Cited by 1,272Bone Metabolism and DiseasesBone health and osteoporosis researchBone health and treatments

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Disorders of Bone Remodeling

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Feng, Xu, McDonald, Jay M.·2011·Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease

DOI 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130203PMC PMC3571087

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Abstract

The skeleton provides mechanical support for stature and locomotion, protects vital organs, and controls mineral homeostasis. A healthy skeleton must be maintained by constant bone modeling to carry out these crucial functions throughout life. Bone remodeling involves the removal of old or damaged bone by osteoclasts (bone resorption) and the subsequent replacement of new bone formed by osteoblasts (bone formation). Normal bone remodeling requires a tight coupling of bone resorption to bone formation to guarantee no alteration in bone mass or quality after each remodeling cycle. However, this important physiological process can be derailed by a variety of factors, including menopause-associated hormonal changes, age-related factors, changes in physical activity, drugs, and secondary diseases, which lead to the development of various bone disorders in both women and men. We review the major diseases of bone remodeling, emphasizing our current understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.

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“MBD include Osteoporosis (OP), Osteomalacia, Mucopolysaccharidosis, Marfan Syndrome, Paget ’ s Disease, and Renal Osteodystrophy, and so on (Feng and McDonald, 2011).”
Sympathetic cholinergic nerve fibres promote BMSC differentiation into osteoblasts via NRTN secretion: a potential treatment for osteoporosis
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Osteoblast-derived osteomodulin restrains osteoclastogenesis via ITGB8/RRM2-mediated reduction of mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial ATP production
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Phlpp1 Expression in Osteoblasts Plays a Modest Role in Bone Homeostasis
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The Prognostic and Immune Significance of CILP2 in Pan-Cancer and Its Relationship with the Progression of Pancreatic Cancer
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Advances in Bone-Targeting Drug Delivery: Emerging Strategies Using Adeno-Associated Virus
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Selenoprotein W engages in overactive osteoclast differentiation in multiple myeloma
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Osteoporosis
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“Hence, the definition of faithful models for BR has a high social and clinical relevance in the prediction of bone diseases [14].”
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Anti-osteoclastogenic activity of metabolites isolated from Viburnum lutescens Blume
Dang, N. H., Thien, L. D., Minh, N. P., Dung, D. T., Thao, T. P., Lee, J., Kiệm, P. V., & Nhiệm, N. X. (2021) · Phytochemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.phytol.2021.07.006 · Cited by 5
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“Bone is a dynamic tissue with a significant turnover (Clarke 2008; Datta et al. 2008; Feng and McDonald 2011) although the static appearance of osteocytes enclosed in lacunae falsely suggests inactivity.”
Background
Bone Remodeling Physiology: Regulation of Parathyroid Glands, C Cells, Vitamin D, and Bone as an Endocrine Organ
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Anti-Müllerian Hormone promotes human osteoblast differentiation and calcification by modulating osteogenic gene expression
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“An imbalance in the bone remodeling process due to excessive activity of osteoclasts or impaired osteoblast activity/differentiation may lead to pathological conditions characterized by low bone mass or density [4].”
Background
Bones and guts – Why the microbiome matters
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“Pathological bone remodeling, a process mediated through multiple coordinated signaling mechanisms and defined by a dysregulation of osteoblast/osteoclast balance, is a hallmark of other disorders of the bone, such as osteoporosis and Paget ’ s disease [25].”
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Understanding Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Management
Ismail, M. (2024) · Advances in Aging Research · doi:10.4236/aar.2024.133003 · Cited by 5
Sulfated galactofucan from Sargassum fusiforme protects against postmenopausal osteoporosis by regulating bone remodeling
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The triangular relationship of serum uric acid, osteoporosis or osteopenia, and body mass index for men and postmenopausal women
Xiu, Z., Gao, Z., & Luo, L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-10191-y · Cited by 5
Denosumab for treatment of breast cancer bone metastases and beyond
Nangia, J. R., JOSEPH, D. R., Nguyen, C. M., Mendes, M., & Trivedi, M. V. (2012) · Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy · doi:10.1517/14712598.2012.664634 · Cited by 6
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Background
Prevention of Bone Loss after Ovariectomy in Mice with Preferential Overexpression of the Transcription Factor Paired Box-5 in Osteoblasts
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Mechanism Underlying the Preventive Effect of Hyuganatsu Orange (Citrus tamurana Hort. ex Tanaka) on Osteoporosis
Nishizono, S., Hata, H., Miyatake, M., Kobayashi, T., Matsubara, J., Ito, K., Tsuboi, M., Sakatani, Y., Yamaguchi, M., & Sameshima, H. (2019) · Food Science and Technology Research · doi:10.3136/fstr.25.569 · Cited by 5
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Resveratrol suppresses insulin-like growth factor I-induced osteoblast migration: attenuation of the p44/p42 MAP kinase pathway
Hioki, T., Kawabata, T., Sakai, G., Fujita, K., Kuroyanagi, G., Matsushima‐Nishiwaki, R., Kim, W. Y., Otsuka, T., Iida, H., Tokuda, H., et al. (2020) · Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1080/09168451.2020.1809987 · Cited by 5
Comparative Serum Analyses Identify Cytokines and Hormones Commonly Dysregulated as Well as Implicated in Promoting Osteolysis in MMP-2-Deficient Mice and Children
Sarker, H., Hardy, E., Haimour, A., Karim, M. A., Scholl‐Bürgi, S., Martignetti, J. A., Botto, L. D., & Fernández-Patrón, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.568718 · Cited by 6
The Effects of Ficus Carica Fruit on Bone Markers and Oestrogen Level of Post-Menopausal Osteoporotic Rats
Razaly, N. I., Mohammad, A., Shamsir, M., Nadia, M. E., & Mohd Dzulkhairi, M. R. (2020) · IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia · doi:10.31436/imjm.v18i1.231 · Cited by 6
Effects of Ovariectomy and Exercise Training on Mineral Status in a High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Rat Model
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Androgens and estrogens predict sexual function after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant in men
Anderson, L. J., Migula, D., Abay, R., Crabtree, S., Graf, S. A., Matsumoto, A. M., Chauncey, T. R., & Garcia, J. M. (2021) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.13117 · Cited by 5
Yukmijihwang-Tang Suppresses Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand (RANKL)-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation and Prevents Ovariectomy (OVX)-Mediated Bone Loss
Han, S., & Kim, Y.-K. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26247579 · Cited by 5
“Regulation of bone remodeling occurs by various mechanisms related to the interaction between osteoclasts and osteoblasts [7,8].”
Background
Stress fractures of the femoral neck in adults: an observational study on epidemiology, treatment, and reoperations from the Swedish Fracture Register
Sundkvist, J., Möller, M., Rogmark, C., Wolf, O., & Mukka, S. (2022) · Acta Orthopaedica · doi:10.2340/17453674.2022.2460 · Cited by 5
“J Bone Joint Surg Am 2018; 100(17): 1496-1502.”
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GPR109A gene deletion ameliorates gonadectomy-induced bone loss in mice
Chen, J., Lazarenko, O. P., & Blackburn, M. L. (2022) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2022.116422 · Cited by 6
8-Nitro-cGMP suppresses mineralization by mouse osteoblasts
Kaneko, K. J., Miyamoto, Y., Ida, T., Morita, M., Yoshimura, K., Nagasaki, K., Toba, K., Sugisaki, R., Motohashi, H., Akaike, T., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition · doi:10.3164/jcbn.21-129 · Cited by 5
Risk of primary osteoporosis score (RPOPs): an algorithm model for primary osteoporosis risk assessment in grass-roots hospital
Jiang, X., Yan, N., Zheng, Y., Yang, J., & Zhao, Y. (2022) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-022-06014-0 · Cited by 5
“It leads to the imbalance of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the human body and the gradual reduction of bone mineral density [27, 28].”
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Effect of dosing frequency of teriparatide (PTH 1-34) on bone formation in rats: comparison of bone metabolism marker levels
Watanabe, A., Tsurui, K., Yoneyama, S., Iwata, H., Anzai, T., Jerome, C. P., & Nakae, D. (2018) · The Journal of Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.2131/jts.43.435 · Cited by 5
“Use of these drugs may increase bone mineral density (BMD) or the amount of bone mass per unit volume and reduce bone fractures in the short term; however, they inhibit normal bone metabolism (Feng and McDonald, 2011; Iizuka and Matsukawa, 2008).”
Auditory ossicles: a potential biomarker for maternal and infant health in utero
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“Due to constant remodelling, isotopic values of bone collagen represent an isotopic average of several years, depending on the skeletal element and age, sex and health of the individual (Hedges et al. 2007; Feng and McDonald 2011).”
Background
The transcriptional modulator Ifrd1 is a negative regulator of BMP-2-dependent osteoblastogenesis
Onishi, Y., Park, G., Iezaki, T., Horie, T., Kanayama, T., Fukasawa, K., Ozaki, K., & Hinoi, E. (2016) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.063 · Cited by 6
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“Excessive bone resorption is observed in many diseases, such as Paget's disease, tumor‐induced osteolysis, and postmenopausal osteoporosis (Feng & McDonald, 2011).”
Background
The Methodological and Diagnostic Applications of Micro-CT to Palaeopathology: A Quantitative Study of Porotic Hyperostosis
Morgan, J. A. (2014) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 6
SUV39H1-dependent methyl-degron is a critical regulator of skeletal homeostasis
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Columbianadin Ameliorate Osteoporosis Against Glucocorticoid Induced Osteoporosis in Rats via Alteration of RANK/RANKL/OPG Signaling Pathway
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Authors: Feng, X., & McDonald, J. M.
Affiliations: University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
ORCID: Feng, Xu
Venue: Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2011-02-28
Volume: 6
Issue: 1
Pages: 121-145
ISSN: 1553-4006 (ISSN-L)
1553-4014
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130203
PMC: PMC3571087
OpenAlex: W2166266977
Cited by: 1,272
References: 171
Citations by year: 2026: 59 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 135 · 2021: 142 · 2020: 107 · 2019: 117 · 2018: 86 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 3.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Locations: Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Cancer Institute (R01CA109119)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R21NS061677, NS061677)
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (5P30 AR0406031, R01AR047830, AR 47830, R01AR050235)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Bone health and treatments
Keywords: bone remodeling, bone resorption, bone formation, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, bone disease, menopause, hormonal changes, age-related bone loss, physical activity, drug-induced bone loss, mineral homeostasis, pathophysiology
MeSH terms: Animals, Bone Diseases, Humans, Bone Remodeling

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