Cited by 412Infant Nutrition and HealthBreastfeeding Practices and InfluencesMicrobial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology

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Breast Milk Oligosaccharides: Structure-Function Relationships in the Neonate

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Smilowitz, Jennifer T., Lebrilla, Carlito B., Mills, David A., German, J. Bruce, Freeman, Samara L.·2014·Annual Review of Nutrition

DOI 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071813-105721PMC PMC4348064

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Abstract

In addition to providing complete postnatal nutrition, breast milk is a complex biofluid that delivers bioactive components for the growth and development of the intestinal and immune systems. Lactation is a unique opportunity to understand the role of diet in shaping the intestinal environment including the infant microbiome. Of considerable interest is the diversity and abundance of milk glycans that are energetically costly for the mammary gland to produce yet indigestible by infants. Milk glycans comprise free oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycopeptides, and glycolipids. Emerging technological advances are enabling more comprehensive, sensitive, and rapid analyses of these different classes of milk glycans. Understanding the impact of inter- and intraindividual glycan diversity on function is an important step toward interventions aimed at improving health and preventing disease. This review discusses the state of technology for glycan analysis and how specific structure-function knowledge is enhancing our understanding of early nutrition in the neonate.

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Additional file 1 of Bifidobacterium mongoliense genome seems particularly adapted to milk oligosaccharide digestion leading to production of antivirulent metabolites
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Additional file 2 of Breastfeeding restored the gut microbiota in caesarean section infants and lowered the infection risk in early life
Guo, C., Zhou, Q., Li, M., Zhou, L., Xu, L., Zhang, Y., Li, D., Wang, Y., Dai, W., Li, S., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13291144
Additional file 1 of Indole-3-lactic acid associated with Bifidobacterium-dominated microbiota significantly decreases inflammation in intestinal epithelial cells
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Additional file 2 of Bifidobacterium mongoliense genome seems particularly adapted to milk oligosaccharide digestion leading to production of antivirulent metabolites
Bondue, P., Milani, C., Arnould, E., Ventura, M., Daube, G., LaPointe, G., & Delcenserie, V. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12269855
Advances in the Biosynthesis and Application of Sialyllactose
Hong, W., Hongtao, Z., Zimeng, Z., Xu, C., & Xia, L. (2025) · Synthetic biology and engineering · doi:10.70322/sbe.2025.10019

Authors: Smilowitz, J. T., Lebrilla, C. B., Mills, D. A., German, J. B., & Freeman, S. L.
Affiliations: Department of Food Science and Technology,
Department of Chemistry, and
University of California, Davis (US)
ORCID: Smilowitz, Jennifer T.
Lebrilla, Carlito B.
Mills, David A.
German, J. Bruce
Venue: Annual Review of Nutrition
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2014-07-17
Volume: 34
Issue: 1
Pages: 143-169
ISSN: 0199-9885 (ISSN-L)
1545-4312
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071813-105721
PMC: PMC4348064
OpenAlex: W2157542971
Cited by: 410
References: 154
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 2.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Annual Review of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
California Dairy Research Foundation
National Institutes of Health
University of California, Davis
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01AT007079, R21AT006180)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD065122, R01HD061923, R01HD059127)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Breastfeeding Practices and Influences
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
Keywords: human milk oligosaccharides, structure-function relationship, neonatal nutrition, infant microbiome, intestinal development, immune system development, glycoproteins, glycopeptides, glycolipids, lactation
MeSH terms: Bifidobacterium, Breast Feeding, Carbohydrate Sequence, Child Development, Female, Glycolipids, Glycopeptides, Glycoproteins, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Infant, Newborn, Intestinal Mucosa, Lactation, Male, Milk Proteins, Milk, Human, Models, Biological, Oligosaccharides

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Breast Milk Oligosaccharides: Structure-Function Relationships in the Neonate

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