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The Role of Sleep in Emotional Brain Function
Open accessAbstract
Rapidly emerging evidence continues to describe an intimate and causal relationship between sleep and emotional brain function. These findings are mirrored by long-standing clinical observations demonstrating that nearly all mood and anxiety disorders co-occur with one or more sleep abnormalities. This review aims to (a) provide a synthesis of recent findings describing the emotional brain and behavioral benefits triggered by sleep, and conversely, the detrimental impairments following a lack of sleep; (b) outline a proposed framework in which sleep, and specifically rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, supports a process of affective brain homeostasis, optimally preparing the organism for next-day social and emotional functioning; and (c) describe how this hypothesized framework can explain the prevalent relationships between sleep and psychiatric disorders, with a particular focus on posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression.
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In the citing paper
“Sleep promotes memory consolidation in many domains (Rasch and Born, 2013) and has consistently been shown to enhance consolidation of emotional memory albeit with mixed findings as to whether sleep preferentially augments emotional over neutral memories (reviewed in Goldstein and Walker, 2014;Hutchison and Rathore, 2015;Kahn et al., 2013;Pace-Schott, 2015;Palmer and Alfano, 2016;Tempesta et al.,”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Goldstein and Walker, 2014
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In the citing paper
“It is now well established that sleep is involved in the consolidation of memories, including emotional memories.9,10”
From Effects of Sleep after Experimental Trauma on Intrusive Emotional Memories. (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
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In the citing paper
“Our results are in line with studies and theoretical accounts proposing a role of sleep in the affective depotentiation of emotional memories.9,14,13,18,37”
From Effects of Sleep after Experimental Trauma on Intrusive Emotional Memories. (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“poor sleep is associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety (1–12)”
In the citing paper
“Healthy sleep is associated with normal emotion regulation [9, 10].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“And, as is the case for other forms of emotional memory [10], healthy sleep may be of ongoing, and cumulative importance in the consolidation of memory for both therapeutically induced and naturally learned extinction.”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is associated with consolidation of emotional memory (reviewed in [8–10]), and REM sleep has been suggested to be the stage of sleep during which emotion is regulated [75].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Sleep disruption may lead to fatigue [244, 245], executive deficits [246, 247], mood dysregulation [10], and psychosocial impairments [248]”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Disturbed sleep and sleep loss have been consistently linked to increased negative affect in adults (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
From Sleep and circadian contributions to adolescent alcohol use disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Goldstein & Walker, 2014
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The sleep-deprived human brain
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“…in cognitive-emotion processing caused by insufficient or poor quality sleep (Krizan & Herlache, 2016), such as amplified reward sensitivity (Goldstein & Walker, 2014), some longitudinal studies (Kortesoja et al., 2020) have found connections in directions opposite from those anticipated.”
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“There might be a bi-directional relationship between the ability to regulate emotions and sleep (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
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“In summary, the most evidence in favor of the ‘‘sleep to remember’’-hypothesis (Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Walker & van der Helm, 2009) comes from experiments using the split-night design.”
An affective neuroscience model of boosting resilience in adults
Tabibnia, G. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.005 · Cited by 115
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Assefa, S. Z., Diaz‐Abad, M., Wickwire, E. M., & Scharf, S. M. (2015) · AIMS neuroscience · doi:10.3934/neuroscience.2015.3.155 · Cited by 126
Sleep disorder-related headaches
Ferini‐Strambi, L., Galbiati, A., & Combi, R. (2019) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-019-03837-z · Cited by 103
Menz, M. M., Rihm, J. S., & Büchel, C. (2016) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3083-15.2016 · Cited by 99
“There is growing evidence that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep plays a specific role in emotional memory consolidation (Goldstein and Walker, 2014), especially in fear memory consolidation (for recent reviews, see Genzel et al.”
BackgroundFear in dreams and in wakefulness: Evidence for day/night affective homeostasis
Virginie Sterpenich, A., Perogamvros, L., Tononi, G., & Schwartz, S. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24843 · Cited by 110
Longitudinal sleep problem trajectories are associated with multiple impairments in child well‐being
Williamson, A. A., Mindell, J. A. A., Hiscock, H., & Quach, J. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13303 · Cited by 98
Structural and functional brain alterations in obstructive sleep apnea: a multimodal meta-analysis
Huang, X. D., Tang, S., Lyu, X., Yang, C., & Chen, X. (2018) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.09.025 · Cited by 97
Littlewood, D. L., Gooding, P. A., Panagioti, M., & Kyle, S. D. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.5592 · Cited by 98
Poor sleep is related to lower emotional competence among adolescents
Brand, S., Kirov, R., Kalak, N., Gerber, M., Schmidt, N. B., Lemola, S., Correll, C. U., & Holsboer-Trachsler, E. (2016) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2015.1048450 · Cited by 89
Vasciaveo, V., Iadarola, A., Casile, A., Dante, D., Morello, G., Minotta, L., Tamagno, E., Cicolin, A., & Guglielmotto, M. (2023) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-022-01498-2 · Cited by 101
“Conversely, sleep loss is associated to a different range of adverse effects, including deficits in cognitive activities [41, 44], dysregulation of circadian processes [45, 46] and impaired emotional function [47, 48].”
BackgroundAntisocial Personality as a Neurodevelopmental Disorder
Raine, A. (2018) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084819 · Cited by 105
Routines and child development: A systematic review
Selman, S. B., & Dilworth‐Bart, J. E. (2023) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12549 · Cited by 142
Nollet, M., Hicks, H., McCarthy, A. P., Wu, H., Möller‐Levet, C. S., Laing, E., Malki, K., Lawless, N., Wafford, K. A., Dijk, D., et al. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1816456116 · Cited by 95
Malinowski, J., & Horton, C. L. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01132 · Cited by 104
Relationship between Sleep Problems and Self-Injury: A Systematic Review
Khazaie, H., Zakiei, A., McCall, W. V., Noori, K., Rostampour, M., Bahmani, D. S., & Brand, S. (2020) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2020.1822360 · Cited by 91
“…that sleep plays an important role in emotion regulation (Asarnow et al., 2014; Baglioni et al., 2010; Baum et al., 2014; Brand et al., 2015, 2016; Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Tempesta et al., 2018; Vandekerckhove & Cluydts, 2010), and cognitive processes (Devore et al., 2016; Killgore, 2010;…”
BackgroundSleep, Emotions, and Emotion Regulation
Fairholme, C. P., & Manber, R. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-417188-6.00003-7 · Cited by 99
Adolescent sleep restriction effects on cognition and mood
Short, M. A., & Chee, M. W. L. (2019) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.02.008 · Cited by 90
Short, N. A., Allan, N. P., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.07.014 · Cited by 92
Disturbed Sleep in PTSD: Thinking Beyond Nightmares
Lancel, M., van Marle, H. J. F., van Veen, M., & van Schagen, A. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.767760 · Cited by 90
“This causality is partly based on sleep’s role in memory consolidation and emotion regulation (27, 28).”
BackgroundFeige, B., Nanovska, S., Baglioni, C., Bier, B., Cabrera, L., Diemers, S., Quellmalz, M., Siegel, M., Xeni, I., Szentkirályi, A., et al. (2018) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy032 · Cited by 80
Hippocampal network oscillations at the interplay between innate anxiety and learned fear
Çalışkan, G., & Stork, O. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5109-z · Cited by 72
Sleep behaviors in traditional‐age college students
Owens, H., Christian, B. J., & Polivka, B. J. (2017) · Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1002/2327-6924.12520 · Cited by 92
“Sleep abnormalities are present with almost all mood and anxiety disorders and there is a consistent relationship between sleep and emotional instability and irritability (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
BackgroundMood impairment is stronger in young than in older adults after sleep deprivation
Schwarz, J., Axelsson, J., Gerhardsson, A., Tamm, S., Fischer, H., Kecklund, G., & Åkerstedt, T. (2018) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12801 · Cited by 78
“Good sleep is not only essential for physical health and cognitive performance, but also plays a critical role in emotional functioning, as highlighted by several studies during the past years (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
BackgroundAdolescent sleep and the foundations of prefrontal cortical development and dysfunction
Anastasiades, P. G., de Vivo, L., Bellesi, M., & Jones, M. W. (2022) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102338 · Cited by 89
“adolescent brain has been linked to the limbic system, which plays a key role in regulating affective status (Goldstein and Walker, 2014).”
van den Heuvel, M. I., Hect, J. L., Smarr, B. L., Qawasmeh, T., Kriegsfeld, L. J., Barcelona, J., Hijazi, K. E., & Thomason, M. E. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81681-y · Cited by 76
Casement, M. D., Keenan, K. E., Hipwell, A. E., Guyer, A. E., & Forbes, E. E. (2016) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.5460 · Cited by 79
Neurobiological changes during the peripartum period: implications for health and behavior
Cárdenas, E. F., Kujawa, A., & Humphreys, K. L. (2019) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsz091 · Cited by 81
The sleep benefit in episodic memory: An integrative review and a meta-analysis.
Berres, S., & Erdfelder, E. (2021) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000350 · Cited by 74
Sopp, M. R., Michael, T., Weeß, H.-G., & Mecklinger, A. (2017) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-017-0542-8 · Cited by 68
“Our results consequently contradict former conceptions of REM sleep-related off-line memory processing (Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Walker & van der Helm, 2009), which postulate that REM sleep-dependent consolidation processes are not just beneficial to emotional memory retention but also result in a…”
ResultVethe, D., Scott, J. L., Engstrøm, M., Salvesen, Ø. O., Sand, T., Olsen, A., Morken, G., Heglum, H. S. A., Kjørstad, K., Faaland, P. M., et al. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa194 · Cited by 83
“REM sleep has also been implicated in emotional brain processing [61], which may be relevant in mental illness.”
BackgroundPalagini, L., Cipollone, G., Masci, I., Caruso, D., Paolilli, F. L., Perugi, G., & Riemann, D. W. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.12.009 · Cited by 69
Sleepy anger: Restricted sleep amplifies angry feelings.
Križan, Z., & Hisler, G. C. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000522 · Cited by 77
Functional connectivity and the sleep-deprived brain
Chee, M. W. L., & Zhou, J. (2019) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.02.009 · Cited by 68
Sleep characteristics of U.S. adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Hisler, G. C., & Twenge, J. M. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113849 · Cited by 68
“Understanding how sleep has changed during this time is important because sleep plays a critical role in maintaining and promoting both mental and physical health (Buysse, 2014; Gallicchio and Kalesan, 2009; Goldstein and Walker, 2014).”
Tired and misconnected: A breakdown of brain modularity following sleep deprivation
Simon, E. B., Maron‐Katz, A., Lahav, N., Ron Shamir, A., & Hendler, T. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23596 · Cited by 64
Sleep quality in healthy and mood-disordered persons predicts daily life emotional reactivity
O'Leary, K., Small, B. J., Panaite, V., Bylsma, L. M., & Rottenberg, J. (2017) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2015.1126554 · Cited by 65
“The impairments in brain activity associated with emotion and behaviour following sleep disruptions are complex and potentially differentially affected in major depression (Goldstein & Walker, 2014).”
BackgroundWilliamson, A. A., Zendarski, N. J., Lange, K., Quach, J., Molloy, C. S., Clifford, S. A., & Mulraney, M. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa139 · Cited by 68
“Emerging cognitive distortions and negative attentional biases, which are common in individuals with anxiety and depression, could be exacerbated by poor sleep [8, 47], potentially leading to HRQoL impairments that maintain internalizing symptoms.”
BackgroundResultWalker, M. L. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190072865.001.0001 · Cited by 65
Self-citationJamieson, D., Broadhouse, K. M., Lagopoulos, J., & Hermens, D. F. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.08.013 · Cited by 64
Weber, F. C., & Wetter, T. C. (2021) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000517329 · Cited by 74
Song, Y., Sznajder, K. K., Cui, C., Yang, Y., Li, Y., & Yang, X. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.095 · Cited by 68
“, 2020) and playing an influential role in restoring emotional reactivity (Goldstein and Walker, 2014).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Goldstein, A. N., & Walker, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1650;
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- ORCID
- Walker, Matthew P.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-03-28
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 679-708
- ISSN
- 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-5951
- PMC
- PMC4286245
- OpenAlex
- W2120192703
- Cited by
- 1,052
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 139 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 3.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG031164)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH093537, F31MH094075)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA031939)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep, REM sleep, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, sleep deprivation, post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Sleep, REM, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Mood Disorders
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