024.100062 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
A systematic review of teaching and learning machine learning in K-12 education
Sanusi, I. T., Oyelere, S. S., Vartiainen, H., Suhonen, J., & Tukiainen, M. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11416-7 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Student Interaction with ChatGPT Can Promote Complex Critical Thinking Skills
Suriano, R., Plebe, A., Acciai, A., & Fabio, R. A. (2025) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2024.102011 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Grájeda, A., Burgos, J., Olivera, P. C., & Sanjinés, A. (2023) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2023.2287917 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Biagini, G. (2025) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-025-00466-w · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Sanusi, I. T., Ayanwale, M. A., & Tolorunleke, A. E. (2024) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100202 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Kong, S.-C., Cheung, W. M.-Y., & Tsang, O. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11408-7 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Ng, D. T. K., Xinyu, C., Leung, J. K. L., & Chu, S. K. W. (2024) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.13009 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Choi, D., Lee, S., Kim, S.-I., Lee, K., Yoo, H. J., Lee, S., & Hong, H. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3641989 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Subaşı, D. Ö., Sümengen, A. A., Semerci, R., Şimşek, E., Çakır, G. N., & Temizsoy, E. (2024) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.16335 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
AI Literacy in K-12 and Higher Education in the Wake of Generative AI: An Integrative Review
Gu, X., & Ericson, B. J. (2025) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/3702652.3744217 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
AI Literacy in K-12 and Higher Education in the Wake of Generative AI: An Integrative Review
Gu, X., & Ericson, B. J. (2025) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2503.00079 · Cited by 73
Responsible AI literacy: A stakeholder-first approach
Figaredo, D. D., & Stoyanovich, J. (2023) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/20539517231219958 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Laupichler, M. C., Hadizadeh, D. R., Wintergerst, M. W. M., von der Emde, L., Paech, D., Dick, E. A., & Raupach, T. (2022) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-022-03866-x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Rodger, D., Mann, S. P., Earp, B. D., Savulescu, J., Bobier, C. A., & Blackshaw, B. P. (2025) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2025.104461 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
University Students’ Conceptualisation of AI Literacy: Theory and Empirical Evidence
Černý, M. (2024) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci13030129 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Developing AI literacy in HRD: competencies, approaches, and implications
Li, H., & Kim, S. (2024) · Human Resource Development International · doi:10.1080/13678868.2024.2337962 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Dangol, A., Newman, M., Wolfe, R., Lee, J. H., Kientz, J. A., Yip, J., & Pitt, C. (2024) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3643834.3661515 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“In order for these tools to act as cultural mediators, they must meet users where they are and users must understand where they are, which also leads to the third design principle.”
Exploring the factors of students' intention to participate in AI software development
Chen, S.-Y., Su, Y.-S., Ku, Y.-Y., Lai, C., & Hsiao, K. (2022) · Library Hi Tech · doi:10.1108/lht-12-2021-0480 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Fostering Youth’s Critical Thinking Competency About AI through Exhibition
Lee, S., Choi, D., Lee, M., Choi, J., & Lee, S. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581159 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Co-designing AI Education Curriculum with Cross-Disciplinary High School Teachers
Xie, B., Sarin, P., Wolf, J., Garcia, R. C. C., Delaney, V., Sieh, I., Fuloria, A., Dennison, D. V., Bywater, C., & Lee, V. R. (2024) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v38i21.30360 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Comparative Analysis of Generative AI Risks in the Public Sector
Navarro, M. A. B., Mondragón, M. I. R., & Han, S. H. (2024) · Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research · doi:10.1145/3657054.3657125 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Belghith, Y., Goloujeh, A. M., Magerko, B. S., Long, D., McKlin, T., & Roberts, J. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642332 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationAI literacy and trust: A multi-method study of Human-GAI team collaboration
Pan, Z., Moore, O. A., Papadimitriou, A., & Zhu, J. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100162 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Learning machine learning with young children: exploring informal settings in an African context
Sanusi, I. T., Sunday, K., Oyelere, S. S., Suhonen, J. T., Vartiainen, H., & Tukiainen, M. (2023) · Computer Science Education · doi:10.1080/08993408.2023.2175559 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Rajapakse, C., Ariyarathna, W., & Selvakan, S. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Computing Education · doi:10.1145/3691354 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Cypriot teachers’ digital skills and attitudes towards AI
Kasinidou, M., Kleanthoys, S., & Otterbacher, J. (2025) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-024-00390-6 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
AI Literacy for All: A Participatory Approach
Kasinidou, M. (2023) · ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE) · doi:10.1145/3587103.3594135 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Chen, J. J., & Delaney, V. (2025) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-025-02036-0 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Gibellini, G., Fabretti, V., & Schiavo, G. (2023) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3544549.3585747 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ko, H.-K., An, S., Park, G., Kim, S. K., Kim, D., Kim, B., Jo, J., & Seo, J. (2022) · Proceedings of the 35th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology · doi:10.1145/3526113.3545612 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Zhou, X., Zhou, Y., Gong, Y., Cai, Z., Qiu, A., Xiao, Q., Antle, A. N., & Bai, Z. (2024) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/3628516.3655802 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Generative Artificial Intelligence in the EFL Writing Context: Students' Literacy in Perspective
Alzubi, A. A. F. (2024) · Qubahan Academic Journal · doi:10.48161/qaj.v4n2a506 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Kong, J., Liu, J., Chen, G., & Shang, W. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13753-9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hobeika, E., Hallit, R. R., Malaeb, D. N., Sakr, F., Dabbous, M., Merdad, N., Rashid, T., Amin, R., Jebreen, K., Zarrouq, B., et al. (2024) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2024.2395637 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Sand-in-the-loop: Investigating embodied co-creation for shared understandings of generative AI
El-Zanfaly, D., Huang, Y., & Dong, Y. (2023) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3563703.3596652 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
"AI is a robot that knows many things": Cypriot children's perception of AI
Kasinidou, M., Kleanthous, S., & Otterbacher, J. (2024) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/3628516.3659414 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Morales‐Navarro, L., & Kafai, Y. B. (2024) · Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education · doi:10.1145/3677619.3678117 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Prompt Machine: A Tangible Generative AI Tool for Supporting Children's Learning and Literacy
Lindrup, M. V. A., Jacobsen, R. M., Wester, J., van Berkel, N., Raptis, D., & Nielsen, P. A. (2025) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3715336.3735673 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Zhu, Y., & Siquan, X. (2025) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.70160 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Atias, O., & Mawasi, A. (2025) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100491 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Prabhudesai, S., Kasi, A. P., Mansingh, A., Antar, A. D., Shen, H., & Banović, N. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713714 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
AI literacy for teacher educators: a holistic curriculum for capacity-building in higher education
Caspari-Sadeghi, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1745768 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Teaching artificial intelligence in extracurricular contexts through narrative-based learnersourcing
Moore, D. E., Moore, S., Ireen, B., Iskandar, W. P., Artazyan, G., & Murnane, E. L. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642198 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
De Silva, D., Jayatilleke, S., El-Ayoubi, M., Issadeen, Z., Moraliyage, H., & Mills, N. (2024) · Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction · doi:10.3390/make6020051 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Knowledge Workers' Perspectives on AI Training for Responsible AI Use
Zhang, A., & Lee, M. K. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3714100 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
"Artificial intelligence is a very broad term": How educators perceive Artificial Intelligence?
Kasinidou, M., Kleanthous, S., & Otterbacher, J. (2024) · Proceedings of the 2024 International Conference on Information Technology for Social Good · doi:10.1145/3677525.3678677 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Shimizu, K., Naruse, S., Nishida, J., & Kasahara, S. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580853 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Robotics on Higher Education
Naqvi, G., Iqbal, F., Yousaf, J., & Tariq, R. (2023) · Journal of Management Practices Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.33152/jmphss-7.3.2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
AI Literacy in Higher Education: Theory and Design
Černý, M. (2024) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-63235-8_24 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Cao, H. J., Choi, K., Park, C., & Lee, H. R. (2025) · Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713173 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Zhou, X., Gong, Y., Zhou, Y., Jiang, Y., & Bai, Z. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2025.103462 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Metacognitive AI literacy: going beyond the AI skills gap agenda
Shapiro, H., Souto‐Otero, M., & Watermeyer, R. (2026) · Learning Media and Technology · doi:10.1080/17439884.2026.2652638 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Martin, F., Movahed, S. V., Dimino, J., Farrell, A., Irankhah, E., Ghosh, S., Jain, G., Mahipal, V., Rayavaram, P., Sanusi, I. T., et al. (2024) · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) · doi:10.1145/3626253.3635512 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Empowering Children’s AI Literacy Through Co-Creating Stories with LLM
Han, A., & Han, S. (2025) · Proceedings of the 24th Interaction Design and Children · doi:10.1145/3713043.3731520 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Introducing Children to AI and ML with Five Software Exhibits
Movahed, S. V., Dimino, J., Farrell, A., Irankhah, E., Ghosh, S., Jain, G., Mahipal, V., Rayavaram, P., Sanusi, I. T., Salas, E., et al. (2024) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3613905.3650991 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Visions of a Discipline: Analyzing Introductory AI Courses on YouTube
Engelmann, S., Choksi, M. Z., Wang, A., & Fiesler, C. L. (2024) · ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) · doi:10.1145/3630106.3659045 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Escape or D13: Understanding Youth Perspectives of AI through Educational Game Co-design
Lim, J. O., Barkhuff, G., Awuah, J., Clyde, S., Sogani, R., Gardner-McCune, C., Touretzky, D., & Uchidiuno, J. O. (2025) · Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3714037 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Co-designing educational activities proved effective in uncovering youth’s unique perspectives in AI education, which reifies prior work that supports co-design to empower youth voices in AI education [61].”
Beyond Users: Supporting Children in Interpreting, Resisting, and Collaborating with AI
Dangol, A. (2025) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/3713043.3731604 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Using AI Platforms in AI Liberal Art Class
Song, J. (2023) · International Conference on Applied System Innovation · doi:10.1109/icasi57738.2023.10179567 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Negotiation of dominant AI narratives in museum exhibitions
Сергеевна, М. А. (2024) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-024-02140-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
From Play to Pedagogy: Discovering the Ecosystem of AI Educational Tools and Curricula
Movahed, S. V., & Martin, F. (2025) · ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE) · doi:10.1145/3724363.3729068 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Developing and validating an AI literacy scale for university students in Vietnam
Do, H. V., Bui, T. T., Tran, D. H., Nguyen, H. T., & Dinh, L. D. (2025) · IFLA Journal · doi:10.1177/03400352251385058 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Human Centered Implementation Process of AI in SMEs – Conditions for Success
Böhme, C., Graf-Pfohl, C., & Meusinger, K. (2024) · Informatik aktuell · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-43705-3_7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Liu, L., Gao, L., & Yao, Y. (2024) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3613905.3650940 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Degrees of Freedom: A Storytelling Game that Supports Technology Literacy about Social Robots
Mott, T., Higger, M., Bejarano, A., & Williams, T. (2024) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/ro-man60168.2024.10731340 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Qian, Z., Fu, J., & Zhou, Y. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3711062 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Museums as Catalysts for Creativity in Adolescence: A Review
Huerta, R., & Alfonso-Benlliure, V. (2025) · Heritage · doi:10.3390/heritage8080327 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Darabipourshiraz, H., Ng, L. M., Wang, G., Rollins, S. K., & Long, D. (2026) · ACM Transactions on Computing Education · doi:10.1145/3786761 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationZinke-Wehlmann, C., & Friedrich, J. (2024) · Informatik aktuell · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-43705-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Generative AI Applications in Education: A Low-Code/No-Code Approach
Tolis, D., Mystakidis, S., & Christopoulos, A. (2025) · Springer series on cultural computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-86551-0_8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Steering AI-driven Personalization of Scientific Text for General Audiences
Kim, T., Agarwal, D., Ackerman, J., & Saha, M. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3757660 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
AI-Enabled Learning Environments Evaluating Literacy Outcomes Through Machine Learning
Bhimavarapu, U. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-0725-1.ch005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Shadows, Doodles and Dice: Three Demos for Inter-generational Interactions around AI Literacy
Jackson, D., Carvalho, L. P., Imoukhuede, W. A. P., Jackson, C., Nie, X., Mwadime, M. M., Owen, V., Waxberg, A., & Wood, M. (2026) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/3773077.3813772 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence Literacy in Research
Contreras, M. R., & JAIMES, J. O. P. (2024) · IEEE Colombian Conference on Applications of Computational Intelligence (ColCACI) · doi:10.1109/colcaci63187.2024.10666582 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Expanding AI Awareness Through Everyday Interactions with AI: A Reflective Journal Study
Hingle, A., & Johri, A. (2024) · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie61694.2024.10892993 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Morales‐Navarro, L., Kafai, Y. B., Yang, E., & Suryana, A. (2025) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v39i28.35193 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Xie, K., & Zhang, P. (2024) · Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering · doi:10.1177/14727978241299705 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Empowering Employees: Improving AI-Knowledge via Explanatory Demonstrators
Pohl, V., & Wünsch, S. (2025) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-99353-4_25 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Teaching Generative Artificial Intelligence Literacy
Ayinde, L. A., Shah, C., Yang, S., Zhu, X. (., Ridenour, L., & Chong, M. (2025) · Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/pra2.1366 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Parents’ Roles and Strategies in Developing Children’s AI Literacy: A Scoping Study
Delaney, V., & Chen, J. J. (2026) · Journal of Research in Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/02568543.2025.2581711 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
ChatGPT as a Catalyst for AI Literacy and Attitude Shifts in Diverse Educational Contexts
Grassini, S., Dietrich, L. K., & Cipriani, E. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-4871-2_11 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The relationship between AI literacy and research skills in Vietnam's universities
Bui, T. T., Hoang, T. P. T. B., Hoang, Q. N., Tran, T. T. P., Trieu, V. H., & Dinh, L. D. (2026) · IFLA Journal · doi:10.1177/03400352251412908 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Darabipourshiraz, H., Rollins, S. K., Trajkova, M., Zhang, C., Belghith, Y., McKlin, T., Roberts, J., Magerko, B. S., & Long, D. (2026) · International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction (TEI) · doi:10.1145/3731459.3773305 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationAI and the Future of Foundational Learning
Ray, K. S. S. S., Mahapatra, D. M., Rout, B. L., & Shaikh, Z. H. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-3867-5.ch001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Schiavo, G., & Andrao, M. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791483 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
PolicyPad: Collaborative Prototyping of LLM Policies
Feng, K. J. K., Kuo, T.-S., Chen, Q. Z., Cheong, I., Holstein, K., & Zhang, A. X. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791689 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chu, K., & Chan, H.-C. (2026) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-026-13993-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bulut, E., Dilcen, H. Y., & Dünya, B. A. (2026) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-026-09463-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tolis, D., Rytilahti, J., Weerakoon, O., Puhtila, P., Kaila, E., & Mäkilä, T. (2026) · Journal of Software Engineering Research and Development · doi:10.5753/jserd.2026.5969 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Casting the Shadow for Understanding "Reasoning Ghosts"
Nie, X., Shu, X., & Wood, M. (2026) · Creativity and Cognition · doi:10.1145/3803784.3816871 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Holistic education co-design: A taxonomy for consistent documentation
Kleffmann, D., May, L., & Fowler, A. (2023) · Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction (OzCHI) · doi:10.1145/3638380.3638414 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Qureshi, R., Noreen, S., & Ismaeel, G. (2024) · iRASD journal of educational research. · doi:10.52131/jer.2024.v5i1.2551 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
When reality surpasses concepts: informality in social pedagogy
Úcar, X. (2024) · International Journal of Social Pedagogy · doi:10.14324/111.444.ijsp.2024.v13.x.018 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Long, Y., Curtiss, A., Rampazzi, S., Hester, J. D., & Fu, K. E. (2022) · GetMobile Mobile Computing and Communications · doi:10.1145/3551670.3551679 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Li, C., & Long, D. (2025) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3706599.3719953
Self-citation
- Authors
- Long, D., Blunt, T., & Magerko, B.
- Affiliations
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
- Published
- 2021-10-13
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- CSCW2
- Pages
- 1-35
- ISSN
- 2573-0142 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3205602845
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8
- FWCI
- 114.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1612644)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Museology › Museums and Cultural Heritage
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Visual Arts and Performing Arts › Art, Technology, and Culture
- Keywords
- AI literacy, museum exhibits, informal learning, science communication, co-design, family audiences, low-fidelity prototypes, collaboration, creativity, embodiment, exhibition design
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review