The DOI matches its Crossref record; 154 of the 154 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Breast Milk Oligosaccharides: Structure-Function Relationships in the Neonate
Open accessAbstract
In addition to providing complete postnatal nutrition, breast milk is a complex biofluid that delivers bioactive components for the growth and development of the intestinal and immune systems. Lactation is a unique opportunity to understand the role of diet in shaping the intestinal environment including the infant microbiome. Of considerable interest is the diversity and abundance of milk glycans that are energetically costly for the mammary gland to produce yet indigestible by infants. Milk glycans comprise free oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycopeptides, and glycolipids. Emerging technological advances are enabling more comprehensive, sensitive, and rapid analyses of these different classes of milk glycans. Understanding the impact of inter- and intraindividual glycan diversity on function is an important step toward interventions aimed at improving health and preventing disease. This review discusses the state of technology for glycan analysis and how specific structure-function knowledge is enhancing our understanding of early nutrition in the neonate.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This bacteria grows exceptionally well in the presence of complex milk oligosaccharides to the exclusion of other potentially harmful bacteria [27–29].”
From Pilot study of probiotic/colostrum supplementation on gut function in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms (2019) · cites this paper as [29]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
American Diabetes Association (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-s062 · Cited by 14,094
Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography
Yatsunenko, T., Rey, F. E., Manary, M. J., Trehan, I., Dominguez-Bello, M. G., Contreras, M., Magris, M., Hidalgo, G., Baldassano, R. N., Anokhin, A. P., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11053 · Cited by 7,815
Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bellamy, L., Casas, J.-P., Hingorani, A. D., & Williams, D. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60731-5 · Cited by 3,253
Bifidobacteria can protect from enteropathogenic infection through production of acetate
Fukuda, S., Toh, H., Hase, K., Oshima, K., Nakanishi, Y., Yoshimura, K., Tobe, T., Clarke, J. M., Topping, D. L., Suzuki, T., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09646 · Cited by 2,387
Human milk oligosaccharides: Every baby needs a sugar mama
Bode, L. (2012) · Glycobiology · doi:10.1093/glycob/cws074 · Cited by 1,809
Breastfeeding and Maternal and Infant Health Outcomes In Developed Countries
(2007) · AAP Grand Rounds · doi:10.1542/gr.18-2-15 · Cited by 1,556
Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries.
Ip, S., Chung, M. C., Raman, G., Chew, P., Magula, N. P., DeVine, D., Trikalinos, T. A., & Lau, J. (2007) · PubMed Central · Cited by 1,416
Identification of a factor that links apoptotic cells to phagocytes
Hanayama, R., Tanaka, M., Miwa, K., Shinohara, A., Iwamatsu, A., & Nagata, S. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/417182a · Cited by 1,401
Harmsen, H. J. M., Wildeboer-Veloo, A. C. M., Raangs, G. C., Wagendorp, A. A., Klijn, N., BINDELS, J. G., & Welling, G. W. (2000) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/00005176-200001000-00019 · Cited by 1,326
Attachment of Helicobacter pylori to Human Gastric Epithelium Mediated by Blood Group Antigens
Borén, T., Falk, P. G., Roth, K. A., Larson, G., & Normark, S. J. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8018146 · Cited by 1,185
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Alfaleh K, 2011, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 3, CD005496
- Bu H, 2007, J. Clin. Invest., 117, 3673
- 10.1007/978-1-4615-1371-1_38 · DOI
- Ip S, 2007, Evid. Rep. Technol. Assess., 153, 1
- Tissier H, 1900, Recherches sur la flore intestinale des nourrissons: état normal et pathologique
- Zivkovic AM, 2013, Funct. Food Rev., 5, 3
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 412
Wang, Y., Ze, X., Rui, B., Li, X., Zeng, N., Yuan, J., Li, W., Yan, J., & Li, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.766606 · Cited by 23
Cuxart, I., Coines, J., Esquivias, O., Faijes, M., Planas, A., Biarnés, X., & Rovira, C. (2022) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/acscatal.2c00309 · Cited by 24
Swanson, J. R., Becker, A., Fox, J. R., Horgan, M. J., Moores, R. R., Pardalos, J., PINHEIRO, J. M. B., Stewart, D. L., & Robinson, T. (2023) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-023-04047-5 · Cited by 24
Pitt, J. A., Chan, M. P. L., Gibson, C., Hasselwander, O., Lim, A., Mukerji, P., Mukherjea, R., Myhre, A., Sarela, P., Tenning, P., et al. (2019) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2019.110818 · Cited by 24
The antimicrobial activity of bovine milk xanthine oxidase
Öztürk, G., Shah, I. M., Mills, D. A., German, J. B., & Bell, J. M. L. N. D. M. (2019) · International Dairy Journal · doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.104581 · Cited by 23
“For example, milk creates a specific microenvironment for the gut microbiota of the neonate (Petherick, 2010; Smilowitz, Lebrilla, Mills, German, & Freeman, 2014; Walker, 2010).”
BackgroundClassical methods and perspectives for manipulating the human gut microbial ecosystem
Avalos, J. A. J., Arrevillaga-Boni, G., González‐López, L., García-Carvajal, Z. Y., & González‐Ávila, M. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2020.1724075 · Cited by 23
Fan, L., Yan, J., Wang, X., Wang, C., Chen, L., Li, Y., Chen, J., & Guo, H. (2021) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04575 · Cited by 22
Nogacka, A. M., Arboleya, S., Nikpoor, N., Auger, J., Salazar, N., Cuesta, I., Mantecón, L., Sánchez, G. S., Gueimonde, M., Tompkins, T. A., et al. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9071478 · Cited by 22
“Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a group of fucosylated, sialylated, and neutral oligosaccharides with diverse structures, which are abundant in human milk [2,3].”
BackgroundDeterminants of human milk oligosaccharides profiles of participants in the STRONG kids 2 cohort
Fan, Y., Vinjamuri, A., Tu, D., Lebrilla, C. B., & Donovan, S. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1105668 · Cited by 22
Yang, Y.-Y., Thorhallsson, A. T., Rovira, C., Holck, J., Meyer, A. S., Yang, H., & Zeuner, B. (2024) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01547 · Cited by 22
Screening natural libraries of human milk oligosaccharides against lectins using CaR-ESI-MS
El-Hawiet, A., Chen, Y., Shams‐Ud‐Doha, K., Kitova, E. N., Kitov, P. I., Bode, L., Hage, N., Falcone, F. H., & Klassen, J. S. (2017) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/c7an01397c · Cited by 23
Kleist, S. A., & Knoop, K. A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12041045 · Cited by 23
“(4) Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) promote the development of the intestinal microbiota [66], which can offer colonization resistance to enteric pathogens [30].”
BackgroundPrebiotics: types, selectivity and utilization by gut microbes
Yalçıntaş, Y. M., Bolino, M. J., Duman, H., Sarıtaş, S., Pekdemir, B., Kalkan, A. E., Canbolat, A. A., Bolat, E., Eker, F., Rocha, J. M., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637486.2025.2582557 · Cited by 24
“The structural diversity of HMOs is also notable, with over 200 distinct compounds identified to date (Smilowitz et al. 2014).”
Vandyousefi, S., Goran, M. I., Gunderson, E. P., Khazaee, E., Landry, M. J., Ghaddar, R., Asigbee, F. M., & Davis, J. N. (2019) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12515 · Cited by 21
“However, no differences were found between the total HMOs and their composition in breast milk of women with and without GDM.(48) Although a few researchers have shown that breast milk from women with glucose intolerance would have adverse effects on health outcomes in children, neither the literature nor these findin…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialChouraqui, J.-P. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2020.1761772 · Cited by 23
Saben, J. L., Abraham, A., Bode, L., Sims, C. R., & Andres, A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12082209 · Cited by 21
“HMOs are produced in mammary epithelium during pregnancy [6] and continue to be produced through lactation via glycosyltransferases that add five key monosaccharides (glucose, galactose (Gal), N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), fucose (Fuc), and N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid (Sia)) to HMO core structures in a specif…”
BackgroundVolstatova, T., Havlík, J., Potůčková, M., & Geigerová, M. (2016) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c6fo00545d · Cited by 21
Preclinical safety evaluation of the human-identical milk oligosaccharide lacto-N-tetraose
Phipps, K. R., Baldwin, N. J., Lynch, B. S., Stannard, D. R., Šoltésová, A., Gilby, B., Mikš‐Krajnik, M., & Röhrig, C. H. (2018) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.09.018 · Cited by 20
Yan, J., Ding, J., Jin, G., Duan, Z., Yang, F., Li, D., Zhou, H., Li, M., Guo, Z., Chai, W., et al. (2019) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00687 · Cited by 19
Liu, F., He, S., Yan, J., Yan, S., Chen, J., Lu, Z., Zhang, B., & Lane, J. A. (2021) · International Journal of Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1111/ijfs.15324 · Cited by 23
De novo biosynthesis of 2′-fucosyllactose in engineered Pichia pastoris
Qian, D., Zhang, C., Deng, C., Zhou, M., Fan, L., & Zhao, L. (2023) · Biotechnology Letters · doi:10.1007/s10529-023-03357-z · Cited by 20
Chen, X., & de Vos, P. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2023.2199072 · Cited by 23
“Lacto-N-biose or N-acetyllactosamine through β(1-3) or β(1-6) glycosidic bonds extend the lactose unit resulting in a linear or branched core structure (Ayechu-Muruzabal et al. 2018; Smilowitz et al. 2014).”
InfluentialHuman breast milk: A promising treatment for necrotizing enterocolitis
Fu, C., Sun, W., Wang, X., & Zhu, X. (2023) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2023.105833 · Cited by 20
Immunological Outcomes of Antibody Binding to Glycans Shared between Microorganisms and Mammals
Patel, P. S., & Kearney, J. F. (2016) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1600872 · Cited by 19
Ning, Y.-J., Wang, X., Guo, X., Zhang, P., Qu, P.-F., Zhang, F., Wang, S., Lei, Y.-X., & Lammi, M. (2017) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-017-1154-4 · Cited by 17
“Diet affects human growth and development from the first several months of life, in which infants develop their innate immunity and gut microbiota, and lactation provides all the necessary components during this period [26].”
BackgroundAnalysis of Milk Oligosaccharides by Mass Spectrometry
Wu, L. D., Ruhaak, L. R., & Lebrilla, C. B. (2016) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6493-2_10 · Cited by 20
Li, Z., Zhu, Y., Ni, D., Zhang, W., & Mu, W. (2022) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2064813 · Cited by 19
“But only about 50 of them represent over 99% of total HMOs in breast milk (Smilowitz et al. 2014).”
BackgroundVandyousefi, S., Whaley, S. E., Widen, E. M., Asigbee, F. M., Landry, M. J., Ghaddar, R., & Davis, J. N. (2019) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12569 · Cited by 20
“No differences between the total HMOs in breast milk of women with and without GDM have been reported.(43) Therefore, it is unknown whether milk of mothers with GDM can be protective against obesity in offspring, and more research on other components such as leptin and insulin levels in the breast milk of women with G…”
BackgroundBondue, P., Milani, C., Arnould, E., Ventura, M., Daube, G., LaPointe, G., & Delcenserie, V. (2020) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-020-01804-9 · Cited by 18
Figueroa‐Lozano, S., Akkerman, R., Beukema, M., van Leeuwen, S. S., Dijkhuizen, L., & de Vos, P. (2021) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2021.104630 · Cited by 18
Tailoring Human Milk Oligosaccharides to Prevent Necrotising Enterocolitis Among Preterm Infants
Abbas, S., Keir, A., Makrides, M., Klein, L. D., Grzeskowiak, L. E., McPhee, A. J., & Rumbold, A. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.702888 · Cited by 19
“A small proportion of HMOs are absorbed into the systemic circulation (5) and excreted through the urinary tract (10).”
BackgroundInfluentialPi, X., Hua, H., Wu, Q., Wang, X., Wang, X., & Li, J. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14081568 · Cited by 18
“2′-FL is one of the major HMOs found in breast milk and can stimulate the proliferation of Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides in the infant intestine, although its levels decrease with advancing lactation [40].”
BackgroundJackson, P. P. J., Wijeyesekera, A., & Rastall, R. A. (2022) · Gut Microbiome · doi:10.1017/gmb.2022.8 · Cited by 20
“Hereafter, one or more molecules of Neu5Ac may be attached via α 2-3 or α 2-6 linkages in the presence of sialyl-transferases generating sialylated HMOs (Smilowitz et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialMernie, E. G., Tolesa, L. D., Lee, M., Tseng, M., & Chen, Y. (2019) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01241 · Cited by 18
Monaco, M. H., Kim, D., Gurung, R. B., & Donovan, S. M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12041030 · Cited by 18
Antiviral Properties of Human Milk
Wedekind, S., & Shenker, N. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9040715 · Cited by 19
“As the third largest class of components within human milk after lactose and lipids, HMOs are a family of free oligosaccharides which are diverse in structure and unique to human milk [8,22].”
BackgroundŞekerel, B. E., Bingöl, G., Cokugras, F. C., Çokuğraş, H. C., Kansu, A., Özen, H., & Tamay, Z. (2021) · Journal of Asthma and Allergy · doi:10.2147/jaa.s323734 · Cited by 17
A Current Review on the Role of Prebiotics in Colorectal Cancer
Shrifteylik, A., Maiolini, M., Dufault, M. E., Austin, D. L., Subhadra, B. G., Lamichhane, P., & Deshmukh, R. R. (2023) · Biologics · doi:10.3390/biologics3030012 · Cited by 18
“Technologies and methods to synthetically reproduce these HMOs open avenues for industrial employment of HMOs in various foods and supplements [56].”
The milk-based diet of infancy and the gut microbiome
Hu, H., Zhu, L., & Faden, H. S. (2019) · Gastroenterology report · doi:10.1093/gastro/goz031 · Cited by 17
Szigeti, M., Meszaros-Matwiejuk, A., Molnár-Gábor, D., & Guttman, A. (2021) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-020-03119-0 · Cited by 17
Neutral oligosaccharides in feces of breastfed and formula-fed infants at different ages
Dotz, V., Adam, R., Lochnit, G., Schroten, H., & Kunz, C. (2016) · Glycobiology · doi:10.1093/glycob/cww087 · Cited by 17
Lazar, K., Rabe, T., Goelz, R., & Hamprecht, K. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12020338 · Cited by 17
“Nevertheless, breast milk is considered the most important biofluid for protecting the infant’s health and supporting the maturation of its immune system [8,9].”
BackgroundThe fifty billion dollar question: does formula cause necrotizing enterocolitis?
Underwood, M. A. (2025) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/s41372-025-02277-2 · Cited by 16
Wang, H., Zhang, M., Huo, Y., Cui, X., He, R., Han, B., Wang, Z., Song, Y., Lv, X., Zhang, J., et al. (2023) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113132 · Cited by 16
Lee, H., Song, J., Lee, B., Cha, J., & Lee, H. (2024) · Food Science and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s10068-024-01648-3 · Cited by 23
“1 Structures of several prebiotic oligosaccharides in food (Smilowitz et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2022; Zivkovic & Barile, 2011) methods are useful for roughly measuring the total carbohydrate content.”
Butts, C. A., Paturi, G., Blatchford, P. A., Bentley‐Hewitt, K. L., HEDDERLEY, D. I., Martell, S., Dinnan, H., Eady, S. L., Wallace, A. J., Glyn-Jones, S., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12061756 · Cited by 16
“These include regulatory cytokines, growth factors, peptides, fatty acids and oligosaccharides and their presence is thought to support innate immunity and direct the development of adaptive immunity in the infant in the early weeks of life when breast milk is the sole source of nutrition [11–13].”
Mining liquid gold: The lively, contested terrain of human milk valuations
Prouse, C. (2021) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1177/0308518x21993817 · Cited by 15
“…of HMOs, until recent research has suggested they provide multiple functions in the infant’s digestive tract: they might act as a decoy for pathogens (thus conferring immunological benefits), and as a crucial prebiotic (i.e. food) for healthy bacteria in the infant gut (Smilowitz et al., 2014).”
BackgroundHabibi, S. C., & Nagy, G. (2022) · International Journal of Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1016/j.ijms.2022.116977 · Cited by 15
Lewis, Z. T., Davis, J. C. C., Smilowitz, J. T., German, J. B., Lebrilla, C. B., & Mills, D. A. (2016) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.1612 · Cited by 15
“Human milk oligosaccharides have also been shown to have antiadhesive properties, to modulate immune cell responses, and are of increasing interest as therapeutic agents in the diet (Bode, 2012; Smilowitz et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPieper, R., Vahjen, W., & Zentek, J. (2016) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2016-0459 · Cited by 15
Retention of Microbiota Diversity by Lactose-Free Milk in a Mouse Model of Elderly Gut Microbiota
Ntemiri, A., Ribière, C., Stanton, C., Ross, R. P., O’Connor, E. M., & O’Toole, P. W. (2019) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06414 · Cited by 15
Enzymatic and Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOS)
Yu, H., & Chen, X. (2019) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781788016575-00254 · Cited by 15
Suriyaphol, P., Chiu, J. K. H., Yimpring, N., Tunsagool, P., Mhuantong, W., Chuanchuen, R., Bessarab, I. N., Williams, R. B. H., Ong, R. T., & Suriyaphol, G. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97586-9 · Cited by 14
Wu, R., Botts, S. R., Johnson‐Henry, K. C., Landberg, E., Abrahamsson, T., & Sherman, P. M. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14051014 · Cited by 14
“HMOs are reported to exert a number of protective effects in the intestinal tract, including the stimulation of the growth of commensal bacteria [24,25], inhibition of the growth of enteric pathogens and elaborated toxins [13,26], promotion of goblet cell-derived mucin production and secretion [27], modulation of both…”
BackgroundKoppolu, S., Wang, L., Mathur, A., Nigam, J. A., Dezzutti, C. S., Isaacs, C. E., Meyn, L. A., Bunge, K. E., Moncla, B. J., Hillier, S. L., et al. (2018) · ACS Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00157 · Cited by 14
Herrera‐Quintana, L., Vázquez‐Lorente, H., Hinojosa-Nogueira, D., & Plaza‐Díaz, J. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11081030 · Cited by 14
“HMOs have a unique structure that provides targeted benefits, such as enhancing the development of the gut barrier and balancing the immune system [232–235].”
BackgroundHuman milk oligosaccharides: bridging the gap in intestinal microbiota between mothers and infants
Sun, W. C., Tao, L., Qian, C., Xue, P., Du, S.-S., & Tao, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1386421 · Cited by 16
Alteration of the goat milk glycoproteins N/O-glycome at different lactation stages
Yu, L., Li, C., Liu, J., Huang, W., Yang, Y., Jia, Y., Liu, T., Huang, L., & Wang, Z. (2020) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128221 · Cited by 13
Peila, C., Sottemano, S., Marincola, F. C., Stocchero, M., Pusceddu, N. G., Dessì, A., Baraldi, E., Fanos, V., & Bertino, E. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11030345 · Cited by 13
“In particular, based on the activity of specific enzymes called fucosyltransferase, involved in HMO synthesis, mothers can be classified for two types of genes: the secretory gene (Se), which encodes α1,2-fucosyltransferase (FucT2), and the Lewis gene of blood groups (Le), which encodes α1,3 (FucT3) and α1,4-fucosyltr…”
BackgroundTan, J., Lee, H. H., Wong, L., Fong, C., Ong, A., Lin, Q., & Xiao, Y. (2022) · Applied Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.afres.2022.100153 · Cited by 12
Functional Carbohydrate Polymers: Prebiotics
Yang, J. F., & Xu, Y. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94625-2_24 · Cited by 14
Chemical Synthesis of Human Milk Oligosaccharides: para‐Lacto‐N‐hexaose and para‐Lacto‐N‐neohexaose
Singh, Y., Escopy, S., Shadrick, M. L., Bandara, M. D., Stine, K. J., & Demchenko, A. V. (2023) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.202302288 · Cited by 12
Biochemical and Biophysical Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase VI from Human Milk and Saliva
Yrjänäinen, A., Patrikainen, M. S., Azizi, L., Tolvanen, M. E. E., Laitaoja, M., Jänis, J., Hytönen, V. P., Nocentini, A., Supuran, C. T., & Parkkila, S. (2022) · The Protein Journal · doi:10.1007/s10930-022-10070-9 · Cited by 11
“β1-3 linked to antennary GlcNAc units or β1-2 linked to Gal units, based on known glycosyltransferase activities in the mammary gland [37].”
BackgroundDeveloping and improving enzyme-driven technologies to synthesise emerging prebiotics
Losada‐Garcia, N., Simović, M., Ćorović, M., Milivojević, A., Nikačević, N. M., Mateo, C., Bezbradica, D. I., & Palomo, J. M. (2025) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d5gc01723h · Cited by 11
Neville, J., Pawlak, R., Chang, M., Fürst, A., Bode, L., & Perrin, M. T. (2021) · Breastfeeding Medicine · doi:10.1089/bfm.2021.0259 · Cited by 11
Duan, Q., Yu, B., Huang, Z., Luo, Y., Zheng, P., Mao, X., Yu, J., Luo, J., Yan, H., & He, J. (2022) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d2fo02066a · Cited by 11
Resolving the complexity in human milk oligosaccharides using pure shift NMR methods and CASPER
Smith, M. J., Gates, E. L., Widmalm, G., Adams, R. W., Morris, G. A., & Nilsson, M. (2023) · Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d3ob00421j · Cited by 11
Gut Microbial Intersections with Human Ecology and Evolution
Amato, K. R., & Carmody, R. N. (2023) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-052721-085122 · Cited by 11
Breastfeeding and Human Milk: Short and Long-Term Health Benefits to the Recipient Infant
Young, B. E. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100168-4.00002-1 · Cited by 11
Mechanism of oligosaccharide synthesis via a mutant GH29 fucosidase
Burgin, T., & Mayes, H. B. (2018) · Reaction Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1039/c8re00240a · Cited by 11
Probiotics and Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Premature Infants
Underwood, M. A. (2019) · NeoReviews · doi:10.1542/neo.20-1-e1 · Cited by 11
Liou, S., Fang, J., Lin, H., Tsai, T., Huang, H., Liang, C., Yang, C., Wei, G., & Yu, C. (2021) · Chemistry - An Asian Journal · doi:10.1002/asia.202001404 · Cited by 11
Anti-Angiogenic Property of Free Human Oligosaccharides
Bae, B., Kim, H., Park, H., Koh, Y. J., Bae, S., & Ha, K. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11060775 · Cited by 11
“Currently, accumulated data suggest that human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are prebiotics, as well as modulators of the intestinal mucosal and systemic immune response [4,6].”
BackgroundCao, C., Cheng, Y., Zheng, Y., Huang, B., Guo, Z., Yu, L., Mulloy, B., Tajadura‐Ortega, V., Chai, W., Yan, J., et al. (2024) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05008 · Cited by 9
Mass spectrometry imaging of N ‐linked glycans: Fundamentals and recent advances
Palomino, T. V., & Muddiman, D. C. (2024) · Mass Spectrometry Reviews · doi:10.1002/mas.21895 · Cited by 12
“This article is written in honor of Carlito Lebrilla, for all his outstanding and revolutionary contributions to the glycomics field (Charbonneau et al., 2016; Marcobal et al., 2011; Smilowitz et al., 2014; Zivkovic et al., 2011).”
Dimitratos, S. M., Brown, H. K., Shafizadeh, T., Kazi, S., Altmann, T., & Ostrer, B. (2021) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2020.0229 · Cited by 10
Temporal alterations in the bovine buttermilk glycome from parturition to milk maturation
Ross, S. A., Gerlach, J. Q., Gill, S. K., Lane, J. A., Kilcoyne, M., Hickey, R. M., & Joshi, L. (2016) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.027 · Cited by 9
An examination of breastmilk composition among high altitude Peruvian women
Schafrank, L. A., Washabaugh, J. R., & Hoke, M. K. (2020) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23412 · Cited by 11
“The coefficient of variance indicated 3% variance in fat, total protein (PRO), true protein (TRP), and lactose (LAC) which is consistent with acceptable levels (Smilowitz et al., 2014).”
BackgroundComparison of Different Labeling Techniques for the LC-MS Profiling of Human Milk Oligosaccharides
Lang, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, C., Huang, L., Liu, X., Song, N., Li, G., & Yu, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fchem.2021.691299 · Cited by 9
“, 2000; Bode, 2006), where the five monosaccharides can be linked in various ways through at least 12 α- and β-glycosidic linkages, resulting in a structurally complex array of linear, branched, and isomeric structures (Bode, 2012; Smilowitz et al., 2014).”
BackgroundAndrews, K., & González, A. (2019) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21823 · Cited by 9
Missed Opportunities: The Cost of Suboptimal Breast Milk Feeding in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Underwood, M. A. (2016) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.05.016 · Cited by 9
Milk: A Scientific Model for Diet and Health Research in the 21st Century
German, J. B., Lebrilla, C. B., & Mills, D. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.922907 · Cited by 8
Analysis of human milk oligosaccharides from women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Ma, X., Lu, Y., Huang, C., Guo, Z., Xiang, Z., Gao, H., Zhao, K., Zhao, Y., & Li, Y. (2024) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ab.2024.115689 · Cited by 8
Metabolic engineering of Priestia megaterium for 2’-fucosyllactose production
Park, B.-S., Yoon, J., Lee, J.-M., Cho, S.-H., Choi, Y., Cho, B., & Oh, M. (2025) · Microbial Cell Factories · doi:10.1186/s12934-024-02620-w · Cited by 8
Synthesising human milk oligosaccharide using biotechnology-driven enzymes
Niharika, J., & Singh, R. P. (2025) · Systems Microbiology and Biomanufacturing · doi:10.1007/s43393-024-00328-x · Cited by 8
“[31].”
Jo, S. H., Kim, K. J., Park, S.-Y., Paik, H., & Kim, J. Y. (2022) · Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.4014/jmb.2211.11049 · Cited by 8
“Thus, 2'-FL in HMOs is now available in some commercial infant formulas in addition to nondigestible carbohydrates (NDCs), such as galactooligosaccharide and fructooligosaccharide.”
InfluentialLeong, A., Mori, C., Pillidge, C. J., & Gill, H. (2024) · Food Reviews International · doi:10.1080/87559129.2024.2386023 · Cited by 8
Gut ecosystem during infancy: The role of “biotics”
Toca, M. D. C., Burgos, F., Fernández, A., Giglio, N., Orsi, M., Sosa, P., Tabacco, O., Ursino, F., Ussher, F., & Vinderola, G. (2020) · Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria · doi:10.5546/aap.2020.eng.278 · Cited by 8
Exploring Bacterial Attributes That Underpin Symbiont Life in the Monogastric Gut
Tannock, G. W. (2022) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.01128-22 · Cited by 8
“milk into acidic and neutral fractions (140).”
Preclinical Safety Evaluation of the Human-Identical Milk Oligosaccharide Lacto-N-Triose II
Fang, X., Zhu, W. J., Zhao, H., Yin, W., Song, X., & Liu, F. (2023) · International Journal of Toxicology · doi:10.1177/10915818231203515 · Cited by 7
“12 This issue is further compounded by ethical and logistical hurdles surrounding the extraction of LNT II from human milk, highlighting the need for alternative production methodologies.”
Background3-Fucosyllactose-mediated modulation of immune response against virus infection
Moon, S., Lee, K. W., Park, M., Moon, J., Park, S. H., Kim, S., Hwang, J., Yoon, J.-W., Jeon, S.-M., Kim, J., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents · doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107187 · Cited by 8
Bhanu, L. S. M., Nishimura, S., & Aparna, H. S. (2016) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.049 · Cited by 7
Nutritional Requirements of Bifidobacteria
Levantovsky, R. M., Allen‐Blevins, C. R., & Sela, D. A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805060-6.00006-5 · Cited by 8
Emerging Field – Synthesis of Complex Carbohydrates. Case Study on HMOs
Molnár-Gábor, D., Hederos, M. J., Bartsch, S., & Vogel, A. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527813780.ch2_5 · Cited by 7
Human milk oligosaccharides produced by synthetic biology
Bensimon, J., & Lu, X. (2024) · Journal of Agriculture and Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101361 · Cited by 6
Holvöet, S., Foata, F., Nutten, S., Cléirigh, E. N., Shevlyakova, M., Chung, C. K. C. K., Lefevre, G., Sprenger, N., Bourdeau, T., Donnicola, D., et al. (2024) · Food and Agricultural Immunology · doi:10.1080/09540105.2023.2301703 · Cited by 7
“Mothers carrying inactivating mutations in this gene are referred to as non-secretors (Se) and consequently, their breast milk is partly de fi cient in 2 ’ - Fucosyllactose (2 ′ -FL) and Lacto-N-fuctopentaose I (LNFP-I) (Morrow, 2011; Smilowitz et al., 2014).”
Structural characterization of novel milk oligosaccharide Aurose from cow colostrum
Gunjan, Kumar, K., & Deepak, D. (2018) · Journal of Molecular Structure · doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.08.004 · Cited by 6
Brüssow, H. (2015) · Microbial Biotechnology · doi:10.1111/1751-7915.12259 · Cited by 6
“One interpretation is that HMO act as decoys for gut pathogens, preventing them from docking on receptors of the gut epithelia.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMicrobiota de la glándula mamaria
Osorio, L. M., & Umbarila, A. S. (2015) · Pediatría · doi:10.1016/j.rcpe.2015.07.001 · Cited by 6
“…de los cuales diferentes artículos des-tacan: inmunoglobulinas, células inmunitarias 11 , probióticos, carbohidratos, ácidos grasos 2 , minerales, vitaminas 16,21 y pre-bióticos como los galacto-oligosacáridos 1 , que inducen el desa-rrollo y la actividad metabólica de las bacterias benéficas en la”
InfluentialEffects of human milk oligosaccharides HMOs on gastrointestinal health
Nardo, V. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite · doi:10.2741/e866 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Smilowitz, J. T., Lebrilla, C. B., Mills, D. A., German, J. B., & Freeman, S. L.
- Affiliations
- Department of Food Science and Technology,
- Department of Chemistry, and
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-07-17
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 143-169
- ISSN
- 0199-9885 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4312
- PMC
- PMC4348064
- OpenAlex
- W2157542971
- Cited by
- 410
- References
- 154
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
- California Dairy Research Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- University of California, Davis
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01AT007079, R21AT006180)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD065122, R01HD061923, R01HD059127)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Breastfeeding Practices and Influences
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
- Keywords
- human milk oligosaccharides, structure-function relationship, neonatal nutrition, infant microbiome, intestinal development, immune system development, glycoproteins, glycopeptides, glycolipids, lactation
- MeSH terms
- Bifidobacterium, Breast Feeding, Carbohydrate Sequence, Child Development, Female, Glycolipids, Glycopeptides, Glycoproteins, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Infant, Newborn, Intestinal Mucosa, Lactation, Male, Milk Proteins, Milk, Human, Models, Biological, Oligosaccharides
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
