AI Literacy for Underserved Students: Leveraging Cultural Capital from Underserved Communities for AI Education Research
Open accessAbstract
As Artificial Intelligence (AI) continues to influence various aspects of society, the need for AI literacy education for K-12 students has grown. An increasing number of AI literacy studies aim to enhance students’ competencies in understanding, using, and critically evaluating AI systems. However, despite the vulnerabilities faced by students from underserved communities—due to factors such as socioeconomic status, gender, and race—these students remain underrepresented in existing research. To address this gap, this study focuses on leveraging the cultural capital that students acquire from their communities’ unique history and culture for AI literacy education. Education researchers have demonstrated that identifying and mobilizing cultural capital is an effective strategy for educating these populations. Through collaboration with 26 students from underserved communities—including those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged, female, or people of color—this paper identifies three types of cultural capital relevant to AI literacy education: 1) resistant capital, 2) communal capital, and 3) creative capital. The study also emphasizes that collaborative relationships between researchers and students are crucial for mobilizing cultural capital in AI literacy education research.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
Constructing Grounded Theory. A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis
Boyle, C., & Barker, A. (2006) · QMiP Bulletin · doi:10.53841/bpsqmip.2006.1.2.36 · Cited by 11,842 · see citing works
Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of community cultural wealth
Yosso *, T. J. (2005) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/1361332052000341006 · Cited by 7,546 · cited 10× · see citing works
“The overall analysis process was implicitly guided by Yosso’s Community Cultural Wealth [ 123].”
InfluentialEducation for Critical Consciousness
Freiré, P. (1973) · Bloomsbury Academic eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781350190184 · Cited by 5,977 · see citing works
Toward a Critical Race Theory of Education
Ladson-Billings, G., & Tate, W. F. (1995) · Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146819509700104 · Cited by 3,881 · see citing works
What is AI Literacy? Competencies and Design Considerations
Long, D., & Magerko, B. (2020) · Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376727 · Cited by 3,241 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Due to this reason, AI literacy education research for K-12 has emerged, where AI literacy refers to the cognitive competencies students need to understand AI concepts [50, 58, 74, 80, 108], use AI systems in daily settings [74, 81], and critically evaluate these systems [74, 81].”
Carlone, H. B., & Johnson, A. (2007) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.20237 · Cited by 2,433 · see citing works
Conceptualizing AI literacy: An exploratory review
Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Chu, S. K. W., & Qiao, M. S. (2021) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100041 · Cited by 2,205 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Due to this reason, AI literacy education research for K-12 has emerged, where AI literacy refers to the cognitive competencies students need to understand AI concepts [50, 58, 74, 80, 108], use AI systems in daily settings [74, 81], and critically evaluate these systems [74, 81].”
The social structures of the economy
Bourdıeu, P., & Turner, C. (2005) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,730 · see citing works
Bernal, D. D. (2002) · Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.1177/107780040200800107 · Cited by 1,524 · see citing works
Examining Transformational Resistance Through a Critical Race and Latcrit Theory Framework
Solórzano, D. G., & Bernal, D. D. (2001) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085901363002 · Cited by 1,523 · see citing works
A Review of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Education from 2010 to 2020
Zhai, X., Chu, X., Chai, C. S., Jong, M. S. Y., Istenic, A., Spector, M., Liu, J.-B., Yuan, J., & Li, Y. (2021) · Complexity · doi:10.1155/2021/8812542 · Cited by 1,364 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Existing hands-on activities use tools such as systems to demystify AI through experiential learning [125].”
Bardzell, S. (2010) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1753326.1753521 · Cited by 1,139 · see citing works
Theories of Reproduction and Resistance in the New Sociology of Education: A Critical Analysis
Giroux, H. (1983) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/haer.53.3.a67x4u33g7682734 · Cited by 1,131 · see citing works
Critical race and LatCrit theory and method: Counter-storytelling
Solórzano, D. G., & Yosso, T. J. (2001) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518390110063365 · Cited by 1,045 · see citing works
Using a Chicana Feminist Epistemology in Educational Research
Bernal, D. D. (1998) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/haer.68.4.5wv1034973g22q48 · Cited by 1,009 · see citing works
Friedman, B. (1996) · Interactions · doi:10.1145/242485.242493 · Cited by 966 · see citing works
Envisioning AI for K-12: What Should Every Child Know about AI?
Touretzky, D., Gardner-McCune, C., Martin, F., & Seehorn, D. (2019) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33019795 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Manufacturing hope and despair: the school and kin support networks of U.S-Mexican youth
(2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-4282 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Collins, C., Dennehy, D., Conboy, K., & Mikalef, P. (2021) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102383 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
Postcolonial computing: a lens on design and development
Irani, L., Vertesi, J., Dourish, P., Philip, K., & Grinter, R. E. (2010) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1753326.1753522 · Cited by 780 · see citing works
Sengers, P., Boehner, K., David, S., & Kaye, J. '. (2005) · Proceedings of the 4th decennial conference on Critical computing: between sense and sensibility · doi:10.1145/1094562.1094569 · Cited by 747 · see citing works
AI literacy in K-12: a systematic literature review
Casal-Otero, L., Catala, A., Fernández-Morante, C., Taboada, M., Cebreiro, B., & Barro, S. (2023) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-023-00418-7 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Kincheloe, J. L. (2004) · doi:10.3726/978-1-4539-1455-7 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
<scp>AI</scp> Literacy: Definition, Teaching, Evaluation and Ethical Issues
Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Chu, K. W. S., & Qiao, M. S. (2021) · Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/pra2.487 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
An anti‐deficit achievement framework for research on students of color in STEM
Harper, S. R. (2010) · New Directions for Institutional Research · doi:10.1002/ir.362 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Culture and power in the classroom: a critical foundation for bicultural education
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-0430 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Intersectional HCI: Engaging Identity through Gender, Race, and Class
Schlesinger, A., Edwards, W. K., & Grinter, R. E. (2017) · Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3025453.3025766 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Social Justice-Oriented Interaction Design
Dombrowski, L. S., Harmon, E., & Fox, S. (2016) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/2901790.2901861 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
To be or not to be algorithm aware: a question of a new digital divide?
Gran, A.-B., Booth, P., & Bucher, T. (2021) · Information, Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2020.1736124 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Ogbonnaya-Ogburu, I. F., Smith, A. D. R., To, A., & Toyama, K. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376392 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Zhang, H., Lee, I., Ali, S., DiPaola, D., Cheng, Y., & Breazeal, C. (2023) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-022-00293-3 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
School Matters in the Mexican-American Home: Socializing Children to Education
Delgado‐Gaitan, C. (1992) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1163255 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Byars-Winston, A., Estrada, Y., Howard, C., Davis, D., & Zalapa, J. (2010) · Journal of counseling and psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018608 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Teachable Machine: Approachable Web-Based Tool for Exploring Machine Learning Classification
Carney, M., Webster, B., Alvarado, I., Phillips, K., Howell, N., Griffith, J., Jongejan, J., Pitaru, A., & Chen, A. J. (2020) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3334480.3382839 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Inclusive AI literacy for kids around the world
Druga, S., Vu, S. T., Likhith, E., & Qiu, T. (2019) · Proceedings of FabLearn 2019 · doi:10.1145/3311890.3311904 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Developing Middle School Students' AI Literacy
Lee, I. A., Ali, S., Zhang, H., DiPaola, D., & Breazeal, C. (2021) · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) · doi:10.1145/3408877.3432513 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Dourish, P., & Mainwaring, S. D. (2012) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/2370216.2370238 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Çelik, İ. (2023) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2023.102026 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
A is for Artificial Intelligence
Williams, R., Park, H. W., & Breazeal, C. (2019) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300677 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Su, J., Zhong, Y., & Ng, D. T. K. (2022) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100065 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
School Matters in the Mexican-American Home: Socializing Children to Education
Delgado‐Gaitan, C. (1992) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312029003495 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
IRobot: Teaching the Basics of Artificial Intelligence in High Schools
Burgsteiner, H., Kandlhofer, M., & Steinbauer, G. (2016) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v30i1.9864 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Academic Invulnerability among a Select Group of Latino University Students
Arellano, A., & Padilla, A. M. (1996) · Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1177/07399863960184004 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Learning machine learning with very young children: Who is teaching whom?
Vartiainen, H., Tedre, M., & Valtonen, T. (2020) · International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2020.100182 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Broadening artificial intelligence education in K-12: where to start?
Wong, G. K. W., Ma, X., Dillenbourg, P., & Huan, J. (2020) · ACM Inroads · doi:10.1145/3381884 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
A systematic review of teaching and learning machine learning in K-12 education
Sanusi, I. T., Oyelere, S. S., Vartiainen, H., Suhonen, J., & Tukiainen, M. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11416-7 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
McLaren, P. L. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315633640 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
A Critical Lens on Dementia and Design in HCI
Lazar, A., Edasis, C., & Piper, A. M. (2017) · Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3025453.3025522 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
A theoretical agenda for feminist HCI
Rode, J. A. (2011) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2011.04.005 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Passing Through the Eye of the Needle: High-Achieving Chicanas
Gandara, P. (1982) · Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1177/07399863820042003 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Pedagogical Design of K-12 Artificial Intelligence Education: A Systematic Review
Yue, M., Jong, M. S.-Y., & Dai, Y. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142315620 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
A differentiated discussion about AI education K-12
Steinbauer, G., Kandlhofer, M., Chklovski, T., Heintz, F., & Koenig, S. (2021) · KI - Künstliche Intelligenz · doi:10.1007/s13218-021-00724-8 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
CHAPTER FOUR Structures, Habitus, Power: Basis for a Theory of Symbolic Power
Bourdıeu, P. (1994) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780691228006-007 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Zhorai: Designing a Conversational Agent for Children to Explore Machine Learning Concepts
Lin, P., Brummelen, J. V., Lukin, G., Williams, R., & Breazeal, C. (2020) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v34i09.7061 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Denton, M., Borrego, M. J., & Boklage, A. (2020) · Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/jee.20322 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Can Children Understand Machine Learning Concepts?
Hitron, T., Orlev, Y., Wald, I. Y., Shamir, A., Erel, H., & Zuckerman, O. (2019) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300645 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Reflexivity in digital anthropology
Rode, J. A. (2011) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1978942.1978961 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI) in education: Promises and challenges
(2020) · OECD Education Working Papers · doi:10.1787/a6c90fa9-en · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Co-designing AI literacy exhibits for informal learning spaces
Long, D., Blunt, T., & Magerko, B. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3476034 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Desan, M. H. (2013) · Sociological Theory · doi:10.1177/0735275113513265 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Designing One Year Curriculum to Teach Artificial Intelligence for Middle School
Sabuncuoğlu, A. (2020) · ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE) · doi:10.1145/3341525.3387364 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Studying Cultural Practices in Urban Learning Communities
Gutiérrez, K. D. (2002) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000064995 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Han, A., Zhou, X., Cai, Z., Han, S., Ko, R., Corrigan, S., & Peppler, K. A. (2024) · Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642438 · Cited by 114 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Due to this reason, AI literacy education research for K-12 has emerged, where AI literacy refers to the cognitive competencies students need to understand AI concepts [50, 58, 74, 80, 108], use AI systems in daily settings [74, 81], and critically evaluate these systems [74, 81].”
Toward a Sociology of Education
(2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429339530 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Kids making AI: Integrating Machine Learning, Gamification, and Social Context in STEM Education
Sakulkueakulsuk, B., Witoon, S., Ngamkajornwiwat, P., Pataranutaporn, P., Surareungchai, W., Pataranutaporn, P., & Subsoontorn, P. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering · doi:10.1109/tale.2018.8615249 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Reframing Assistive Robots to Promote Successful Aging
Lee, H. R., & Riek, L. D. (2018) · ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3203303 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationRobots for Joy, Robots for Sorrow: Community Based Robot Design for Dementia Caregivers
Moharana, S., Panduro, A. E., Lee, H. R., & Riek, L. D. (2019) · 2019 14th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1109/hri.2019.8673206 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationComputing education in K-12 schools: A review of the literature
Garneli, V., Giannakos, M. N., & Chorianopoulos, K. (2015) · IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) · doi:10.1109/educon.2015.7096023 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Women, Science, and Technology
(2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203427415 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Exploring Social Justice, Design, and HCI
Fox, S., Asad, M., Lo, K., Dimond, J. P., Dombrowski, L. S., & Bardzell, S. (2016) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/2851581.2856465 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Applying Bourdieu's field theory: the case of social capital and education
Grenfell, M. J. (2009) · Education Knowledge and Economy · doi:10.1080/17496890902786812 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Rincón, B. E., & Rodriguez, S. L. (2020) · Journal of Hispanic Higher Education · doi:10.1177/1538192720968276 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Bernal, D. D. (1998) · Frontiers A Journal of Women Studies · doi:10.2307/3347162 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Culture in Action: Unpacking Capacities to Inform Assets-Based Design
Wong-Villacrés, M., DiSalvo, C. F., Kumar, N., & DiSalvo, B. J. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376329 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Co-Designing Machine Learning Apps in K–12 With Primary School Children
Toivonen, T., Jormanainen, I., Kahila, J., Tedre, M., Valtonen, T., & Vartiainen, H. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT) · doi:10.1109/icalt49669.2020.00099 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Exploring Generative Models with Middle School Students
Ali, S., DiPaola, D., Lee, I., Hong, J., & Breazeal, C. (2021) · Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445226 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Engineering Resistors: Engineering Latina/o Students and Emerging Resistant Capital
Revelo, R., & Baber, L. D. (2017) · Journal of Hispanic Higher Education · doi:10.1177/1538192717719132 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Using Co-Design to Examine How Children Conceptualize Intelligent Interfaces
Woodward, J., McFadden, Z., Shiver, N., Ben-hayon, A., Yip, J. C., & Anthony, L. (2018) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3174149 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Brummelen, J. V., Tabunshchyk, V., & Heng, T. (2021) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/3459990.3460730 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Unplugged Activities in the Context of AI
Lindner, A., Seegerer, S., & Romeike, R. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33759-9_10 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Dreaming Disability Justice in HCI
Sum, C. M., Alharbi, R., Spektor, F., Bennett, C. L., Harrington, C., Spiel, K., & Williams, A. (2022) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3491101.3503731 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Braun, D. C., Gormally, C. L., & Clark, M. D. (2017) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.15-07-0155 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Social Justice in HCI: A Systematic Literature Review
Chordia, I., Baltaxe-Admony, L. B., Boone, A., Sheehan, A., Dombrowski, L. S., Dantec, C. A. L., Ringland, K. E., & Smith, A. D. R. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642704 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Care as a Resource in Underserved Learning Environments
Karusala, N., Vishwanath, A., Kumar, A., Mangal, A., & Kumar, N. (2017) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3134739 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Family Learning Talk in AI Literacy Learning Activities
Long, D., Teachey, A., & Magerko, B. S. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3502091 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
We Did It Right, But It Was Still Wrong
Pei, L., & Nardi, B. A. (2019) · Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3290607.3310434 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Youth making machine learning models for gesture-controlled interactive media
Zimmermann-Niefield, A., Polson, S., Moreno, C., & Shapiro, R. B. (2020) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/3392063.3394438 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Scheidt, A., & Pulver, T. (2019) · Mensch und Computer (MuC) · doi:10.1145/3340764.3345375 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A Survey of Current Practice and Teaching of AI
Wollowski, M., Selkowitz, R., Brown, L. E., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v30i1.9857 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Issues in Education: Critical Pedagogy: An Overview
Kirylo, J. D., Thirumurthy, V., Smith, M. D., & McLaren, P. L. (2010) · Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/00094056.2010.10521420 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Hsu, T., Abelson, H., Lao, N., Tseng, Y.-H., & Lin, Y.-T. (2021) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100012 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Cho, A., Herrera, R., Chaidez, L., & Uriostegui, A. (2019) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300837 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Games for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Education: Review and Perspectives
Giannakos, M. N., Voulgari, I., Papavlasopoulou, S., Papamitsiou, Z. K., & Yannakakis, G. N. (2020) · Lecture notes in educational technology · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-6747-6_7 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Machine Learning Introduces New Perspectives to Data Agency in K—12 Computing Education
Tedre, M., Vartiainen, H., Kahila, J., Toivonen, T., Jormanainen, I., & Valtonen, T. (2020) · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie44824.2020.9274138 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Ethics, Equity, & Justice in Human-Robot Interaction: A Review and Future Directions
Ostrowski, A. K., Walker, R., Das, M., Yang, M., Breazea, C., Park, H. W., & Verma, A. (2022) · 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN) · doi:10.1109/ro-man53752.2022.9900805 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Gautam, A., Tatar, D. G., & Harrison, S. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376647 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Machine learning for middle-schoolers: Children as designers of machine-learning apps
Vartiainen, H., Toivonen, T., Jormanainen, I., Kahila, J., Tedre, M., & Valtonen, T. (2020) · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie44824.2020.9273981 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Policy and practice in bilingual education : a reader extending the foundations
Garcı́a, O., & Baker, C. (1995) · Multilingual Matters eBooks · Cited by 38 · see citing works
von Wangenheim, C. G., Alves, N. D. C., Rauber, M. F., Hauck, J. C. R., & Yeter, I. H. (2021) · Informatics in Education · doi:10.15388/infedu.2022.18 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Chen, C., & Sundar, S. S. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580805 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Every Cloud Has a Silver Lining: Exploring Experiential Knowledge and Assets of Family Caregivers
Shin, J. Y., Chaar, D., Davis, C., Choi, S. W., & Lee, H. R. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3479560 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationThere's methodology in the madness
Williams, A. M., & Irani, L. C. (2010) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/1753846.1753857 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Juvenile ageism: Unrecognized prejudice and discrimination against the young
Westman, J. C. (1991) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/bf00705929 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
AI-Moderated Decision-Making: Capturing and Balancing Anchoring Bias in Sequential Decision Tasks
Echterhoff, J. M., Yarmand, M., & McAuley, J. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3517443 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Yosso, T. J., & García, D. G. (2007) · Aztlán A Journal of Chicano Studies · doi:10.1525/azt.2007.32.1.145 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Computational thinking and mental models: From kodu to calypso
Touretzky, D. S. (2017) · IEEE Blocks and Beyond Workshop (B&B) · doi:10.1109/blocks.2017.8120416 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Xu, Y., & Maitland, C. F. (2017) · International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD) · doi:10.1145/3136560.3136579 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Gibellini, G., Fabretti, V., & Schiavo, G. (2023) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3544549.3585747 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Reimagining Robots for Dementia
Lee, H. R., Sun, F., Iqbal, T., & Roberts, B. (2023) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3568162.3578624 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationFrom Primary Education to Premium Workforce: Drawing on K-12 Approaches for Developing AI Literacy
Kaspersen, M. H., Musaeus, L. H., Bilstrup, K. K., Petersen, M. G., Iversen, O. S., Dindler, C., & Dalsgaard, P. (2024) · International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642607 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lee, H. R. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642907 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationApproaches to Artificial Intelligence as a Subject in School Education
Micheuz, P. (2020) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59847-1_1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Khan, S., Iqbal, M., Osho, O., Singh, K., Derrick, K., Nelson, P., Li, L., Sidnam-Mauch, E., Bannister, N. A., Caine, K. E., et al. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642460 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Zhou, X., Tang, J., Daley, M., Ahmad, S., & Bai, Z. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78292-4_39 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cao, H. J., Lee, H. R., & Peng, W. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713254 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards Collaborative Crash Cart Robots that Support Clinical Teamwork
Taylor, A. M., Tanjim, T., Cao, H. J., & Lee, H. R. (2024) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3610977.3634967 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationAn analysis of poet demographic and thematic diversity in a poetry collection for inclusive AI
Choi, K., & Kang, G. (2025) · Information Research · doi:10.47989/ir30iconf47263 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationSession details: Ubicomp tools
Harrison, B. (2007) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3258857
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Jim Cummins. 1986. Bilingual education and anti-racist education. Interracial Books for Children Bulletin 17 (1986) 9–12.
- 10.5555/3721488.3721497 · DOI
- Gianluca Schiavo, Valeria Fabretti, et al. 2023. Towards an Inclusive AI Education: Overcoming Challenges and Promoting Equity in K12 AI Curriculum Development. In CHI 2023 AI Literacy Workshop.
- Daniel Solorzano. 1992. Chicano mobility aspirations: A theoretical and empirical note. Latino Studies Journal 3 1 (1992) 48–66.
Cited by
Still being checked.
- Authors
- Cao, H. J., Choi, K., Park, C., & Lee, H. R.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Chippewa Middle School, Okemos, Michigan, USA
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2025-04-25
- Pages
- 1-15
- OpenAlex
- W4409735374
- Semantic Scholar
- efa8bdab51a8c8e802ff3961a4a9080df7350b20
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3
- FWCI
- 11.88
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Institute of Museum and Library Services (LG-250059-OLS-21)
- National Science Foundation (2431223)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Digital literacy in education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Teaching and Learning Programming
- Keywords
- AI literacy, underserved students, cultural capital, artificial intelligence in education, educational equity, culturally responsive teaching, AI in education research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
