Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant gastrointestinal microbiota
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Human milk contains an unexpected abundance and diversity of complex oligosaccharides apparently indigestible by the developing infant and instead targeted to its cognate gastrointestinal microbiota. Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based tools have provided a view of the oligosaccharide structures produced in milk across stages of lactation and among human mothers. One postulated function for these oligosaccharides is to enrich a specific “healthy” microbiota containing bifidobacteria, a genus commonly observed in the feces of breast-fed infants. Isolated culture studies indeed show selective growth of infant-borne bifidobacteria on milk oligosaccharides or core components therein. Parallel glycoprofiling documented that numerous Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis strains preferentially consume small mass oligosaccharides that are abundant early in the lactation cycle. Genome sequencing of numerous B. longum subsp. infantis strains shows a bias toward genes required to use mammalian-derived carbohydrates by comparison with adult-borne bifidobacteria. This intriguing strategy of mammalian lactation to selectively nourish genetically compatible bacteria in infants with a complex array of free oligosaccharides serves as a model of how to influence the human supraorganismal system, which includes the gastrointestinal microbiota.
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Bifidobacteria are among the best described gut bacteria with ability to utilize HMOs.
“Bifidobacteria are among the best described gut bacteria with ability to utilize HMOs.”
From Bifidobacteria and Their Health-Promoting Effects (2017) · cites this paper as [22]
Genome sequencing of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. Infantis confirmed the presence of genes that allow these organisms to metabolize mammalian carbohydrates.
“Genome sequencing of numerous strains, particularly Bifidobacterium longum subsp. Infantis, has confirmed the presence of genes that allow these organisms to metabolize mammalian carbohydrates 18.”
From Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease (2014) · cites this paper as [18]
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- Authors
- Zivkovic, A. M., German, J. B., Lebrilla, C. B., & Mills, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Foods for Health Institute,
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2010-08-02
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- supplement_1
- Pages
- 4653-4658
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3063602
- OpenAlex
- W1988602129
- Cited by
- 679
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 42
- FWCI
- 33.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- California Dairy Research Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (ES02710, ES11269)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P42 ES02710, R37ES002710, P01-ES-11269, P01ES011269, R01ES002710)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD061923, R01HD059127)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Breastfeeding Practices and Influences
- Keywords
- human milk oligosaccharides, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, Bifidobacterium, lactation stage, glycan profiling, breastfeeding, infant gut microbiota, host-microbe interactions
- MeSH terms
- Base Sequence, Bifidobacterium, Glycosides, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Milk, Human, Molecular Sequence Data, Oligosaccharides, Symbiosis, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Metagenome, Metabolome
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