The DOI matches its Crossref record; 580 of the 584 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Galaxy in Context: Structural, Kinematic, and Integrated Properties
Open accessAbstract
Our Galaxy, the Milky Way, is a benchmark for understanding disk galaxies. It is the only galaxy whose formation history can be studied using the full distribution of stars from faint dwarfs to supergiants. The oldest components provide us with unique insight into how galaxies form and evolve over billions of years. The Galaxy is a luminous (L⋆) barred spiral with a central box/peanut bulge, a dominant disk, and a diffuse stellar halo. Based on global properties, it falls in the sparsely populated “green valley” region of the galaxy color-magnitude diagram. Here we review the key integrated, structural and kinematic parameters of the Galaxy, and point to uncertainties as well as directions for future progress. Galactic studies will continue to play a fundamental role far into the future because there are measurements that can only be made in the near field and much of contemporary astrophysics depends on such observations.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Before Gaia , these challenges meant that the MW virial mass was known only to within a factor of several-(0 . 53) × 10 12 M ⊙ (Bland-Hawthorn & Gerhard, 2016)-despite decades of effort.”
From The rotation curve of the Milky Way: State of the art, the Keplerian decline debate, and implications for dark matter (2026) · cites this paper as Bland-Hawthorn & Gerhard, 2016
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Currently, the stellar disc mass of our galaxy is poorly constrained (e.g. see the compilation of stellar profiles in Iocco et al. 2015) and thus cannot be used to distinguish between the two models, although most measurements agree better with the lower stellar mass of the contracted NFW halo model”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as Bland-Hawthorn & Gerhard 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The total baryonic mass of the MW is M bary ≈ (0 . 6-1 . 0) × 10 11 M ⊙ (Bland-Hawthorn & Gerhard, 2016).”
From The rotation curve of the Milky Way: State of the art, the Keplerian decline debate, and implications for dark matter (2026) · cites this paper as Bland-Hawthorn & Gerhard, 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The Milky Way is, in general terms, a fairly typical disk galaxy (Bland-Hawthorn & Gerhard 2016).”
From Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way (2020) · cites this paper as Bland-Hawthorn & Gerhard 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)
Skrutskie, M. F., Cutri, R. M., Stiening, R., Weinberg, M. D., Schneider, S., Carpenter, J. M., Beichman, C., Capps, R., Chester, T., Elias, J., et al. (2006) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/498708 · Cited by 12,019
Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
Chabrier, G. (2003) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1086/376392 · Cited by 9,071
On the variation of the initial mass function
Kroupa, P. (2001) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04022.x · Cited by 7,499
Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies
Kormendy, J., & Ho, L. C. (2013) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101811 · Cited by 4,421
Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass FunctionPreprint
Chabrier, G. (2003) · Cited by 4,012
Statistical Properties of X‐Ray Clusters: Analytic and Numerical Comparisons
Bryan, G. L., & Norman, M. L. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/305262 · Cited by 2,372
A synthetic view on structure and evolution of the Milky Way
Robin, A. C., Reylé, C., Derrière, S., & Picaud, S. (2003) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031117 · Cited by 2,040
Local kinematics and the local standard of rest
Schönrich, R. A., Binney, J. J., & Dehnen, W. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16253.x · Cited by 1,934
Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host GalaxiesPreprint
Kormendy, J., & Ho, L. C. (2013) · Cited by 1,881
MONITORING STELLAR ORBITS AROUND THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE IN THE GALACTIC CENTER
Gillessen, S., Eisenhauer, F., Trippe, S., Alexander, T., Genzel, R., Martins, F., & Ott, T. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/692/2/1075 · Cited by 1,779
Research works printed but not linked: 37
- Árnadóttir AS, Feltzing S, Lundström I. 2009. In The Galaxy Disk in Cosmological Context, Proc. IAU Symp. Colloq. 254, ed.J Andersen, B Nordström, J Bland-Hawthorn, p. 5. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
- Bajkova AT, 2015, Baltic Astron., 24, 43
- Bienayme O, 1987, Astron. Astrophys., 180, 94
- Bottema R, 1993, Astron. Astrophys., 275, 16
- Burnett B, 2011, Astron. Astrophys., 113, 14
- Carraro G, 2015, Bull. Assoc. Argent. Astron., 57, 7
- Combes F, 1990, Astron. Astrophys., 233, 82
- Contopoulos G, 1980, Astron. Astrophys., 81, 198
- Edvardsson B, 1993, Astron. Astrophys., 275, 101
- Freeman K. 2001. In Galaxy Disks and Disk Galaxies , ed. JG Funes, EM Corsini. ASP Conf. Ser. 230:91. San Francisco: ASP
- Fuhrmann K, 1998, Astron. Astrophys., 330, 626
- Fux R, 1999, Astron. Astrophys., 345, 787
- Gerhard OE. 1999. In Galaxy Dynamics: A Rutgers Symposium , ed. DR Merritt, M Valluri, JA Sellwood. ASP Conf. Ser. 182:307. San Francisco: ASP
- Gilmore G, 2012, Messenger, 147, 25
- Gratton R, 2000, Astron. Astrophys., 358, 671
- Habing H, 1988, Astron. Astrophys., 200, 40
- Harris WE. 2010. arXiv:1012.3224 · arXiv
- Haywood M, 1997, Astron. Astrophys., 320, 428
- Kormendy J. 2013. In XXIII Canary Isl. Winter Sch. Astrophys. , ed. J. Falcon-Barroso, JH Knapen, p. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
- Lindqvist M, 1992, Astron. Astrophys., 259, 118
- Majaess D, 2010, Acta Astron., 60, 55
- Malkin Z. 2013. In Advancing the Physics of Cosmic Distances, Proc. IAU Symp. 289 , ed. R de Grijs, 8:406–9. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press · DOI
- May J, 1993, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl., 99, 105
- Mendez RA, 1998, Astron. Astrophys., 330, 910
- Pandey AK, 1988, Astron. Astrophys., 189, 66
- Patterson FS, 1940, Harv. Coll. Obs. Bull., 914, 9
- Pfenniger D, 1991, Astron. Astrophys., 252, 75
- Quillen A, Garnett D. 2001. In Galaxy Disks and Disk Galaxies , ed. JG Funes, EM Corsini. ASP Conf. Ser. 230:87. San Francisco: ASP
- 10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.002021 · DOI
- Ruphy S, 1996, Astron. Astrophys., 313, L21
- Saha K, 2012, MNRAS, 421, 333
- Udalski A, 2008, Acta Astron., 58, 69
- van der Kruit P, 1986, Astron. Astrophys., 157, 230
- van Tulder JJM, 1942, Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth., 9, 315
- Wetzel AR, Hopkins PF, Kim JH, et al. 2016. arXiv:1602.05957 · arXiv
- Wielen R, 1977, Astron. Astrophys., 60, 263
- Zhu Z, Shen M. 2013. In Advancing the Physics of Cosmic Distances, Proc. IAU Symp. 289 , ed. R de Grijs, 8:444–47. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Prusti, T., de Bruijne, J. H. J., Brown, A. G. A., Vallenari, A., Babusiaux, C., Bailer‐Jones, C. A. L., Bastian, U., Biermann, M., Evans, D. W., Eyer, L., et al. (2016) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629272 · Cited by 7,350
Gravitational Waves and Gamma-Rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A
Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adams, T., Addesso, P., Adhikari, R. X., Adya, V. B., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa920c · Cited by 3,816
The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE)
Majewski, S. R., Schiavon, R. P., Frinchaboy, P. M., Prieto, C. A., Barkhouser, R., Bizyaev, D., Blank, B., Brunner, S., Burton, A., Carrera, R., et al. (2017) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa784d · Cited by 1,831
Small-Scale Challenges to the Λ CDM Paradigm
Bullock, J. S., & Boylan-Kolchin, M. (2017) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-091916-055313 · Cited by 1,741
Tumlinson, J., Peeples, M. S., & Werk, J. K. (2017) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-091916-055240 · Cited by 1,147
The mass distribution and gravitational potential of the Milky Way
McMillan, P. J. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2759 · Cited by 1,099
“The recent estimate ofR0 ∼ 7.9 kpc from a new reduction of observations showing the orbits of stars around Sgr A* (Boehle et al. 2016) would appear to cast fresh uncertainty on this value when it seemed as if most estimates were tendingtowards∼8.2− 8.3 kpc (Bland-Hawthorn & Gerhard 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFirst Dark Matter Search Results from the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment
Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Akerlof, C. W., Musalhi, A. K. A., Alder, F., Alqahtani, A., Alsum, S., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T., et al. (2023) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.131.041002 · Cited by 1,091
A geometric distance measurement to the Galactic center black hole with 0.3% uncertainty
The GRAVITY Collaboration, Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Bauböck, M., Berger, J. P., Bonnet, H., Brandner, W., Clénet, Y., Coudé du Foresto, V., de Zeeuw, P. T., et al. (2019) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935656 · Cited by 827
Self-citationTheoretical Challenges in Galaxy Formation
Naab, T., & Ostriker, J. P. (2017) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081913-040019 · Cited by 762
Trigonometric Parallaxes of High-mass Star-forming Regions: Our View of the Milky Way
Reid, M. J., Menten, K. M., Brunthaler, A., Zheng, X. W., Dame, T. M., Xu, Y., Li, J., Sakai, N., Wu, Y., Immer, K., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab4a11 · Cited by 760
Star Clusters Across Cosmic Time
Krumholz, M. R., McKee, C. F., & Bland‐Hawthorn, J. (2019) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-091918-104430 · Cited by 716
Self-citationThe GALAH+ survey: Third data release
Buder, S., Sharma, S., Kos, J., Amarsi, A. M., Nordlander, T., LIND, K., Martell, S. L., Asplund, M., Bland‐Hawthorn, J., Casey, A. R., et al. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1242 · Cited by 680
Self-citationHelmi, A., van Leeuwen, F., McMillan, P. J., Massari, D., Antoja, T., Robin, A. C., Lindegren, L., Bastian, U., Arenou, F., Babusiaux, C., et al. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832698 · Cited by 648
First Dark Matter Search with Nuclear Recoils from the XENONnT Experiment
Aprile, E., Abe, K., Agostini, F., Maouloud, S. A., Althueser, L., Andrieu, B., Angelino, E., Angevaare, J. R., Antochi, V. C., Martin, D. A., et al. (2023) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.131.041003 · Cited by 629
AGAMA: action-based galaxy modelling architecture
Vasiliev, E. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2672 · Cited by 627
Painting a portrait of the Galactic disc with its stellar clusters
Cantat-Gaudin, T., Anders, F., Castro-Ginard, A., Jordi, C., Romero-Gómez, M., Soubiran, C., Casamiquela, L., Tarricq, Y., Moitinho, A., Vallenari, A., et al. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038192 · Cited by 614
An Update on Monitoring Stellar Orbits in the Galactic Center
Gillessen, S., Plewa, P. M., Eisenhauer, F., Sari, R., Waisberg, I., Habibi, M., Pfuhl, O., George, E., Dexter, J., von Fellenberg, S. D., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa5c41 · Cited by 584
The Auriga Project: the properties and formation mechanisms of disc galaxies across cosmic time
Grand, R. J. J., Gómez, F. A., Marinacci, F., Pakmor, R., Springel, V., Campbell, D. J. R., Frenk, C. S., Jenkins, A., & White, S. D. M. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx071 · Cited by 557
Wang, S., & Chen, X. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab1c61 · Cited by 528
Cool outflows in galaxies and their implications
Veilleux, S., Maiolino, R., Bolatto, A. D., & Aalto, S. (2020) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-019-0121-9 · Cited by 516
Baumgardt, H., Hilker, M., Sollima, A., & Bellini, A. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2997 · Cited by 452
Neumayer, N., Seth, A., & Böker, T. (2020) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-020-00125-0 · Cited by 450
Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way
Helmi, A. (2020) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-021917 · Cited by 407
The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc
Eilers, A.-C., Hogg, D. W., Rix, H.-W., & Ness, M. K. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 · Cited by 404
Not so lumpy after all: modelling the depletion of dark matter subhaloes by Milky Way-like galaxies
Garrison-Kimmel, S., Wetzel, A. R., Bullock, J. S., Hopkins, P. F., Boylan-Kolchin, M., Faucher‐Giguère, C., Kereš, D., Quataert, E., Sanderson, R. E., Graus, A. S., et al. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1710 · Cited by 375
The formation and assembly history of the Milky Way revealed by its globular cluster population
Kruijssen, J. M. D., Pfeffer, J. L., Reina-Campos, M., Crain, R. A., & Bastian, N. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1609 · Cited by 369
The Milky Way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Cautun, M., Benitez-Llambay, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Navarro, J. F., & Simpson, C. M. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.04557 · Cited by 335
The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Cautun, M., Benítez-Llambay, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Navarro, J. F., & Simpson, C. M. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1017 · Cited by 332
“When deriving the scale-length for both the thin and thick discs, we used the Gaussian prior given in the fourth column of Table 2, which is based on the typical scatter in Rd amongst different studies (see the compilation of measurements in Bland-Hawthorn & Gerhard 2016).”
MethodA unified model for galactic discs: star formation, turbulence driving, and mass transport
Krumholz, M. R., Burkhart, B., Forbes, J. C., & Crocker, R. M. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty852 · Cited by 332
Proper motions and dynamics of the Milky Way globular cluster system fromGaiaDR2
Vasiliev, E. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz171 · Cited by 326
Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods for Bayesian Data Analysis in Astronomy
Sharma, S. (2017) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082214-122339 · Cited by 298
Strongly baryon-dominated disk galaxies at the peak of galaxy formation ten billion years ago
Genzel, R., Schreiber, N. M. F., Übler, H., Lang, P., Naab, T., Bender, R., Tacconi, L. J., Wisnioski, E., Wuyts, S., Tal Alexander, A., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature21685 · Cited by 298
Self-citationMackereth, J. T., Schiavon, R. P., Pfeffer, J., Hayes, C. R., Bovy, J., Anguiano, B., Prieto, C. A., Hasselquist, S., Holtzman, J., Johnson, J. A., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2955 · Cited by 285
Tango for three: Sagittarius, LMC, and the Milky Way
Vasiliev, E., Belokurov, V., & Erkal, D. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3673 · Cited by 285
Star-Forming Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
Schreiber, N. M. F., & Wuyts, S. (2020) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-021910 · Cited by 282
Recommended conventions for reporting results from direct dark matter searches
Baxter, D., Bloch, I. M., Bodnia, E., Chen, X., Conrad, J., Gangi, P. D., Dobson, J. E. Y., Durnford, D., Haselschwardt, S. J., Kaboth, A. C., et al. (2021) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09655-y · Cited by 279
The SAGA Survey. I. Satellite Galaxy Populations around Eight Milky Way Analogs
Geha, M., Wechsler, R. H., Mao, Y.-Y., Tollerud, E. J., Weiner, B. J., Bernstein, R., Hoyle, B., Marchi, S., Marshall, P. J., Muñoz, R., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa8626 · Cited by 278
A time-resolved picture of our Milky Way’s early formation history
Xiang, M., & Rix, H. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04496-5 · Cited by 274
Fast and inefficient star formation due to short-lived molecular clouds and rapid feedback
Kruijssen, J. M. D., Schruba, A., Chevance, M., Longmore, S. N., Hygate, A. P. S., Haydon, D. T., McLeod, A. F., Dalcanton, J. J., Tacconi, L. J., & van Dishoeck, E. F. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1194-3 · Cited by 273
Fritz, T. K., Battaglia, G., Pawlowski, M. S., Kallivayalil, N., van der Marel, R., Sohn, S. T., Brook, C., & Besla, G. (2018) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833343 · Cited by 269
“…respect to the Milky Way center of (11±1, 248±3, 7.3±0.5) km/s in a reference frame in which the x-axis is positive pointing inwards from the Sun to the Galactic center, the y-axis in the direction of Galactic rotation and the z-axis towards the North Galactic Cap (Bland-Hawthorn & Gerhard 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialShen, K. J., Boubert, D., Gänsicke, B. T., Jha, S. W., Andrews, J. E., Chomiuk, L. B., Foley, R. J., Fraser, M., Gromadzki, M., Guillochon, J., et al. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aad55b · Cited by 261
Anders, F., Khalatyan, A., Queiroz, A. B. A., Chiappini, C., Ardèvol, J., Casamiquela, L., Figueras, F., Jiménez-Arranz, Ó., Jordi, C., Monguió, M., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142369 · Cited by 261
Refinement of the standard halo model for dark matter searches in light of the Gaia Sausage
Evans, N. W., O’Hare, C. A. J., & McCabe, C. (2019) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.99.023012 · Cited by 255
Nadler, E. O., Wechsler, R. H., Bechtol, K., Mao, Y.-Y., Green, G. M., Drlica-Wagner, A., McNanna, M., Mau, S., Pace, A. B., Simon, J. D., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab846a · Cited by 244
Pfeffer, J., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Crain, R. A., & Bastian, N. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3124 · Cited by 243
Girardi, L. (2016) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081915-023354 · Cited by 242
The Local Group on FIRE: dwarf galaxy populations across a suite of hydrodynamic simulations
Garrison-Kimmel, S., Hopkins, P. F., Wetzel, A. R., Bullock, J. S., Boylan-Kolchin, M., Kereš, D., Faucher‐Giguère, C., El-Badry, K., Lamberts, A., Quataert, E., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1317 · Cited by 242
Detection of large-scale X-ray bubbles in the Milky Way halo
Predehl, P., Sunyaev, R. A., Becker, W., Brunner, H., Burenin, R., Bykov, A., Cherepashchuk, A., Chugai, N., Churazov, E., Doroshenko, V., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2979-0 · Cited by 234
Queiroz, A. B. A., Anders, F., Santiago, B. X., Chiappini, C., Steinmetz, M., Dal Ponte, M., Stassun, K. G., da Costa, L. N., Maia, M. A. G., Crestani, J., et al. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty330 · Cited by 234
Horta, D., Schiavon, R. P., Mackereth, J. T., Pfeffer, J., Mason, A. C., Kisku, S. S., Fragkoudi, F., Prieto, C. A., Cunha, K., Hasselquist, S., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2987 · Cited by 234
Mass and shape of the Milky Way’s dark matter halo with globular clusters from Gaia and Hubble
Posti, L., & Helmi, A. (2019) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833355 · Cited by 233
Improved GRAVITY astrometric accuracy from modeling optical aberrations
Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Bauböck, M., Berger, J. P., Bonnet, H., Brandner, W., Clénet, Y., Davies, R., de Zeeuw, P. T., Dexter, J., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202040208 · Cited by 229
Bland-Hawthorn, J., Sharma, S., Tepper-Garcia, T., Binney, J., Freeman, K. C., Hayden, M. R., Kos, J., De Silva, G. M., Ellis, S., Lewis, G. F., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz217 · Cited by 224
Self-citationChemodynamical History of the Galactic Bulge
Barbuy, B., Chiappini, C., & Gerhard, O. (2018) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051826 · Cited by 224
Self-citationGaia Reveals a Metal-rich, in situ Component of the Local Stellar Halo
Bonaca, A., Conroy, C., Wetzel, A., Hopkins, P. F., & Kereš, D. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7d0c · Cited by 215
Spitoni, E., Aguirre, V. S., Matteucci, F., Calura, F., & Grisoni, V. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834188 · Cited by 213
Monachesi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Simpson, C. M., Kauffmann, G., Bustamante, S., Marinacci, F., Pakmor, R., Springel, V., Frenk, C. S., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz538 · Cited by 209
THE SHAPE OF THE INNER MILKY WAY HALO FROM OBSERVATIONS OF THE PAL 5 AND GD–1 STELLAR STREAMS
Bovy, J., Bahmanyar, A., Fritz, T. K., & Kallivayalil, N. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/833/1/31 · Cited by 208
Dark matter local density determination: recent observations and future prospects
de Salas, P. F., & Widmark, A. (2021) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6633/ac24e7 · Cited by 208
Overview of the DESI Milky Way Survey
Cooper, A. P., Koposov, S. E., Prieto, C. A., Manser, C. J., Kizhuprakkat, N., Myers, A. D., Dey, A. T., Gänsicke, B. T., Li, T. S., Rockosi, C. M., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acb3c0 · Cited by 208
Chemical evolution of the Galactic bulge as traced by microlensed dwarf and subgiant stars
Bensby, T., Feltzing, S., Gould, A. P., Yee, J. C., Johnson, J. A., Asplund, M., Meléndez, J., Lucatello, S., Howes, L. M., McWilliam, A., et al. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730560 · Cited by 208
Umemoto, T., Minamidani, T., Kuno, N., Fujita, S., Matsuo, M., Nishimura, A., Torii, K., Tosaki, T., Kohno, M., Kuriki, M., et al. (2017) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psx061 · Cited by 203
Agertz, O., Renaud, F., Feltzing, S., Read, J. I., Ryde, N., Andersson, E. P., Rey, M. P., Bensby, T., & Feuillet, D. K. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab322 · Cited by 199
r -process nucleosynthesis: connecting rare-isotope beam facilities with the cosmos
Horowitz, C. J., Arcones, A., Côté, B., Dillmann, I., Nazarewicz, W., Roederer, I. U., Schatz, H., Aprahamian, A., Atanasov, D., Bauswein, A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Physics G Nuclear and Particle Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6471/ab0849 · Cited by 198
The age–metallicity structure of the Milky Way disc using APOGEE
Mackereth, J. T., Bovy, J., Schiavon, R. P., Zasowski, G., Cunha, K., Frinchaboy, P. M., Pérez, A. E. G., Hayden, M., Holtzman, J. A., Majewski, S. R., et al. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1774 · Cited by 198
Measuring Radial Orbit Migration in the Galactic Disk
Frankel, N., Rix, H.-W., 丁, Y.-S. 源. T., Ness, M., & Hogg, D. W. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aadba5 · Cited by 193
Queiroz, A. B. A., Anders, F., Chiappini, C., Khalatyan, A., Santiago, B. X., Steinmetz, M., Valentini, M., Miglio, A., Bossini, D., Barbuy, B., et al. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937364 · Cited by 190
Reconstructing the Last Major Merger of the Milky Way with the H3 Survey
Naidu, R. P., Conroy, C., Bonaca, A., Zaritsky, D., Weinberger, R., Ting, Y.-S., Caldwell, N., Tacchella, S., Han, J., Speagle, J. S., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2d2d · Cited by 190
Evidence for an Intermediate-mass Milky Way from Gaia DR2 Halo Globular Cluster Motions
Watkins, L. L., van der Marel, R. P., Sohn, S. T., & Wyn Evans, N. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab089f · Cited by 189
From Nuclei to the Cosmos: Tracing Heavy-Element Production with the Oldest Stars
Frebel, A. (2018) · Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-021141 · Cited by 189
Chemodynamical History of the Galactic Bulge
Barbuy, B., Chiappini, C., & Gerhard, O. (2018) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 189
Self-citationPublic Data Release of the FIRE-2 Cosmological Zoom-in Simulations of Galaxy Formation
Wetzel, A. R., Hayward, C. C., Sanderson, R. E., Ma, X., Anglés‐Alcázar, D., Feldmann, R., Chan, T. K., El-Badry, K., Wheeler, C., Garrison-Kimmel, S., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/acb99a · Cited by 188
Battaglia, G., Taibi, S., Thomas, G. F., & Fritz, T. K. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141528 · Cited by 185
Separation of stellar populations by an evolving bar: implications for the bulge of the Milky Way
Debattista, V. P., Ness, M., González, O. A., Freeman, K. C., Zoccali, M., & Minniti, D. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx947 · Cited by 178
Galactic Dark Matter Halos and Globular Cluster Populations. III. Extension to Extreme Environments
Harris, W. E., Blakeslee, J. P., & Harris, G. L. H. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/836/1/67 · Cited by 178
On the estimation of the local dark matter density using the rotation curve of the Milky Way
de Salas, P. F., Malhan, K., Freese, K., Hattori, K., & Valluri, M. (2019) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2019/10/037 · Cited by 176
Galactic bulge preferred over dark matter for the Galactic centre gamma-ray excess
Macías, O., Gordon, C., Crocker, R. M., Coleman, B., Paterson, D., Horiuchi, S., & Pohl, M. (2018) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0414-3 · Cited by 172
Drimmel, R., Romero-Gómez, M., Chemin, L., Ramos, P., Poggio, E., Ripepi, V., Andrae, R., Blomme, R., Cantat-Gaudin, T., Castro-Ginard, A., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243797 · Cited by 172
Ages and kinematics of chemically selected, accreted Milky Way halo stars
Das, P., Hawkins, K., & Jofré, P. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3537 · Cited by 171
Anders, F., Chiappini, C., Minchev, I., Miglio, A., Montalbán, J., Mosser, B., Rodrigues, T. S., Santiago, B. X., Baudin, F., Beers, T. C., et al. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629363 · Cited by 170
Steinmetz, M., Matijevič, G., Enke, H., Zwitter, T., Guiglion, G., McMillan, P. J., Kordopatis, G., Valentini, M., Chiappini, C., Casagrande, L., et al. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab9ab9 · Cited by 170
Self-citationCarlsten, S. G., Greene, J. E., Beaton, R. L., Danieli, S., & Greco, J. P. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac6fd7 · Cited by 170
Reverse engineering the Milky Way
Forbes, D. A. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa245 · Cited by 168
Farthest Neighbor: The Distant Milky Way Satellite Eridanus II*
Li, T. S., Simon, J. D., Drlica-Wagner, A., Bechtol, K., Wang, M. Y., García-Bellido, J., Frieman, J. A., Marshall, J. L., James, D. J., Strigari, L. E., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa6113 · Cited by 167
Fragkoudi, F., Grand, R. J. J., Pakmor, R., Blázquez-Calero, G., Gargiulo, I. D., Gómez, F. A., Marinacci, F., Monachesi, A., Ness, M., Pérez, I., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1104 · Cited by 165
Synthetic Gaia Surveys from the FIRE Cosmological Simulations of Milky Way-mass Galaxies
Sanderson, R. E., Wetzel, A., Loebman, S., Sharma, S., Hopkins, P. F., Garrison-Kimmel, S., Faucher-Giguère, C.-A., Kereš, D., & Quataert, E. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab5b9d · Cited by 163
The dark matter profile of the Milky Way inferred from its circular velocity curve
Ou, X., Eilers, A., Necib, L., & Frebel, A. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae034 · Cited by 161
Forbes, D. A., Bastian, N., Gieles, M., Crain, R. A., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Larsen, S. S., Ploeckinger, S., Agertz, O., Trenti, M., Ferguson, A. M. N., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspa.2017.0616 · Cited by 160
Wang, W., Han, J., Cautun, M., Li, Z., & Ishigaki, M. N. (2020) · Science China Physics Mechanics and Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s11433-019-1541-6 · Cited by 160
Kallivayalil, N., Sales, L. V., Zivick, P., Fritz, T. K., del Pino, A., Sohn, S. T., Besla, G., van der Marel, R. P., Navarro, J. F., & Sacchi, E. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aadfee · Cited by 159
Characterization and history of the Helmi streams with Gaia DR2
Koppelman, H. H., Helmi, A., Massari, D., Roelenga, S., & Bastian, U. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834769 · Cited by 159
Spitoni, E., Aguirre, V. S., Matteucci, F., Calura, F., & Grisoni, V. (2019) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834188/pdf · Cited by 159
The Extended Distribution of Baryons around Galaxies
Bregman, J. N., Anderson, M. E., Miller, M. J., Hodges-Kluck, E., Dai, X., Li, J.-T., Li, Y., & Qu, Z. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aacafe · Cited by 157
Three-dimensional extinction maps: Inverting inter-calibrated extinction catalogues
Vergely, J., Lallement, R., & Cox, N. L. J. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243319 · Cited by 155
The pattern speed of the Milky Way bar from transverse velocities
Sanders, J. L., Smith, L. C., & Evans, N. W. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1827 · Cited by 152
The escape speed curve of the Galaxy obtained from Gaia DR2 implies a heavy Milky Way
Monari, G., Famaey, B., Carrillo, I., Piffl, T., Steinmetz, M., Wyse, R. F. G., Anders, F., Chiappini, C., & Janßen, K. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833748 · Cited by 151
The fraction of dark matter within galaxies from the IllustrisTNG simulations
Lovell, M. R., Pillepich, A., Genel, S., Nelson, D., Springel, V., Pakmor, R., Marinacci, F., Weinberger, R., Torrey, P., Vogelsberger, M., et al. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2339 · Cited by 149
“…the inferred DM fractions in our own Galaxy vary in the 0.3− 0.6 range according to different analyses and methodologies (Bovy & Rix 2013; Bland-Hawthorn & Gerhard 2016; Wegg et al. 2016; Pato & Iocco 2017, for 6 − 10 kpc apertures): such discrepancies are a reminder of how complex…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFIREbox: simulating galaxies at high dynamic range in a cosmological volume
Feldmann, R., Quataert, E., Faucher‐Giguère, C., Hopkins, P. F., Çatmabacak, O., Kereš, D., Bassini, L., Bernardini, M., Bullock, J. S., Cenci, E., et al. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1205 · Cited by 148
A white dwarf catalogue from Gaia-DR2 and the Virtual Observatory
Jiménez-Esteban, F., Torres, S., Rebassa-Mansergas, A., Skorobogatov, G., Solano, E., Cantero, C., & Rodrigo, C. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2120 · Cited by 147
Isochrone ages for ∼3 million stars with the second Gaia data release
Sanders, J. L., & Das, P. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2490 · Cited by 145
Metadata
- Authors
- Bland-Hawthorn, J., & Gerhard, O.
- Affiliations
- 1Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; email: jbh@physics.usyd.edu.au
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Gerhard, Ortwin
- ORCID
- Gerhard, Ortwin
- Venue
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2016-09-19
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 529-596
- ISSN
- 0066-4146 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4282
- OpenAlex
- W2216753448
- Cited by
- 1,656
- References
- 584
- Citations by year
- 2026: 119 · 2025: 187 · 2024: 181 · 2023: 168 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 162 · 2020: 203 · 2019: 194 · 2018: 160 · 2017: 109 · 2016: 31
- FWCI
- 11.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- Milky Way, disk galaxies, galaxy structure, galactic kinematics, stellar halo, barred spiral galaxies, green valley, galaxy formation and evolution, stellar populations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
