The DOI matches its Crossref record; 580 of the 584 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Galaxy in Context: Structural, Kinematic, and Integrated Properties
Open accessAbstract
Our Galaxy, the Milky Way, is a benchmark for understanding disk galaxies. It is the only galaxy whose formation history can be studied using the full distribution of stars from faint dwarfs to supergiants. The oldest components provide us with unique insight into how galaxies form and evolve over billions of years. The Galaxy is a luminous (L⋆) barred spiral with a central box/peanut bulge, a dominant disk, and a diffuse stellar halo. Based on global properties, it falls in the sparsely populated “green valley” region of the galaxy color-magnitude diagram. Here we review the key integrated, structural and kinematic parameters of the Galaxy, and point to uncertainties as well as directions for future progress. Galactic studies will continue to play a fundamental role far into the future because there are measurements that can only be made in the near field and much of contemporary astrophysics depends on such observations.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Before Gaia , these challenges meant that the MW virial mass was known only to within a factor of several-(0 . 53) × 10 12 M ⊙ (Bland-Hawthorn & Gerhard, 2016)-despite decades of effort.”
From The rotation curve of the Milky Way: State of the art, the Keplerian decline debate, and implications for dark matter (2026) · cites this paper as Bland-Hawthorn & Gerhard, 2016
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Currently, the stellar disc mass of our galaxy is poorly constrained (e.g. see the compilation of stellar profiles in Iocco et al. 2015) and thus cannot be used to distinguish between the two models, although most measurements agree better with the lower stellar mass of the contracted NFW halo model”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as Bland-Hawthorn & Gerhard 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The total baryonic mass of the MW is M bary ≈ (0 . 6-1 . 0) × 10 11 M ⊙ (Bland-Hawthorn & Gerhard, 2016).”
From The rotation curve of the Milky Way: State of the art, the Keplerian decline debate, and implications for dark matter (2026) · cites this paper as Bland-Hawthorn & Gerhard, 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The Milky Way is, in general terms, a fairly typical disk galaxy (Bland-Hawthorn & Gerhard 2016).”
From Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way (2020) · cites this paper as Bland-Hawthorn & Gerhard 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)
Skrutskie, M. F., Cutri, R. M., Stiening, R., Weinberg, M. D., Schneider, S., Carpenter, J. M., Beichman, C., Capps, R., Chester, T., Elias, J., et al. (2006) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/498708 · Cited by 12,019
Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
Chabrier, G. (2003) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1086/376392 · Cited by 9,071
On the variation of the initial mass function
Kroupa, P. (2001) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04022.x · Cited by 7,499
Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies
Kormendy, J., & Ho, L. C. (2013) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101811 · Cited by 4,421
Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass FunctionPreprint
Chabrier, G. (2003) · Cited by 4,012
Statistical Properties of X‐Ray Clusters: Analytic and Numerical Comparisons
Bryan, G. L., & Norman, M. L. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/305262 · Cited by 2,372
A synthetic view on structure and evolution of the Milky Way
Robin, A. C., Reylé, C., Derrière, S., & Picaud, S. (2003) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031117 · Cited by 2,040
Local kinematics and the local standard of rest
Schönrich, R. A., Binney, J. J., & Dehnen, W. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16253.x · Cited by 1,934
Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host GalaxiesPreprint
Kormendy, J., & Ho, L. C. (2013) · Cited by 1,881
MONITORING STELLAR ORBITS AROUND THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE IN THE GALACTIC CENTER
Gillessen, S., Eisenhauer, F., Trippe, S., Alexander, T., Genzel, R., Martins, F., & Ott, T. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/692/2/1075 · Cited by 1,779
Research works printed but not linked: 37
- Árnadóttir AS, Feltzing S, Lundström I. 2009. In The Galaxy Disk in Cosmological Context, Proc. IAU Symp. Colloq. 254, ed.J Andersen, B Nordström, J Bland-Hawthorn, p. 5. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
- Bajkova AT, 2015, Baltic Astron., 24, 43
- Bienayme O, 1987, Astron. Astrophys., 180, 94
- Bottema R, 1993, Astron. Astrophys., 275, 16
- Burnett B, 2011, Astron. Astrophys., 113, 14
- Carraro G, 2015, Bull. Assoc. Argent. Astron., 57, 7
- Combes F, 1990, Astron. Astrophys., 233, 82
- Contopoulos G, 1980, Astron. Astrophys., 81, 198
- Edvardsson B, 1993, Astron. Astrophys., 275, 101
- Freeman K. 2001. In Galaxy Disks and Disk Galaxies , ed. JG Funes, EM Corsini. ASP Conf. Ser. 230:91. San Francisco: ASP
- Fuhrmann K, 1998, Astron. Astrophys., 330, 626
- Fux R, 1999, Astron. Astrophys., 345, 787
- Gerhard OE. 1999. In Galaxy Dynamics: A Rutgers Symposium , ed. DR Merritt, M Valluri, JA Sellwood. ASP Conf. Ser. 182:307. San Francisco: ASP
- Gilmore G, 2012, Messenger, 147, 25
- Gratton R, 2000, Astron. Astrophys., 358, 671
- Habing H, 1988, Astron. Astrophys., 200, 40
- Harris WE. 2010. arXiv:1012.3224 · arXiv
- Haywood M, 1997, Astron. Astrophys., 320, 428
- Kormendy J. 2013. In XXIII Canary Isl. Winter Sch. Astrophys. , ed. J. Falcon-Barroso, JH Knapen, p. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
- Lindqvist M, 1992, Astron. Astrophys., 259, 118
- Majaess D, 2010, Acta Astron., 60, 55
- Malkin Z. 2013. In Advancing the Physics of Cosmic Distances, Proc. IAU Symp. 289 , ed. R de Grijs, 8:406–9. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press · DOI
- May J, 1993, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl., 99, 105
- Mendez RA, 1998, Astron. Astrophys., 330, 910
- Pandey AK, 1988, Astron. Astrophys., 189, 66
- Patterson FS, 1940, Harv. Coll. Obs. Bull., 914, 9
- Pfenniger D, 1991, Astron. Astrophys., 252, 75
- Quillen A, Garnett D. 2001. In Galaxy Disks and Disk Galaxies , ed. JG Funes, EM Corsini. ASP Conf. Ser. 230:87. San Francisco: ASP
- 10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.002021 · DOI
- Ruphy S, 1996, Astron. Astrophys., 313, L21
- Saha K, 2012, MNRAS, 421, 333
- Udalski A, 2008, Acta Astron., 58, 69
- van der Kruit P, 1986, Astron. Astrophys., 157, 230
- van Tulder JJM, 1942, Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth., 9, 315
- Wetzel AR, Hopkins PF, Kim JH, et al. 2016. arXiv:1602.05957 · arXiv
- Wielen R, 1977, Astron. Astrophys., 60, 263
- Zhu Z, Shen M. 2013. In Advancing the Physics of Cosmic Distances, Proc. IAU Symp. 289 , ed. R de Grijs, 8:444–47. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 1,003
Comparing hypervelocity star populations from the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Milky Way
Evans, F. A., Marchetti, T., Rossi, E. M., Baggen, J. F. W., & Bloot, S. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2271 · Cited by 19
The impact of metallicity on nova populations
Kemp, A. J., Karakas, A. I., Casey, A. R., Kobayashi, C., & Izzard, R. G. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3103 · Cited by 19
The Origin of High-velocity Stars from Gaia and LAMOST
Du, C., Li, H., Newberg, H. J., Chen, Y., Shi, J., Wu, Z., & Ma, J. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aaf578 · Cited by 19
The M31/M33 tidal interaction: a hydrodynamic simulation of the extended gas distribution
Tepper-García, T., Bland‐Hawthorn, J., & Li, D. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa317 · Cited by 19
Self-citationPlacco, V. M., Limberg, G., Chiti, A., Prabhu, D. S., Ji, A. P., Barbosa, F. O., Cerny, W., Pace, A. B., Stringfellow, G. S., Sand, D. J., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adf846 · Cited by 18
Thomas, G. F., Battaglia, G., Grand, R. J. J., & Álvarez, A. A. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452449 · Cited by 18
Ultracool dwarfs identified using spectra in LAMOST DR7
Wang, Y.-F., Luo, A.-L., Chen, W.-P., Jones, H. R. A., Du, B., Li, Y.-B., Zhang, S., Bai, Z., Kong, X., & Guo, Y. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142009 · Cited by 18
A kinematic calibration of the O-rich Mira variable period–age relation from Gaia
Zhang, H., & Sanders, J. L. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad575 · Cited by 18
The effect of stellar encounters on the dark matter annihilation signal from prompt cusps
Stücker, J., Ogiya, G., White, S. D. M., & Angulo, R. E. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1268 · Cited by 18
Searching for Milky Way twins: Radial abundance distribution as a strict criterion
Pilyugin, L. S., Tautvaišienė, G., & Lara-López, M. A. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346503 · Cited by 18
Probing the early Milky Way with GHOST spectra of an extremely metal-poor star in the Galactic disc
Dovgal, A., Venn, K. A., Sestito, F., Hayes, C. R., McConnachie, A. W., Navarro, J. F., Placco, V. M., Starkenburg, E., Martin, N. F., Pazder, J., et al. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3673 · Cited by 18
Sun, W., Huang, Y., Shen, H., Wang, C., Zhang, H., Tian, Z., Liu, X.-W., & Jiang, B. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad06ad · Cited by 18
Chemical evolution of the Galactic bulge with different stellar populations
Molero, M., Matteucci, F., Spitoni, E., Rojas-Arriagada, Á., & Rich, R. M. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450418 · Cited by 18
Ratcliffe, B., Александрович, Х. С., Minchev, I., Lee, N. D., Buck, T., Marques, L., Bernaldez, J. P., Lu, Y., & Steinmetz, M. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452658 · Cited by 18
Ripples spreading across the Galactic disc
Asano, T., Fujii, M. S., Baba, J., Zwart, S. P., & Bédorf, J. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202553816 · Cited by 18
Bar-spiral interaction induces radial migration and star formation bursts
Marques, L., Minchev, I., Ratcliffe, B., Александрович, Х. С., Steinmetz, M., Wenger, T. V., Buck, T., Martig, M., Kordopatis, G., Schultheis, M., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554020 · Cited by 18
GaiaUnlimited: The old stellar disc of the Milky Way as traced by the red clump
Khanna, S., Yu, J., Drimmel, R., Poggio, E., Cantat-Gaudin, T., Castro-Ginard, A., Kurbatov, E. P., Belokurov, V. A., Brown, A. G. A., Fouesneau, M., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452798 · Cited by 18
Cardinal kinematics: I. Rotation fields of the APOGEE Survey
Kordopatis, G., Wyse, R. F. Ġ., Chiappini, C., Minchev, I., Anders, F., & Santiago, B. X. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx096 · Cited by 18
The Orbit and Origin of the Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy Segue 1
Fritz, T. K., Lokken, M., Kallivayalil, N., Wetzel, A., Linden, S. T., Zivick, P., & Tollerud, E. J. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aac516 · Cited by 18
Spatial distribution of globular clusters in the Galaxy
Arakelyan, N. R., Пилипенко, С. В., & Libeskind, N. I. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2320 · Cited by 18
Inverse Compton emission from millisecond pulsars in the Galactic bulge
Song, D., Macías, O., & Horiuchi, S. (2019) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.99.123020 · Cited by 18
The Globular Cluster Origin of the Milky Way Outer Bulge: Evidence from Sodium Bimodality
Lee, Y., Kim, J., Johnson, C. I., Chung, C., Jang, S., Lim, D., & Kang, Y. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab22bc · Cited by 18
Cattaneo, A., Koutsouridou, I., Tollet, É., Devriendt, J., & Dubois, Y. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1832 · Cited by 18
Tsujimoto, T., & Baba, J. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abc00a · Cited by 18
Precise Ages of Field Stars from White Dwarf Companions in Gaia DR2
Qiu, D., Tian, H.-J., Wang, X.-D., Nie, J.-L., von Hippel, T., Liu, G.-C., Fouesneau, M., & Rix, H.-W. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/abe468 · Cited by 18
Testing galaxy formation and dark matter with low surface brightness galaxies
McGaugh, S. (2021) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A · doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2021.05.008 · Cited by 18
Modeling of Spiral Structure in a Multi-Component Milky Way-Like Galaxy
Khrapov, S. S., Khoperskov, A. V., & Korchagin, V. (2021) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies9020029 · Cited by 18
The impact of turbulent mixing on the galactic r-process enrichment by binary neutron star mergers
Dvorkin, I., Daigne, F., Goriely, S., Vangioni–Flam, E., & Silk, J. I. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2003 · Cited by 18
A2A: 21 000 bulge stars from the ARGOS survey with stellar parameters on the APOGEE scale
Wylie, S. M., Gerhard, O., Ness, M., Clarke, J. P., Freeman, K. C., & Bland‐Hawthorn, J. (2021) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140990/pdf · Cited by 18
Self-citationSizing from the smallest scales: the mass of the Milky Way
Wimberly, M. K. R., Cooper, M. C., Baxter, D. C., Boylan-Kolchin, M., Bullock, J. S., Fillingham, S. P., Ji, A. P., Sales, L. V., & Simon, J. D. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1265 · Cited by 18
Proper motions of OB stars in the far Carina Arm
Drew, J. E., Monguió, M., & Wright, N. J. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2905 · Cited by 18
Cold and hot gas distribution around the Milky-Way – M31 system in the HESTIA simulations
Damle, M., Sparre, M., Richter, P., Hani, M. H., Nuza, S. E., Pfrommer, C., Grand, R. J. J., Hoffman, Y., Libeskind, N. I., Sorce, J. G., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac663 · Cited by 18
The Smith Cloud: surviving a high-speed transit of the Galactic disc
Tepper-García, T., & Bland‐Hawthorn, J. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2680 · Cited by 18
Self-citationSiO Masers in the Galactic Bulge and Disk: Kinematics from the BAaDE Survey
Trapp, A. C., Rich, R. M., Morris, M., Sjouwerman, L. O., Pihlström, Y. M., Claussen, M. J., & Stroh, M. C. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aac382 · Cited by 18
Dwarfs in the Milky Way halo outer rim: first infall or backsplash satellites?
Blaña, M., Burkert, A. M., Fellhauer, M., Schartmann, M., & Alig, C. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2153 · Cited by 18
The evolution of the bar fraction and bar lengths in the last 12 billion years
Conte, Z. A. L., Gadotti, D. A., Ferreira, L., Conselice, C. J., de Sá-Freitas, C., Kim, T., Neumann, J., Fragkoudi, F., Athanassoula, E., & Adams, N. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf2010 · Cited by 17
Kim, B., & Lépine, S. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3671 · Cited by 17
TheGaia-ESO Survey: Old super-metal-rich visitors from the inner Galaxy
Dantas, M. L. L., Smiljanić, R., Boesso, R., Rocha–Pinto, H. J., Magrini, L., Guiglion, G., Tautvaišienė, G., Gilmore, G. F., Randich, S., Bensby, T., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243667 · Cited by 17
Measuring M31 globular cluster ages and metallicities using both photometry and spectroscopy
Usher, C., Caldwell, N., & Cabrera-Ziri, I. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae282 · Cited by 17
The metal-poor edge of the Milky Way’s “thin disc”
Fernández-Alvar, E., Kordopatis, G., Hill, V., Battaglia, G., Gallart, C., Vernhe, I. G. R. D. L., Thomas, G. F., Sestito, F., Arentsen, A., Martin, N. F., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348918 · Cited by 17
H i discs of L* galaxies as probes of the baryonic physics of galaxy evolution
Gensior, J., Feldmann, R., Reina-Campos, M., Trujillo-Gomez, S., Mayer, L., Keller, B., Wetzel, A. R., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Hopkins, P. F., & Moreno, J. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1217 · Cited by 17
Deceleration of kicked objects due to the Galactic potential
Disberg, P. H. W., Gaspari, N., & Levan, A. J. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449996 · Cited by 17
A slightly oblate dark matter halo revealed by a retrograde precessing Galactic disk warp
Huang, Y., Feng, Q., Khachaturyants, T., Zhang, H., Liu, J., Shen, J., Beers, T. C., Lu, Y., Wang, S., & Yuan, H. (2024) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02309-5 · Cited by 17
Measuring Star Formation Rates in the Milky Way from Hi-GAL 70 μm Observations
Elia, D., Evans, N. J., Soler, J. D., Strafella, F., Schisano, E., Molinari, S., Giannetti, A., & Patra, S. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adaeb2 · Cited by 17
Horta, D., Petersen, M. S., & Peñarrubia, J. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf348 · Cited by 17
Ortolani, S., Nardiello, D., Pérez-Villegas, Á., Bica, E., & Barbuy, B. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834477 · Cited by 17
Hot Atmospheres of Galaxies, Groups, and Clusters of Galaxies
Werner, N., & Mernier, F. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38509-5_10 · Cited by 17
A giant galaxy in the young Universe with a massive ring
Yuan, T., Elagali, A. E. M., Labbé, I., Kacprzak, G. G., Lagos, C. D. P., Alcorn, L. Y., Cohn, J. H., Tran, K., Glazebrook, K., Groves, B. A., et al. (2020) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-020-1102-7 · Cited by 17
Bulge formation through disc instability
Devergne, T., Cattaneo, A., Bournaud, F., Koutsouridou, I., Winter, A. J., Dimauro, P., Mamon, G. A., Vacher, W., & Varin, M. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936439 · Cited by 17
Griv, E., Gedalin, M., Pietrukowicz, P., Majaess, D., & Jiang, I. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab321 · Cited by 17
Woody, T., & Schlaufman, K. C. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abff5f · Cited by 17
Chrimes, A. A., Levan, A. J., Groot, P., Lyman, J. D., & Nelemans, G. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2676 · Cited by 17
A halo of trapped interstellar matter surrounding the Solar system
Peñarrubia, J. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3642 · Cited by 17
Metallicity gradient of the thick disc progenitor at high redshift
Kawata, D., Prieto, C. A., Brook, C. B., Casagrande, L., Ciucă, I., Gibson, B. K., Grand, R. J. J., Hayden, M., & Hunt, J. D. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2464 · Cited by 17
The Mira-based Distance to the Galactic Center
Qin, W., Nataf, D. M., Zakamska, N. L., Wood, P. R., & Casagrande, L. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aad7fb · Cited by 17
Stellar encounters with giant molecular clouds
Kokaia, G., & Davies, M. B. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz813 · Cited by 17
The HR 1614 moving group is not a dissolving cluster
Kushniruk, I., Bensby, T., Feltzing, S., Sahlholdt, C. L., Feuillet, D. K., & Casagrande, L. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037923 · Cited by 17
Testing a theoretical prediction for bar formation in galaxies with bulges
Kataria, S. K., Das, M., & Barway, S. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037527 · Cited by 17
The Effect of Bars on the Ionized ISM: Optical Emission Lines from Milky Way Analogs
Krishnarao, D., Tremonti, C., Fraser-McKelvie, A., Kraljic, K., Boardman, N. F., Masters, K. L., Benjamin, R. A., Haffner, L. M., Jones, A. M., Pace, Z. J., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9fa3 · Cited by 17
The orbital evolution of UFDs and GCs in an evolving Galactic potential
Armstrong, B., Bekki, K., & Ludlow, A. D. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3391 · Cited by 17
Voyage 2050 White Paper: All-Sky Visible and Near Infrared Space AstrometryPreprint
Hobbs, D., Brown, A., Høg, E., Jordi, C., Kawata, D., Tanga, P., Klioner, S. A., Sozzetti, A., Wyrzykowski, Ł., Walton, N., et al. (2019) · HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1907.12535 · Cited by 17
Asymmetric eROSITA bubbles as the evidence of a circumgalactic medium wind
Mou, G., Sun, D., Fang, T., Wang, W., Zhang, R., Yuan, F., Sofue, Y., Wang, T., & He, Z. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36478-0 · Cited by 16
The role of accreted and in situ populations in shaping the stellar halos of low-mass galaxies
Tau, E. A., Monachesi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Pakmor, R., van de Voort, F., Gonzalez-Jara, J., Tissera, P. B., Marinacci, F., & Bieri, R. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202453488 · Cited by 16
The retrograde orbit of the globular cluster FSR1758 revealed with Gaia DR2
Simpson, J. D. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1699 · Cited by 16
Growing the first galaxies’ merger trees
Nadler, E. O., Benson, A., Driskell, T., Du, X., & Gluscevic, V. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad666 · Cited by 16
Fujimoto, Y., Inutsuka, S., & Baba, J. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1612 · Cited by 16
Evidence of a Cloud–Cloud Collision from Overshooting Gas in the Galactic Center
Gramze, S. R., Ginsburg, A. G., Meier, D. S., Ott, J., Shirley, Y. L., Sormani, M. C., & Svoboda, B. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad01be · Cited by 16
Ages of Stars and Planets in the Kepler Field Younger than Four Billion Years
Bouma, L. G., Hillenbrand, L. A., Howard, A. W., Isaacson, H. T., Masuda, K., & Palumbo, E. K. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad855f · Cited by 16
Ryde, N., Nandakumar, G., Schultheis, M., Kordopatis, G., Matteo, P. D., Haywood, M., Schöedel, R., Nogueras-Lara, F., Rich, R. M., Thorsbro, B., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad9b2b · Cited by 16
MSA-3D: Dissecting Galaxies at z ∼ 1 with High Spatial and Spectral Resolution
Barišić, I., Jones, T. A., Mortensen, K., Nanayakkara, T., Chen, Y., Sanders, R. L., Bullock, J. S., Bundy, K. A., Faucher‐Giguère, C., Glazebrook, K., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ada617 · Cited by 16
High-drag Interstellar Objects and Galactic Dynamical Streams
Eubanks, T. M. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0f29 · Cited by 16
The black hole retention fraction in star clusters
Pavlík, V., Jeřábková, T., Kroupa, P., & Baumgardt, H. (2018) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832919/pdf · Cited by 16
Inferring the Morphology of Stellar Distribution in TNG50: Twisted and Twisted-stretched Shapes
Emami, R., Hernquist, L., Alcock, C. R., Genel, S., Bose, S., Weinberger, R., Vogelsberger, M., Shen, X., Speagle, J. S., Marinacci, F., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac088b · Cited by 16
NIHAO-LG: the uniqueness of Local Group dwarf galaxies
Arora, N., Macciò, A. V., Courteau, S., Buck, T., Libeskind, N. I., Sorce, J. G., Brook, C. B., Hoffman, Y., Yepes, G., Carlesi, E., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac893 · Cited by 16
Vitali, S., Arentsen, A., Starkenburg, E., Jofré, P., Martin, N. F., Aguado, D. S., Carlberg, R. G., Hernández, J. I. G., Ibata, R., Kordopatis, G., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2869 · Cited by 16
Constraining Solar Position and Velocity with a nearby Hypervelocity Star
Hattori, K., Valluri, M., & Castro, N. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaed22 · Cited by 16
Barlenses in the CALIFA survey: Combining photometric and stellar population analyses
Laurikainen, E., Salo, H., Laine, J., & Janz, J. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833138 · Cited by 16
Tchang-Brillet, W. L., Wyart, J.-F., & Zeippen, C. J. (1996) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/0031-8949/1996/t65/e01 · Cited by 16
Identifying Dwarfs of MC Analog GalaxiEs (ID-MAGE): The Search for Satellites around Low-mass Hosts
Hunter, L. C., Mutlu-Pakdı̇l, B., Sand, D. J., Bennet, P., Khim, D. J., Crnojević, D., Doliva-Dolinsky, A., Durodola, E., Fielder, C. E., Goebel-Bain, R., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ade9a4 · Cited by 15
Radio signals from axion star-neutron star binaries
Kouvaris, C., Liu, T., & Lyu, K.-F. (2024) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.109.023008 · Cited by 15
The Prevalence of the α-bimodality: First JWST α-abundance Results in M31
Nidever, D. L., Gilbert, K. M., Tollerud, E. J., Siders, C., Escala, I., Prieto, C. A., Smith, V. V., Cunha, K., Debattista, V. P., Ting, Y.-S., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921323002016 · Cited by 15
Galactic disc heating by density granulation in fuzzy dark matter simulations
Yang, H.-Y., Chiang, B. T., Su, G.-M., Schive, H.-Y., Chiueh, T., & Ostriker, J. P. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae793 · Cited by 15
Limits on dark matter annihilation in prompt cusps from the isotropic gamma-ray background
Delos, M. S., Korsmeier, M., Widmark, A., Blanco, C., Linden, T., & White, S. D. M. (2024) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.109.083512 · Cited by 15
de Graaff, A., Pillepich, A., & Rix, H. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad4c65 · Cited by 15
Dynamical evolution of Milky Way globular clusters on the cosmological timescale
Ishchenko, M., Berczik, P., Panamarev, T., Kuvatova, D., Kalambay, M., Gluchshenko, A., Veles, A. A., Sobolenko, M., Sobodar, O., & Omarov, C. T. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202659137 · Cited by 15
Exoplanets across galactic stellar populations with PLATO
Boettner, C., Viswanathan, A., & Dayal, P. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451537 · Cited by 15
Solar System Migration Points to a Renewed Concept: Galactic Habitable Orbits
Baba, J., Tsujimoto, T., & Saitoh, T. R. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad9260 · Cited by 15
emPDF : inferring the Milky Way mass with data-driven distribution function in phase space
Li, Z., Han, J., Wang, W., Qian, Y.-Z., Li, Q., Jing, Y., & Li, T. S. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf358 · Cited by 15
The role of triple evolution in the formation of LISA double white dwarfs
Rajamuthukumar, A. S., Korol, V., Stegmann, J., Preece, H., Pakmor, R., Justham, S., Toonen, S., & de Mink, S. E. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554277 · Cited by 15
Galactic Archaeology with CoRoT and APOGEE: Creating mock observations from a chemodynamical model
Anders, F., Chiappini, C., Rodrigues, T. S., Piffl, T., Mosser, B., Miglio, A., Montalbán, J., Girardi, L., Minchev, I., Valentini, M., et al. (2016) · Astronomische Nachrichten · doi:10.1002/asna.201612400 · Cited by 15
Gillman, M., Erenler, H. E., & Sutton, P. J. (2018) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550418000125 · Cited by 15
Dark Matter Halo Masses from Abundance Matching and Kinematics: Tensions for the Milky Way and M31
McGaugh, S., & van Dokkum, P. (2021) · Research Notes of the AAS · doi:10.3847/2515-5172/abe1ba · Cited by 15
Towards a fully consistent Milky Way disk model
Sysoliatina, K., & Just, A. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038840 · Cited by 15
A first estimate of the Milky Way dark matter halo spin
Obreja, A., Buck, T., & Macciò, A. V. (2023) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140983e/pdf · Cited by 15
ALMA Uncovers Highly Filamentary Structure toward the Sgr E Region
Wallace, J. K., Battersby, C., Mills, E. A. C., Henshaw, J. D., Sormani, M. C., Ginsburg, A. G., Barnes, A. T., Hatchfield, H. P., Glover, S. C. O., & Anderson, L. D. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac951a · Cited by 15
Timing the formation of the galactic thin disc with asteroseismic stellar ages
Wu, Y., Xiang, M., Zhao, G., Chen, Y., Bi, S., & Li, Y. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad223 · Cited by 15
Li, X., Wang, H., Luo, Y., López-Corredoira, M., Ting, Y.-S., & Chrobáková, Ž. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acab5b · Cited by 15
Robust clustering of the local Milky Way stellar kinematic substructures with Gaia eDR3
Ou, X., Necib, L., & Frebel, A. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad706 · Cited by 15
Disc flaring with TNG50: diversity across Milky Way and M31 analogues
Sotillo-Ramos, D., Donnari, M., Pillepich, A., Frankel, N., Nelson, D., Springel, V., & Hernquist, L. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1485 · Cited by 15
Exploring the impact of a decelerating bar on transforming bulge orbits into disc-like orbits
Li, C., Yuan, Z., Monari, G., Martin, N. F., Siebert, A., Famaey, B., Chiba, R., Kordopatis, G., Ibata, R., & Hill, V. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449742 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Bland-Hawthorn, J., & Gerhard, O.
- Affiliations
- 1Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; email: jbh@physics.usyd.edu.au
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Gerhard, Ortwin
- ORCID
- Gerhard, Ortwin
- Venue
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2016-09-19
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 529-596
- ISSN
- 0066-4146 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4282
- OpenAlex
- W2216753448
- Cited by
- 1,656
- References
- 584
- Citations by year
- 2026: 119 · 2025: 187 · 2024: 181 · 2023: 168 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 162 · 2020: 203 · 2019: 194 · 2018: 160 · 2017: 109 · 2016: 31
- FWCI
- 11.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- Milky Way, disk galaxies, galaxy structure, galactic kinematics, stellar halo, barred spiral galaxies, green valley, galaxy formation and evolution, stellar populations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
