The DOI matches its Crossref record; 151 of the 151 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Role of Sleep in Emotional Brain Function
Open accessAbstract
Rapidly emerging evidence continues to describe an intimate and causal relationship between sleep and emotional brain function. These findings are mirrored by long-standing clinical observations demonstrating that nearly all mood and anxiety disorders co-occur with one or more sleep abnormalities. This review aims to (a) provide a synthesis of recent findings describing the emotional brain and behavioral benefits triggered by sleep, and conversely, the detrimental impairments following a lack of sleep; (b) outline a proposed framework in which sleep, and specifically rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, supports a process of affective brain homeostasis, optimally preparing the organism for next-day social and emotional functioning; and (c) describe how this hypothesized framework can explain the prevalent relationships between sleep and psychiatric disorders, with a particular focus on posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression.
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“Sleep promotes memory consolidation in many domains (Rasch and Born, 2013) and has consistently been shown to enhance consolidation of emotional memory albeit with mixed findings as to whether sleep preferentially augments emotional over neutral memories (reviewed in Goldstein and Walker, 2014;Hutchison and Rathore, 2015;Kahn et al., 2013;Pace-Schott, 2015;Palmer and Alfano, 2016;Tempesta et al.,”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Goldstein and Walker, 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It is now well established that sleep is involved in the consolidation of memories, including emotional memories.9,10”
From Effects of Sleep after Experimental Trauma on Intrusive Emotional Memories. (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
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In the citing paper
“Our results are in line with studies and theoretical accounts proposing a role of sleep in the affective depotentiation of emotional memories.9,14,13,18,37”
From Effects of Sleep after Experimental Trauma on Intrusive Emotional Memories. (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
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In the citing paper
“poor sleep is associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety (1–12)”
In the citing paper
“Healthy sleep is associated with normal emotion regulation [9, 10].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“And, as is the case for other forms of emotional memory [10], healthy sleep may be of ongoing, and cumulative importance in the consolidation of memory for both therapeutically induced and naturally learned extinction.”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is associated with consolidation of emotional memory (reviewed in [8–10]), and REM sleep has been suggested to be the stage of sleep during which emotion is regulated [75].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Sleep disruption may lead to fatigue [244, 245], executive deficits [246, 247], mood dysregulation [10], and psychosocial impairments [248]”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Disturbed sleep and sleep loss have been consistently linked to increased negative affect in adults (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
From Sleep and circadian contributions to adolescent alcohol use disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Goldstein & Walker, 2014
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Citations
Cites
Sapolsky, R. M., Romero, L. M., & Munck, A. U. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.21.1.0389 · Cited by 7,541 · cited 1×
“Cortisol is also released in response to stressful events (Sapolsky et al 2000), and can independently modulate emotional memory through direct and indirect effects on the hippocampus and amygdala (McIntyre et al 2012, Roozendaal et al 2009, Sapolsky et al 2000).”
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Aston-Jones, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2005) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709 · Cited by 4,472 · cited 4×
“As a consequence of this high tonic background activity, the phasic signals in response to external emotional stimuli result in poor signal-to-noise within the system, and thus reduced specificity (Figure 6b) (Aston-Jones & Cohen 2005, Mallick & Singh 2011, Valentino & Van Bockstaele 2008).”
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“…of aversive events, increased anticipatory limbic activity positively predicts clinical features of anxiety disorders, such as worry and rumination (Etkin & Wager 2007, Nitschke et al 2009, Paulus & Stein 2006), many of which express co-occurring impairments in the quantity and quality of sleep…”
BackgroundTHE AMYGDALA MODULATES THE CONSOLIDATION OF MEMORIES OF EMOTIONALLY AROUSING EXPERIENCES
McGaugh, J. L. (2004) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144157 · Cited by 2,296 · cited 1×
“Affective experiences appear to be remembered more robustly than neutral memories due to well characterized set of adrenergic and peripheral autonomic reactions elicited at the time of the experience, orchestrated, in part, by the locus coeruleus (McGaugh 2004).”
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“…aims to (1) provide a synthesis of recent findings describing the emotional brain and behavioral benefits triggered by sleep, and conversely, the detrimental impairments following a lack of sleep, (2) outline a proposed framework in which sleep, and specifically rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep,…”
BackgroundHeart rate variability as an index of regulated emotional responding
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“…anticipatory limbic activity positively predicts clinical features of anxiety disorders, such as worry and rumination (Etkin & Wager 2007, Nitschke et al 2009, Paulus & Stein 2006), many of which express co-occurring impairments in the quantity and quality of sleep (Papadimitriou & Linkowski 2005).”
BackgroundThe human emotional brain without sleep—a prefrontal amygdala disconnect
Yoo, S.-S., Gujar, N., Hu, P., Jolesz, F. A., & Walker, M. P. (2007) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.08.007 · Cited by 1,303 · cited 5×
“…supporting this theory, and potentially underlying the alterations in salience discrimination, PTSD patients express hyperactivity of the amygdala yet hypoactivity of the PFC; a similar profile to that observed in sleep-deprived healthy controls (Figure 8)(Motomura et al 2013, Yoo et al 2007).”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The sleep-deprived human brain
Krause, A. J., Simon, E. B., Mander, B. A., Greer, S. M., Saletin, J. M., Goldstein-Piekarski, A. N., & Walker, M. P. (2017) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2017.55 · Cited by 1,200
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Palmer, C. A., & Alfano, C. A. (2017) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2015.12.006 · Cited by 935
“Given that the brain structures and neurochemicals involved in the regulation of emotion also govern sleep [9], and nearly all affective disorders co-occur with sleep abnormalities [1,2], an intimate relationship between these two domains of functioning is intuitive.”
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“Moreover, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)–associated with REM sleep disturbance [95]–are risk factors for developing AD [99,100].”
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Tempesta, D., Socci, V., De Gennaro, L., & Ferrara, M. (2018) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2017.12.005 · Cited by 443
Metadata
- Authors
- Goldstein, A. N., & Walker, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1650;
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- ORCID
- Walker, Matthew P.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-03-28
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 679-708
- ISSN
- 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-5951
- PMC
- PMC4286245
- OpenAlex
- W2120192703
- Cited by
- 1,052
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 139 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 3.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG031164)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH093537, F31MH094075)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA031939)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep, REM sleep, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, sleep deprivation, post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Sleep, REM, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Mood Disorders
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