Cited by 1,272Bone Metabolism and DiseasesBone health and osteoporosis researchBone health and treatments

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Disorders of Bone Remodeling

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Feng, Xu, McDonald, Jay M.·2011·Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease

DOI 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130203PMC PMC3571087

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Abstract

The skeleton provides mechanical support for stature and locomotion, protects vital organs, and controls mineral homeostasis. A healthy skeleton must be maintained by constant bone modeling to carry out these crucial functions throughout life. Bone remodeling involves the removal of old or damaged bone by osteoclasts (bone resorption) and the subsequent replacement of new bone formed by osteoblasts (bone formation). Normal bone remodeling requires a tight coupling of bone resorption to bone formation to guarantee no alteration in bone mass or quality after each remodeling cycle. However, this important physiological process can be derailed by a variety of factors, including menopause-associated hormonal changes, age-related factors, changes in physical activity, drugs, and secondary diseases, which lead to the development of various bone disorders in both women and men. We review the major diseases of bone remodeling, emphasizing our current understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.

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Wu, H., Zuo, J.-H., Dai, Y., Li, H., & Wang, S. (2025) · Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research · doi:10.1186/s13018-025-05517-5 · Cited by 3
“Bone remodeling is a physiological process wherein osteoclasts first remove old or damaged bone, which is subsequently replaced by new bone formed by osteoblasts [46].”
Unveiling two distinct osteolineage cell populations linked to age-related osteoporosis in adult mice through integrative single-cell analyses
Zhou, B. O., Huang, H., Ding, Z., Luo, K., Chen, Y., Han, Y., Pang, W., Tang, W., Chen, L., Jin, W., et al. (2025) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-025-05597-w · Cited by 4
“The association between OLCs and BMD, highlighted their potential involvement in age-related osteoporosis [10].”
Zoanthamine-Type Alkaloids Derived from Cultured Zoanthus kuroshio with Therapeutic Potential Against Osteoporosis
Pham, N.-T., Peng, B., Le, H.-G., Cheng, Y.-S., Chen, Y.-S., Huynh, T. H., Chen, L.-Y., Nguyen, L. A. T., Nguyen, D. T., Chang, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of Natural Products · doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5c00457 · Cited by 3
Regulation of Osteoclastogenesis by Osteocytes through Growth Differentiation Factor-15
Hinoi, E. (2014) · YAKUGAKU ZASSHI · doi:10.1248/yakushi.14-00209-4 · Cited by 3
Regulation des Knochenstoffwechsels durch den Wnt-Signalweg
Houschyar, K. S., Tapking, C., Duscher, D., Harati, K., Wallner, C., Wagner, J. M., Maan, Z. N., Rein, S., Chelliah, M. P., Reumuth, G., et al. (2018) · Handchirurgie · Mikrochirurgie · Plastische Chirurgie · doi:10.1055/a-0642-1830 · Cited by 3
Biophysics and the nonlinear dynamics instigated by a special hormone
Javed, S., Sohail, A., Asif, A., & Nutini, A. (2019) · Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.05.005 · Cited by 3
Perbedaan ketinggian tulang kortikal mandibula antara penderita bruxism dan bukan penderita bruxism berdasarkan indeks panoramik mandibular Differences in the mandibular cortical bone height between bruxism and non-bruxism patients based on the panoramic mandibular index
Fauziah, H., Sumarsongko, T., & Azhari, A. (2020) · Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Padjadjaran · doi:10.24198/jkg.v32i2.26570 · Cited by 3
Changes in bone mineral density, 25‑hydroxyvitamin D3 and inflammatory factors in patients with hyperthyroidism
Yali, Z., Wang, X., Xin, M., & Zhuang, H. (2021) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2021.10049 · Cited by 4
The Histochemistry and Cell Biology omnium-gatherum: the year 2015 in review
Taatjes, D. J., & Roth, J. (2016) · Histochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1007/s00418-016-1417-8 · Cited by 3
“Bone remodeling involves a fine balance between resorption and deposition of bones, and bone remodeling disorders may result from hormonal imbalances, malnutrition, and age (Feng and McDonald 2011).”
Studying Bone Remodelling and Tumour Growth for Therapy Predictive Control
Miranda, R., Vinga, S., & Valério, D. (2020) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math8050679 · Cited by 3
N-[2-(4-Acetyl-1-Piperazinyl)Phenyl]-2-(3-Methylphenoxy)Acetamide (NAPMA) Inhibits Osteoclast Differentiation and Protects against Ovariectomy-Induced Osteoporosis
Lee, J., Ahn, S. H., Chen, Z., Kang, S., Choi, D. K., Moon, C., Min, S. H., Park, B., & Lee, T. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25204855 · Cited by 3
“Bone homeostasis is a tightly regulated process that is associated with the balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity; together, these activities maintain bone mass and mineral homeostasis [31].”
Background
Bone remodeling stages under physiological conditions and glucocorticoid in excess: Focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms
Povoroznyuk, V. V., Dedukh, N. V., Bystrytska, M. А., & Shapovalov, V. S. (2021) · Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems · doi:10.15421/022130 · Cited by 4
“…bone remodeling cycle The bone remodeling cycle is usually considered to involve four stages: activation, resorption, reversal and formation (Feng & McDonald, 2011) or additionally two more stages are distinguished, namely the resting stage (resting bone) preceding the activation stage and…”
Background
Oxidative Stress and the Risk of Osteoporosis: The Role of Dietary Polyphenols and Nutritional Supplements in Postmenopausal Women
Kang, N. (2012) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 3
3D Printed Marine Biomaterials Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering
Heo, S., Oh, G., & Jung, W. (2020) · Encyclopedia of Marine Biotechnology · doi:10.1002/9781119143802.ch54 · Cited by 3
SRT2183 and SRT1720, but not Resveratrol, Inhibit Osteoclast Formation and Resorption in the Presence or Absence of Sirt1Preprint
Thiyagarajan, R., González, M. R., Zaw, C., Seldeen, K. L., Hernandez, M., Pang, M., & Troen, B. R. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-125262/v1 · Cited by 3
“During osteoporosis, osteoclastic bone resorption overwhelms bone formation leading to loss of bone mass and increased fragility [22].”
Background
Nutraceutical Benefits for Bone Health: Role in Osteoporosis PreventionPreprint
Roseti, L., Borciani, G., Grassi, F., Desando, G., Gambari, L., & Grigolo, B. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1546.v1 · Cited by 3
Influence of gut microbiome on metabolic diseases: a new perspective based on microgravity
Wu, W., Ren, J., Han, M., & Huang, B. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-024-01394-7 · Cited by 2
“However, in the microgravity environment, such as during space travel, astronauts experience an increase in serum NF-kB levels, indicating a decrease in SCFAs and other gut micro-biome metabolites [43].”
Effects of Different No-Ozone Cold Plasma Treatment Methods on Mouse Osteoblast Proliferation and Differentiation
Choi, B. B. R., Park, S.-R., & Kim, G. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60081318 · Cited by 2
“Additionally, hormonal imbalances during bone remodeling can lead to bone loss [6] Consequently, maintaining bone homeostasis, which requires a balance between osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) and osteoclasts (bone-absorbing cells), is crucial for preventing osteoporosis [7].”
Background
Metabolic Bone Disease in Captive Flying Foxes: A Comprehensive Survey Across Zoological Parks
Faim, D., Silva, F. C., Weissenbacher, A., Starnberger, I., & Pires, I. C. R. (2025) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci12030271 · Cited by 2
“Metabolic bone disease (MBD) is characterized by extreme bone remodeling, leading to calcium depletion at the bone level or hypomineralization [16].”
In Vivo quantification of 4D modeling and remodeling in trabecular and cortical bone microstructure
Shyu, P. T., Robinson, S. T., & Guo, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Medical Engineering · doi:10.3389/fmede.2025.1547895 · Cited by 2
Assessment of Lumbar Vertebrae L1–L7 and Proximal Femur Microstructure in Sheep as a Large Animal Model for Osteoporosis Research
Camassa, J. A. D. A., BARROS, V. A., Babo, P. S., Pereira, F. A. M., Morais, J. J. L., Fertuzinhos, A., de Azevedo, J. M. T., Reis, R. L., Gomes, M. E., Martins‐Bessa, A., et al. (2025) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology14081031 · Cited by 2
A novel HDAC1-specific inhibitor prevents estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis in mice by inhibiting osteoclast function
Yuan, H., Bao, Y., Li, L., Luan, Y., & Li, F. (2025) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2025.106020 · Cited by 2
Artemisia annua L. extract alleviates glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis by stimulating bone formation via PGC-1α/Nrf2/HO-1/SOD2 pathway
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The Role of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) in Bone Metabolism
Lin, A., Kitaura, H., Ohori, F., Marahleh, A., Ma, J., Fan, Z., Narita, K., Murakami, K., & KANETAKA, H. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27020600 · Cited by 2
“Mechanistically, estrogen deficiency upregulates RANKL and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α , interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6); decreases osteoprotegerin (OPG); prolongs osteoclast survival; increases sclerostin expression; and promotes osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis [74].”
Comprehensive identification of the genes involved in the expression of Siglec-15 ligands on osteoclast precursors
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Extracellular vesicle-mediated crosstalk in bone: miR-150-5p as a mechanosensitive regulator of osteoclastogenesis
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“1 However, disruption of this balance can result in abnormal remodeling, resulting in bone pathologies such as osteoporosis and osteopetrosis.”
Bone Development in Children and Adolescents
Boyanov, M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32122-6_6 · Cited by 3
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Tamgadge, S., & Tamgadge, A. P. (2018) · Dental Hypotheses · doi:10.4103/denthyp.denthyp_72_18 · Cited by 2
“If left unchecked over a long period of time, it can lead to osteoporosis of bone and demineralization in the teeth.([7])”
Background
Chitosan based bionanocomposites in osteoporosis
Niranjan, M. K., Baghel, K., & Azam, Z. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821280-6.00014-3 · Cited by 2
Aromatic Bis[aminomethylidenebis(phosphonic)] Acids Prevent Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss and Suppress Osteoclastogenesis in Mice
Nasulewicz‐Goldeman, A., Goldeman, W., Nikodem, A., Nowak, M., Papiernik, D., Goszczyński, T. M., & Wietrzyk, J. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22179590 · Cited by 2
“Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by the imbalance between bone formation and resorption, which leads to a decrease in bone mass and density and to progressive changes in bone structure [1].”
Background
Bone biomechanics
Dall’Ara, E., & Cheong, V. S. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824481-4.00007-x · Cited by 4
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Vasudeva, D. (2021) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v5ns2.5633 · Cited by 2
Alveolar bone and tibia responses to hormonal and mineral abnormalities in rats with chronic kidney disease: A pilot study
Kim, A. R., Lee, Y. S., Kim, M., Kang, D., Bak, E., & Yoo, Y. (2022) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/odi.14307 · Cited by 2
Bioactive constituents and potential health benefits of fermented seed products
Gandhi, G. R., Li, H., Vasconcelos, A. B. S., Montalvão, M. M., de Franca, M. N. F., He, X.-Q., Rong, P.-X., Li, H., & Gan, R. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-98341-9.00016-5 · Cited by 2
Epigenetic landscape analysis reveals the significance of early reduced chromatin accessibility in osteoclastogenesis
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2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone attenuates RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis by affecting the NFATc1 signaling pathway in vitro
Chen, H.-W., Chen, C., Lee, P., Yiin, S.-J., Liang, J.-Y., Hsu, J., Chang, C., & Chern, C. (2023) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129500 · Cited by 2
Acromial bony adaptations in rotator cuff tear arthropathy facilitates acromial stress fracture following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty
Harold, R. E., Sweeney, P. T., Torchia, M. T., & Kramer, J. (2024) · Seminars in Arthroplasty JSES · doi:10.1053/j.sart.2023.12.011 · Cited by 2
The novel small molecule E0924G dually regulates bone formation and bone resorption through activating the PPARδ signaling pathway to prevent bone loss in ovariectomized rats and senile mice
Li, Y., Liu, C., Han, X., Sheng, R., Li, B., Lei, L., Wu, Y., Li, Q., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., et al. (2024) · Bioorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107364 · Cited by 2

Authors: Feng, X., & McDonald, J. M.
Affiliations: University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
ORCID: Feng, Xu
Venue: Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2011-02-28
Volume: 6
Issue: 1
Pages: 121-145
ISSN: 1553-4006 (ISSN-L)
1553-4014
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130203
PMC: PMC3571087
OpenAlex: W2166266977
Cited by: 1,272
References: 171
Citations by year: 2026: 59 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 135 · 2021: 142 · 2020: 107 · 2019: 117 · 2018: 86 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 3.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Locations: Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Cancer Institute (R01CA109119)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R21NS061677, NS061677)
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (5P30 AR0406031, R01AR047830, AR 47830, R01AR050235)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Bone health and treatments
Keywords: bone remodeling, bone resorption, bone formation, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, bone disease, menopause, hormonal changes, age-related bone loss, physical activity, drug-induced bone loss, mineral homeostasis, pathophysiology
MeSH terms: Animals, Bone Diseases, Humans, Bone Remodeling

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