The DOI matches its Crossref record; 152 of the 152 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 127 of the 201 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer
Open accessAbstract
For most species, aging promotes a host of degenerative pathologies that are characterized by debilitating losses of tissue or cellular function. However, especially among vertebrates, aging also promotes hyperplastic pathologies, the most deadly of which is cancer. In contrast to the loss of function that characterizes degenerating cells and tissues, malignant (cancerous) cells must acquire new (albeit aberrant) functions that allow them to develop into a lethal tumor. This review discusses the idea that, despite seemingly opposite characteristics, the degenerative and hyperplastic pathologies of aging are at least partly linked by a common biological phenomenon: a cellular stress response known as cellular senescence. The senescence response is widely recognized as a potent tumor suppressive mechanism. However, recent evidence strengthens the idea that it also drives both degenerative and hyperplastic pathologies, most likely by promoting chronic inflammation. Thus, the senescence response may be the result of antagonistically pleiotropic gene action.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
37 Partly supported · 33 Own interpretation · 25 No basis given · 24 Supported · 19 No full text of the sources · 8 Supported so far · 5 Not checked yet · 4 Mixed support · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the effects of the senescent fibroblasts were due primarily to their secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are prominent SASP components (32, 94).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE, AGING, AND CANCER: THE DARK SIDE > Senescent Cells and Degenerative Phenotypes
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [32] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “SASPs Induce Epithelial–Mesenchyme Transitions and Invasiveness” (page unavailable), the paper reports that senescent fibroblast secretions promoted invasion, but identifies IL-6 and IL-8—not MMPs—as the SASP factors contributing substantially to that effect. Our copy does not identify MMPs as prominent SASP components or as the primary cause of these effects. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Partly supportedcites [94] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section, “Members of MMP and Other Gene Clusters Comprise the Conserved SASP” (page not provided), identifies secreted MMPs as SASP components. The paper does not show that MMPs were primarily responsible for the disruptive effects in the cited cultures; its Discussion instead attributes much of the growth-stimulatory activity to CXCL-1. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Finally, the SASP also includes proteins that can help senescent cells evade immune recognition and clearance (92, 93).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: THE BRIGHT SIDE > Immune Clearance
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [92] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “The Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype Affects Leukocyte Infiltration and Tumor Immunology” (page unavailable), the paper says molecules overexpressed by senescent fibroblasts can lead to an inadequate immune response near those cells. It does not say that these proteins help senescent cells themselves evade immune recognition or clearance; the discussion concerns immune responses in the tumor environment. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Disputedcites [93] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Multiple roles of the SASP” section says the SASP might signal the immune system to clear senescent cells. It also describes SASP-associated cytokines and enzymes promoting clearance in mouse models. The cited paper thus makes the contrary point, rather than identifying proteins that help senescent cells evade recognition or clearance. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This finding may be complicated by the fact that the proliferative arrest of mouse cells cultured in ambient oxygen concentrations (approximately 20%), which is substantially higher than the oxygen concentrations to which cells are exposed in vivo, has only some features of the senescence response that is induced under more physiological oxygen concentrations (38, 94).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: THE BRIGHT SIDE > Tumor Suppression
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [38] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper reports that mouse embryonic fibroblasts arrested and showed a senescent morphology in 20% oxygen. But in its discussion of growth at physiological 3% oxygen (Fig. 2a; page unavailable), it says the cells grew with little evidence of replicative senescence, rather than undergoing the contrasting senescence response described in the claim. It notes an exception for DNA-repair-deficient Balb/c cells, whose eventual senescence at 3% oxygen had a phenotype similar to that of cells grown at 20%. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Supportedcites [94] source
The Discussion (page not provided) says mouse cells arrested in 20% oxygen show some senescence features, including growth arrest and SA-βGal activity, but differ from mouse cells made senescent in physiological oxygen. The Results (page not provided) identify 20% oxygen as atmospheric culture conditions and 3% as physiological oxygen. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The permanence of the senescence growth arrest enforces the idea that the senescence response evolved at least in part to suppress the development of cancer (9).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: OVERVIEW
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [9] source
The Introduction describes senescence as an irreversible loss of proliferative capacity and places it among cellular mechanisms of tumor suppression that evolved to protect against cancer. The “Blocking Tumor Growth by Senescence” section reports experiments examining that protective role. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, molecular biological manipulations, for example, the sequential inactivation of certain tumor suppressor genes, can cause senescent cells to proliferate (10).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: OVERVIEW
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [10] source
The Results report that WI-38 cells with p16 suppressed before senescence resumed proliferation after subsequent p53 inactivation; more than 70% proliferated. This supports the cited example of sequential molecular manipulations, though the result depends on when p16 is suppressed. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Many types of cytotoxic chemotherapies are severe DNA-damaging agents that can induce senescence in both tumor cells and surrounding normal cells (31–34).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES > Genomic Damage
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [31] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion (page not available) show that doxorubicin, a DNA-damaging anticancer drug, induced senescence in surviving colon carcinoma cells. The introduction (page not available) also says DNA damage can trigger senescence in normal cells and that various anticancer agents can induce senescence-like arrest in tumor cells. It does not establish that cytotoxic chemotherapies induce senescence in surrounding normal cells. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [32] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Chemotherapy-Induced SASPs Occur In Vivo,” the paper reports that the DNA-damaging chemotherapy mitoxantrone induced senescence in epithelial cell lines and normal fibroblasts in culture, and examines treated tumor cells in vivo. It does not establish that many types of chemotherapy induce senescence in normal cells surrounding tumors. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] source
- Partly supportedcites [34] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not supplied) says most conventional agents damage cellular components, often DNA, and that drug-induced damage can initiate senescence. The Discussion reports chemotherapy-induced senescence in a murine lymphoma model. Our copy does not establish that these agents cause severe DNA damage or induce senescence in surrounding normal cells. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, there is substantial overlap among SASPs; proinflammatory cytokines are the most highly conserved feature, cutting across many different cell types and senescence-inducing stimuli (33, 42, 96, 99, 100, 112–114).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] source
- Partly supportedcites [42] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passages labeled Abstract report IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in several fibroblast models and under multiple DNA-damaging conditions. They do not compare SASPs to establish that proinflammatory cytokines are their most highly conserved feature; the paper also reports that p16-induced senescence without DNA damage did not initiate a cytokine response. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [96] source
- Partly supportedcites [99] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report proinflammatory cytokines among factors secreted during oncogene-induced senescence, and the Discussion describes CXCR2-binding chemokines as upregulated during both replicative and oncogene-induced senescence. The paper does not establish substantial overlap among SASPs across many cell types or show that proinflammatory cytokines are their most highly conserved feature. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [100] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that IL-6, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-8 were upregulated during oncogene-induced senescence in human fibroblasts and melanocytes. The Discussion also identifies cytokines and chemokines as prominent in that setting. The paper does not establish substantial overlap among SASPs across many senescence-inducing stimuli or show that proinflammatory cytokines are their most highly conserved feature. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [112] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [113] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [114] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The SASP is primarily a property of cells that senesce owing to, or accompanied by, genomic damage or epigenomic perturbation.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE > The SASP: Causes
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [115] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The discussion (p. 7) says chronic DNA-damage signaling is required for a SASP and concludes that the SASP is a consequence of severe DNA damage rather than growth arrest alone. This supports the genomic-damage part of the claim, but the passages do not address epigenomic perturbation as a cause of the SASP. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [32] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Figure 1D) show that DNA damage sufficient to cause senescence induced a SASP, while a lower radiation dose did not. The Discussion likewise describes the SASP as a response to severe or irreparable damage. These passages support the genomic-damage part of the claim, but our copy does not establish epigenomic perturbation as another basis for the SASP. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] source
- Partly supportedcites [42] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the supplied copy’s Abstract (page not specified), persistent DNA damage correlates with secretion of inflammatory SASP factors, while p16-induced senescence without DNA damage does not initiate that cytokine response. The paper says DNA-damage signalling drives only a subset of SASP factors; it does not establish the claim for the SASP as a whole or address epigenomic perturbation. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [67] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Results link SASP activation to DNA-damage signaling and show that HDAC inhibition can induce SASP factors without detectable DNA breaks. But the Introduction and Discussion also state that cells unable to senesce can express SASP factors, so the paper does not establish that the SASP is primarily a property of cells that senesce under those conditions. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [94] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section, “Effect of O2 on DNA Damage and Genomic Instability” (page not available), reports that the SASP correlates with persistent DNA-damage foci in mouse cells, as in human cells. The paper does not establish epigenomic perturbation as a basis for the SASP, and its findings in the cells studied do not establish the claim’s broader “primarily a property” characterization. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [96] source
- Partly supportedcites [99] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports increased secretion of CXCR2-binding chemokines during replicative and especially oncogene-induced senescence, and says the DNA-damage response is central to both. It does not establish that the SASP is primarily limited to cells with genomic damage, or link it to epigenomic perturbation. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Partly supportedcites [100] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s Summary links oncogene-induced senescence to an inflammatory transcriptome and secretion of IL-6. The Introduction discusses DNA-damage signaling in oncogene-induced senescence, and the passage headed “IL-6 Depletion Correlates with Reduced Formation of SAHF” reports chromatin changes. These passages do not establish that the SASP is primarily a property of cells senescing with genomic damage or epigenomic perturbation across senescence types. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [112] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Chronic inflammation, of course, is a cause of—or an important contributor to—virtually every major age-related disease, both degenerative and hyperplastic (109–111).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [109] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction calls chronic inflammation a major underlying condition of many age-related diseases, including degenerative conditions and cancer. The Conclusion likewise describes it as a primary factor underlying numerous age-related diseases. Neither passage supports the stronger claim that it contributes to virtually every major age-related disease. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [110] source
- Partly supportedcites [111] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Conclusions and Prospective sections (page unavailable) describe chronic inflammation as a contributor to cancer risk and tumor development. They do not support the broader claim about virtually every major age-related disease, including degenerative diseases. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“many SASP components directly or indirectly promote inflammation (59, 92, 93, 107, 108).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] source
- Supportedcites [92] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the section on soluble signaling factors, the paper identifies several SASP components as inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and IL-1. The sections on leukocyte infiltration and cell differentiation describe SASP factors acting on neighboring cells and recruiting inflammatory and immune cells, supporting both direct and indirect effects. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [93] source
The section “Senescent cells as a source of chronic inflammation” identifies numerous SASP proteins known to stimulate inflammation. “Chronic inflammation might propel basic aging processes” also describes an indirect route: senescent-cell cytokines attract and activate innate immune cells. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites [107] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Secretory phenotype of senescent cells’ section describes the SASP as having pro-inflammatory effects and identifies inflammatory cytokines among its components. The ‘Regulation of the inflammatory component of the SASP’ section describes an indirect route: IL-1α promotes expression of IL-6 and IL-8. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [108] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Cellular senescence” section describes the senescent secretory phenotype as including inflammatory cytokines, ECM-modifying proteases, and reactive oxygen species. It also explains that substances released by senescent cells attract and activate immune cells, supporting both direct and indirect contributions to inflammation. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 26
- Probably not a substantial claim. 9
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Dysfunctional telomeres elicit a DNA damage response (DDR) but suppress attempted DNA repair (22–25).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES > Telomere Shortening
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] source
- Supportedcites [24] source
The Results section ('Persistent DDR foci are localized at telomeres') says telomeric proteins inhibit DNA repair at chromosome ends. The Discussion says damaged telomeric tracts resist repair, while the Results section on ageing describes unrepaired telomeric breaks producing persistent DDR foci. Page numbers are not available in the supplied copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Disputedcites [25] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper reports that dysfunctional taz1Δ telomeres undergo a DNA damage response, supporting the first half of the claim. But it says DNA repair proteins accumulate at those chromosome ends and concludes, “Thus, DNA repair is ongoing at taz1Δ chromosome ends” (Abstract; page not supplied). It describes suppression of checkpoint signaling and cell-cycle arrest, not suppression of repair at these dysfunctional telomeres. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Dysfunctional telomeres appear to be irreparable; consequently, cells with such telomeres experience persistent DDR signaling and p53 activation (24, 26), which enforce the senescence growth arrest (Figure 2).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES > Telomere Shortening
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [24] source
The Discussion proposes that irreparable telomeric damage causes persistent DDR signaling and cellular senescence. In the Results (page unavailable), linear telomeric DNA sustained p53 Ser15 phosphorylation and growth arrest in human fibroblasts; separate irradiation experiments found that sustained DDR signaling was necessary to maintain senescence. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Hence, the idea that the senescence response is tumor suppressive, although still speculative 50 years ago, was more firmly grounded (9).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [9] source
In “Blocking Tumor Growth by Senescence” (page not supplied), Sager describes experiments examining senescence’s role in tumor suppression and concludes that senescence blocks tumor formation. This supports the cited point that the idea had gained an experimental grounding; the 50-year comparison is the citing authors’ historical framing. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In the case of telomeres, repair followed by cell division will cause rampant genomic instability through cycles of chromosome fusion and breakage (20, 21)—major risk factors for developing cancer.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES > Telomere Shortening
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] source
- Partly supportedcites [21] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 2 (p. 7) describes DNA repair systems fusing dysfunctional or uncapped telomeres, followed by mitotic breakage and cycles of fusion that cause genomic instability. Section 7 (pp. 15–16) links this instability to cancer, but specifies that it arises when cells with dysfunctional telomeres divide despite tumor-suppressor checkpoints. The claim omits the dysfunctional-telomere condition and makes repair at telomeres sound generally harmful. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although drug-treated BubR1H/H;INK-ATTAC mice did not live longer, they were remarkably protected from several other age-related pathologies, including cataracts, sarcopenia, and loss of subcutaneous fat (128).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE, AGING, AND CANCER: THE DARK SIDE > Senescent Cells and Degenerative Phenotypes
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [128] source
The main text reports that AP20187 treatment from weaning delayed cataracts and lordokyphosis, preserved muscle function, and prevented fat loss, including subdermal fat loss (Fig. 2b–h). It also says overall survival was not substantially extended (Supplementary Fig. 5d). The cataract finding applies to treatment begun early in life; cataracts were unchanged when treatment began at five months. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Cells that express p16INK4a are senescent.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“That is, the rapid robust DDR that occurs immediately after DNA damage does not induce a SASP; rather, the SASP develops slowly—over several days in culture—and only after the initial DDR subsides (32, 42).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE > The SASP: Regulation
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [32] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The irradiation experiment (Figure 1D; page unavailable) reports that a robust SASP appeared 4–7 days after DNA damage, not immediately, and that both radiation doses initiated a DDR while only the senescence-inducing dose produced a SASP. The DDR discussion likewise calls the SASP a slow response rather than a simple or classic DDR. Neither passage establishes that the initial DDR had subsided before the SASP developed. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [42] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the indexed passage labeled Abstract (page unavailable), the paper reports that IL-6 and IL-8 secretion rises over 2–5 days after high-dose irradiation, rather than immediately, and links the response to persistent DNA-damage signalling. It does not establish that the SASP begins only after the initial DDR subsides; it says DDR signalling persists and helps initiate the delayed cytokine response. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The SASP cytokines that are responsible for these immune responses are incompletely understood but are very likely numerous (132, 135).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: THE BRIGHT SIDE > Immune Clearance
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [132] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passage labeled Abstract (page not provided) reports that four inflammatory cytokines were upregulated after p53 reactivation in murine liver tumours, alongside infiltration by several innate immune cell types. This supports the suggestion that multiple cytokines may be involved, but the paper does not identify which cytokines are responsible for the immune responses or explicitly assess how completely they are understood. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [135] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract says IL-6, IL-8, and other secreted factors attract immune cells, and the ‘NF-kB controls the SASP’ section identifies multiple immune-response genes. This supports the involvement of several SASP factors, but the paper does not establish that numerous cytokines are responsible for the immune responses or explicitly say that their identities are incompletely understood. Its statement that little is known concerns regulation of the SASP, not which cytokines mediate immunity. (LLM, conf=0.82)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“There are also age-related changes in the innate immune system, although they tend to be less striking than the changes in adaptive immunity; moreover, the aged innate immune system is more likely to show a loss of proper regulation than a loss of function (142, 143).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: THE BRIGHT SIDE > Immune Clearance
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [142] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract states that age-related innate immunosenescence appears to reflect dysregulation rather than exclusively impaired function, and the Introduction describes both diminished responses and hyper-reactivity. Neither passage establishes the claim that age-related innate changes are less striking than changes in adaptive immunity. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [143] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Likewise, secreted WNT16B is an important enforcer of the senescence growth arrest of human fibroblasts in culture, as well as that of mouse cells that senesce in vivo owing to expression of an activated RAS oncogene (138).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: THE BRIGHT SIDE > Tumor Suppression
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [138] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section, “WNT16B is necessary for the onset of replicative senescence” (page unavailable), reports that WNT16B knockdown let cultured human fibroblasts bypass senescence and continue proliferating. The Results section, “WNT16 is activated in OIS in vitro and in vivo” (page unavailable), finds WNT16B overexpressed in activated-K-Ras mouse lung lesions, but identifies it there as a marker; it does not show that WNT16B enforces growth arrest in those mouse cells. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This signaling cascade induced both a senescence growth arrest and the expression of several genes that encode SASP proteins.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: THE BRIGHT SIDE > Tissue Repair
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [149] source
The Results section (“CCN1 induces senescence in human fibroblasts through integrin signaling”; page not provided) reports that CCN1 caused irreversible growth arrest in skin fibroblasts and increased expression of cytokine and matrix-degrading-enzyme genes consistent with the SASP. The Results section on ROS-dependent ERK and p38 MAPK activation links the signaling pathway to cellular senescence. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, especially among vertebrates, aging also promotes hyperplastic pathologies, the most deadly of which is cancer.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cellular senescence is unlikely to explain all aging phenotypes.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > INTRODUCTION: AGING AND CANCER
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among multicellular organisms, aging is marked by a progressive decline in the function of multiple cells and tissues.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > INTRODUCTION: AGING AND CANCER
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The senescence response is widely recognized as a potent tumor suppressive mechanism.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Cellular senescence refers to the essentially irreversible arrest of cell proliferation (growth) that occurs when cells experience potentially oncogenic stress (8) (Figure 1).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: OVERVIEW
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Extrinsic hazards—accidents, predation, infection, starvation, and so forth—limit the life span of most species, thereby depleting natural populations of older individuals.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > INTRODUCTION: AGING AND CANCER
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Rose MR, 1991 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These changes include the secretion of numerous proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteases, a feature termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) (Figures 2 and 3).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: OVERVIEW
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As discussed below, DDR signaling also establishes and maintains the SASP.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES > Telomere Shortening
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Telomerase-positive human cells include most cancer cells, embryonic stem cells, certain adult stem cells, and a few somatic cells (for example, activated T cells).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES > Telomere Shortening
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Because polymerases that copy DNA templates are unidirectional and require a labile primer, the ends of linear DNA molecules cannot be completely replicated (13).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES > Telomere Shortening
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the SASP is a plastic phenotype. That is, proteins that are included in the SASP vary among cell types and, to some extent, with the stimulus that induced the senescence response.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These cells were said to have a finite replicative life span, and, later, to undergo replicative or cellular senescence (sometimes termed replicative or cellular aging).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ensuing decades have seen the links between cellular senescence and both aging and cancer strengthen.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The link to cancer was more obvious.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather, cellular senescence and the SASP likely evolved both to suppress the development of cancer and to promote tissue repair or regeneration in the face of injury.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: OVERVIEW
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They have also seen an increasingly more complex view of both the causes and consequences of cellular senescence.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These proteins act upstream of p53, which does not positively regulate the SASP (discussed below) (Figure 2).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE > The SASP: Regulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The picture that emerges, then, is that senescent cells accumulate with age, creating a tissue microenvironment that is permissive for the development, or at least the progression, of cancer.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE, AGING, AND CANCER: THE DARK SIDE > Senescent Cells and Cancer
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After all, cells enter a senescent state to prevent the proliferation of damaged cells, which is a major risk factor for the development of cancer.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE, AGING, AND CANCER: THE DARK SIDE > Senescent Cells and Cancer
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Of particular importance in this regard are the SASP components MMP3 (stromelysin) (130), which also promotes tumor cell invasion, and VEGF (97), which promotes tumor-driven angiogenesis.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE, AGING, AND CANCER: THE DARK SIDE > Senescent Cells and Cancer
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, in addition to suppressing tumorigenesis by implementing a cell-autonomous growth arrest, senescent cells can suppress cancer nonautonomously by stimulating the immune system to target oncogene-expressing premalignant or malignant cells.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: THE BRIGHT SIDE > Immune Clearance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This morphological transition enables transformed epithelial cells to invade and migrate through tissues and is critical in the development of metastatic cancer.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE, AGING, AND CANCER: THE DARK SIDE > Senescent Cells and Cancer
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effects of senescent cells within the tumor microenvironment are complex and highly dependent on physiological context.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE, AGING, AND CANCER: THE DARK SIDE > Senescent Cells and Cancer
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The beneficial effect of senescent cells on tissue repair poses a paradox because wound healing and tissue repair decline with age.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > RESOLVING THE PARADOXES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Wound healing and tissue repair decline with age.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both cases, senescent cells are not chronically present, which is the case during aging and at the sites of age-related pathologies.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > RESOLVING THE PARADOXES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Cells that express p16INK4a are senescent.
“there is strong evidence that p16INK4a-expressing cells are senescent, but this assumption has not yet been rigorously tested.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Wound healing and tissue repair decline with age.
“wound healing and tissue repair decline with age.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“During the early phases of cancer progression, mutated cells display a genuine senescent phenotype, as a consequence of oncogene-induced senescence150.”
From Guidelines for minimal information on cellular senescence experimentation in vivo (2024) · cites this paper as [150]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These senescent cells exhibit an altered secretome known as SASP, which significantly disrupts the skin microenvironment.158”
From Inflammation and aging: signaling pathways and intervention therapies (2023) · cites this paper as [158]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Oxidative stress and macromolecular damage in aged cells induce a complex stress response termed cellular senescence, which has been shown to cause or exacerbate aging and several age-related pathologies”
From Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies senescent cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells in the aged mouse brain (2020) · cites this paper as Campisi 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Therefore, cellular senescence is believed to be an essential tumor suppression mechanism in vivo.”
From Cellular senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype via the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Senescent cells (SnCs) accumulate in many vertebrate tissues with age and contribute to age-related pathologies1–3, presumably through their secretion of factors contributing to the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)4–6.”
From Local clearance of senescent cells attenuates the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis and creates a pro-regenerative environment (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The induction of cellular senescence is mediated by either Rb or p53, two critical tumor suppressors, and represents a potent anti-tumor mechanism (Campisi, 2013).”
From Single senescent cell sequencing reveals heterogeneity in senescent cells induced by telomere erosion (2019) · cites this paper as Campisi, 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There is growing evidence that senescent cells and their SASPs contribute to the pathogenesis of many other age-related diseases as well”
From Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies senescent cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells in the aged mouse brain (2020) · cites this paper as Campisi 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Senescence is triggered by stressors such as telomere shortening, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and oncogenic signals5,6,7,8”
From Cellular senescence in human liver under normal aging and cancer (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“While chemotherapy can induce senescence in healthy tissues,6 it remains unclear whether metastatic cancer itself triggers senescence in adjacent normal liver and how this differs from aging.”
From Cellular senescence in human liver under normal aging and cancer (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Clearance had no impact on the spectrum or incidence of postmortem tumors, which is consistent with the hypothesis that senescent cells help create a tissue microenvironment that promotes tumor progression 1 .”
From Naturally occurring p16Ink4a-positive cells shorten healthy lifespan (2016) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“p21 and p16 are cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors involved in preventing cell cycle progression by preventing pRB phosphorylation [37], [240].”
From Redox control of senescence and age-related disease. (2017) · cites this paper as [240]
In the citing paper
“senescent cells display extensive changes in gene expression, including the expression and secretion of many proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteases; collectively these features are termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) (2, 7–10).”
From The DNA damage response induces inflammation and senescence by inhibiting autophagy of GATA4. (2015) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“the SASP does not depend on either p53 or p16INK4a, which suggests that it is controlled by an independent branch of the senescence regulatory network (2, 10, 20, 26).”
From The DNA damage response induces inflammation and senescence by inhibiting autophagy of GATA4. (2015) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“factors secreted by senescent cells may directly or indirectly promote chronic inflammation that is thought to be a major factor in many, if not all, age-related diseases (2, 9, 10).”
From The DNA damage response induces inflammation and senescence by inhibiting autophagy of GATA4. (2015) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“the accumulation of senescent cells as organisms age is thought to promote aging-related phenotypes and aging-associated diseases, including cancer and neurodegeneration, in a cell-nonautonomous manner (2, 3, 10).”
From The DNA damage response induces inflammation and senescence by inhibiting autophagy of GATA4. (2015) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“In particular, this failsafe cellular senescence reportedly occurs in response to (1) potentially carcinogenic events including oncogene activation or oncosuppressor gene inactivation; and (2) several sublethal cellular insults, including telomere shortening, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, defective/stalled DNA replication and epigenetic, lysosomal, mechanical, metabolic, mitotic, ox”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [933]
In the citing paper
“Among the known endogenous causes of this phenotype are DNA damage, dysfunctional telomeres, epigenomic disruption, mitogenic signals and oxidative stress56.”
From Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span (2019) · cites this paper as [56]
In the citing paper
“they also secrete inflammatory and other factors that can disrupt normal cellular functions, damage tissues and promote carcinogenesis61,62.”
From Senescent cells promote tissue NAD+ decline during ageing via the activation of CD38+ macrophages (2020) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“Cellular stress induced by persistent DDR is a central mechanism that drives senescence in aging and age‐related diseases”
From p21 maintains senescent cell viability under persistent DNA damage response by restraining JNK and caspase signaling (2017) · cites this paper as Campisi, 2013
In the citing paper
“The accumulation of cells expressing a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (Campisi 2013; Young and Narita 2009) in different tissues, possibly induced by age-related NF-kB dysregulation (Bektas and others 2013), may also be a possible cause.”
From Gene expression markers of age-related inflammation in two human cohorts (2015) · cites this paper as Campisi 2013
In the citing paper
“A persistent DNA damage response (DDR) is the most unified pathway leading to senescence, with sensing by the Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) protein leading to p53 phosphorylation and upregulation of cell cycle inhibitors 72-74 .”
From Vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis (2019) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“Senescence is a protective mechanism that induces cell cycle arrest to prevent transmission of defects to progeny cells, particularly to stop malignant transformation 72-74 .”
From Vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis (2019) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“The risk for aging-associated outgrowth of cancerous cells is curbed through the cellular senescence program, which forces cells that have undergone repetitive replications into permanent cell cycle arrest [33].”
From T-cell aging in rheumatoid arthritis (2014) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“Senescent cells increase with age in human and mouse tissues (Campisi, 2013; Wiley and Campisi, 2016)”
From Oxylipin biosynthesis reinforces cellular senescence and allows detection of senolysis (2021) · cites this paper as Campisi, 2013
In the citing paper
“The senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) mediates the diverse functionality of senescent cells in an autocrine and paracrine manner”
From Inside and out: the activities of senescence in cancer (2014) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“the senescence response can have profound cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous activities in vivo 5,6 .”
From Inside and out: the activities of senescence in cancer (2014) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“On the other hand, senescent fibroblasts can influence their local environment by turning into proinflammatory cells that can promote the growth of transformed or preneoplastic neighboring epithelial cells in culture and in vivo [22,23,24].”
From Mechanisms and Regulation of Cellular Senescence (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“SASP effects are beneficial or detrimental depending on the cell type, senescence stimulus, and the neighboring environment [24].”
From Mechanisms and Regulation of Cellular Senescence (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Despite these caveats, there is considerable evidence that senescent cells secrete cytokines that attract immune cells and lead to tumor clearance, providing a potential explanation for tumor regression (79).”
From Targeting CDK4 and CDK6: From Discovery to Therapy (2016) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“Nevertheless, the incidence of cancer increases when people get older because of the increased burden of cell senescence in organs, partly due to an impaired immune system, which results in a reduced clearance of senescent cells.4”
From The costs and benefits of senotherapeutics for human health (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“One major hallmark of aging is the chronic accumulation of cellular senescence, a permanent state of cell-cycle arrest in response to various damaging stimuli.3,4”
From Elimination of senescent cells by β-galactosidase-targeted prodrug attenuates inflammation and restores physical function in aged mice (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“However, the deleterious consequences that result from ineffective clearance of senescent cells and their over-accumulation in tissues can promote age-related diseases and cancer.2,26–30”
From Paracrine roles of cellular senescence in promoting tumourigenesis (2018) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Supporting this notion, the burden of senescent cells in tissues increases significantly with age in mice, primates, and humans,27 and they can be found in both benign and malignant tumours.31–35”
From Paracrine roles of cellular senescence in promoting tumourigenesis (2018) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“A large number of proangiogenic factors are also known to be secreted by senescent cells, whereas angiostatic molecules have not been found to be secreted.27,60”
From Paracrine roles of cellular senescence in promoting tumourigenesis (2018) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, studies have shown that senescent cells are implicated in the genesis of age-related diseases such as AD and atherosclerosis [1].”
From Oxidative Stress and Ageing: The Influence of Environmental Pollution, Sunlight and Diet on Skin (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Cellular senescence refers to the irreversible arrest of proliferation, which acts as a tumour-suppressive mechanism to inhibit cells with potentially cancerous mutations from undergoing replication [1].”
From Oxidative Stress and Ageing: The Influence of Environmental Pollution, Sunlight and Diet on Skin (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: THE BRIGHT SIDE > Tumor Suppression
“Together, these findings support the idea that, at least for some factors and under some circumstances, the SASP helps maintain the tumor suppressive growth arrest of senescent cells.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: THE BRIGHT SIDE > Tumor Suppression
“In these cases, the SASP components appear to help establish the senescence growth arrest, rather than maintain the arrest once it is fully established.”
Citations
Cites
Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation
Hanahan, D., & Weinberg, R. A. (2011) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013 · Cited by 66,590
Jemal, A., Siegel, R., Xu, J., & Ward, E. (2010) · CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.20073 · Cited by 12,596
Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer
Grivennikov, S. I., Greten, F. R., & Karin, M. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.025 · Cited by 10,755
The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains
Hayflick, L., & Moorhead, P. S. (1961) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/0014-4827(61)90192-6 · Cited by 8,508
A biomarker that identifies senescent human cells in culture and in aging skin in vivo.
Dimri, G. P., Lee, X., Basile, G., Acosta, M., Scott, G., Roskelley, C., Medrano, E. E., Linskens, M., Rubelj, I., & Pereira-Smith, O. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.20.9363 · Cited by 7,477
The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains
Hayflick, L. (1965) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/0014-4827(65)90211-9 · Cited by 5,876
Oncogenic ras provokes premature cell senescence associated with accumulation of p53 and p16INK4a
Serrano, M., Lin, A. W., McCurrach, M. E., Beach, D., & Lowe, S. W. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81902-9 · Cited by 5,218 · cited 1×
“The first report of what is now termed oncogene-induced senescence showed that an oncogenic form of H-RAS (H-RASV12), which chronically stimulates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, provokes senescence in normal cells (45).”
BackgroundThe senescence-associated secretory phenotype: the dark side of tumor suppression
Coppé, J.-P., Desprez, P.-Y., Krtolica, A., & Campisi, J. (2010) · Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-121808-102144 · Cited by 5,206
Self-citationCellular senescence: when bad things happen to good cells
Campisi, J., & d'Adda di Fagagna, F. (2007) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm2233 · Cited by 4,441
Self-citationPleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence.
Williams, G. C. (1957) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1957.tb02911.x · Cited by 4,279
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Bandyopadhyay D, 2002, Cancer Res., 62, 6231
- Campisi J, 2011, Semin. Cancer Biol., 21, 354
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 2,942
Wang, S., Wang, Q., Wang, H., Qin, C., Cui, X., Li, L., Liu, Y., & Chang, H. (2019) · Pharmaceutical Biology · doi:10.1080/13880209.2019.1628073 · Cited by 53
“Senescent cells remain viable and metabolically active but losing proliferation potential and the ability for DNA synthesis and further cell division (Grimes and Chandra 2009; Campisi 2013), thereby distinguishing senescence from cell death.”
BackgroundInfluentialSharma, R., & Padwad, Y. S. (2020) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2020.02.004 · Cited by 55
A Glb1-2A-mCherry reporter monitors systemic aging and predicts lifespan in middle-aged mice
Sun, J., Wang, M., Zhong, Y., Ma, X., Sun, S., Xu, C., Peng, L., Li, G., Zhang, L., Liu, Z., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-34801-9 · Cited by 52
Cellular senescence promotes progenitor cell expansion during axolotl limb regeneration
Yu, Q., Walters, H. E., Pasquini, G., Pal Singh, S., Lachnit, M., Oliveira, C. R., León-Periñán, D., Petzold, A., Kesavan, P., Subiran Adrados, C., et al. (2023) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2023.09.009 · Cited by 52
Kumar, S., Suman, S., Fornace, A. J., & Datta, K. (2019) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.102043 · Cited by 52
“Chronic stress and DNA damage is linked to cellular senescence [4, 38, 39] and indeed, we observed Figure 2.”
BackgroundThe aging proteostasis decline: From nematode to human
Meller, A., & Shalgi, R. (2021) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112474 · Cited by 51
Peyter, A., Armengaud, J.-B., Guillot, E., & Yzydorczyk, C. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22136667 · Cited by 53
Elevated skin senescence in young mice causes delayed wound healing
Thanapaul, R. J. R. S., Shvedova, M., Shin, G. H., Crouch, J. D., & Roh, D. S. (2022) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-022-00551-1 · Cited by 52
“The accumulation of senescent cells with age can result in a loss of tissue homeostasis, which may impair the normal and timely healing of wounds and other injuries [24, 30].”
BackgroundSu, Y., Wang, B., Huang, J. H., Huang, M. X., & Lin, T. (2023) · Cell Proliferation · doi:10.1111/cpr.13404 · Cited by 53
“Cell senescence represents ageing, which is the result of accumulated DNA damage and genomic instability.(50,51) We found obviously lower β-galactosidase staining in shYTHDC1 cells than that in shNC cells (data not shown).”
BackgroundDuan, J., Dong, W., Wang, G., Xiu, W., Pu, G., Xu, J., Ye, C., Zhang, X., Zhu, Y., & Wang, C. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-44026-z · Cited by 56
“Furthermore, as we age, the number of senescent cells increases 4 .”
Aufricht, C., Beelen, R. H. J., Eberl, M., Fischbach, M., Fraser, D. J., Jörres, A., Kratochwill, K., López‐Cabrera, M., Rutherford, P. A., Schmitt, C.-P., et al. (2017) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2017.02.037 · Cited by 54
Inhibition of nucleotide synthesis promotes replicative senescence of human mammary epithelial cells
Delfarah, A., Parrish, S., Junge, J. A., Yang, J., Seo, F., Li, S., Mac, J., Wang, P., Fraser, S. E., & Graham, N. A. (2019) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.ra118.005806 · Cited by 50
“Cellular senescence is an irreversible growth arrest that occurs in response to a variety of cellular stresses including DNA damage, oncogenic signaling, and oxidative stress (1).”
BackgroundOhtani, N. (2019) · The Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1093/jb/mvz055 · Cited by 55
Thrombospondin-1 in maladaptive aging responses: a concept whose time has come
Isenberg, J. S., & Roberts, D. D. (2020) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00089.2020 · Cited by 51
The Nrf2 transcription factor: A multifaceted regulator of the extracellular matrix
Hiebert, P. (2021) · Matrix Biology Plus · doi:10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100057 · Cited by 54
Atherosclerosis is a major human killer and non-resolving inflammation is a prime suspect
Fredman, G., & MacNamara, K. C. (2021) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvab309 · Cited by 55
“However, in the context of ageing senescent cells are associated with ongoing inflammation or inflammaging.(129) Senescent cells exacerbate inflammation(129) and can also contribute to inefficient clearance of dead cells.”
BackgroundSenescent Microvesicles: A Novel Advance in Molecular Mechanisms of Atherosclerotic Calcification
Alique, M., Ramírez-Carracedo, R., Bodega, G., Carracedo, J., & Ramı́rez, R. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19072003 · Cited by 50
“Regarding OIS, the proliferative arrest involves changes in the activation of different oncogenes, that is, pRB (retinoblastoma protein), Ras protein or tumor protein p53 [65,66].”
BackgroundDoes senescence promote fitness in Caenorhabditis elegans by causing death?
Lohr, J. N., Galimov, E. R., & Gems, D. (2019) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2019.01.008 · Cited by 47
“Cellular senescence is now understood to play a role in development and wound healing as well as organismal senescence (Campisi, 2013; Munoz-Espin et al., 2013).”
BackgroundDing, J.-Y., Zhang, R., Li, H., Ji, Q., Cheng, X., Thorne, R. F., Hondermarck, H., Liu, X., & Shen, C. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.202850 · Cited by 51
Bastos, V. C., Gomez, R. S., & Gomes, C. C. (2021) · Developmental Dynamics · doi:10.1002/dvdy.406 · Cited by 55
“Aging is one of the most important risk factors for diseases affecting different organs and systems (eg, sarcopenia, heart failure, osteoporosis, pulmonary and renal insufficiency, renal failure, neurodegeneration, and cancer).(113) Molecular characterization of age-related changes in dental follicle tissues can enhan…”
BackgroundTang, H., Geng, A., Zhang, T., Wang, C., Jiang, Y., & Mao, Z. (2019) · Protein & Cell · doi:10.1007/s13238-018-0591-y · Cited by 47
“The induction of cellular senescence is mediated by either Rb or p53, two critical tumor suppressors, and represents a potent anti-tumor mechanism (Campisi, 2013).”
Akkaoui, J., Yamada, C., Duarte, C. L., Ho, A., Vardar‐Şengül, S., Kawai, T., & Movilă, A. (2020) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-020-00258-1 · Cited by 53
IFN-γ and TNF Induce Senescence and a Distinct Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype in Melanoma
Homann, L., Rentschler, M., Brenner, E., Böhm, K., Röcken, M., & Wieder, T. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11091514 · Cited by 58
“balance toward the beneficial effects of the inflammatory milieu [24].”
BackgroundGinkgetin Alleviates Inflammation and Senescence by Targeting STING
Liu, Y., Ye, J., Fan, Z., Wu, X., Zhang, Y., Yang, R., Jiang, B., Wang, Y., Wu, M., Zhou, J., et al. (2024) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202407222 · Cited by 58
Iltis, C., Moskalevska, I., Debiesse, A., Seguin, L., Fissoun, C., Cervera, L., Moudombi, L., Ardin, M., Ferrari, A., Eliott, C., et al. (2024) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-024-00776-z · Cited by 59
“Mechanisti-cally, the accumulation of senescent cells (SnCs) in tissues emerges as a key driver of aging and age-associated diseases 1 .”
Goh, J., & Ladiges, W. (2014) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2014.06.004 · Cited by 51
Noh, E., Park, J., Song, H., Kim, J., Lee, M., Song, H., Hong, O., Whang, P. H., Han, M., Kwon, K., et al. (2016) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2016/6354261 · Cited by 50
“Primary cultured cells undergo replicative senescence, which is characterized by telomere shortening, genomic damage, epigenomic damage, and activation of tumor suppressors [1].”
Biologic vs physiologic age in the transplant candidate
Artz, A. S. (2016) · Hematology · doi:10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.99 · Cited by 50
“Biologic age Aging is a complex process characterized by loss of function at the molecular, cellular, and tissue level, producing a progressive decline in organ function and ability to maintain homeostasis.(1) Under the stress of advancing age, cellular senescence or loss of reserve results in agerelatedmorbidity andm…”
BackgroundTelomeres and genomic evolution
Baird, D. M. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0437 · Cited by 51
“The phenotype of senescent cells can be distinct from younger cells, potentially becoming more catabolic and actively degrading the tissue matrix in which they reside [33] and they can”
Wentink, M., Mueller, Y. M., Dalm, V., Driessen, G., van Hagen, P. V., van Montfrans, J. V., van der Burg, M., & Katsikis, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00446 · Cited by 48
“However, to reliably distinguish senescence from other causes of T cell impairment additional markers like senescence-associated β-galactosidase and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16Ink4A) can be used (24, 25).”
MethodBartlett, D. E., Miller, R. B., Thiesfeldt, S., Lakhani, H. V., Shapiro, J. I., & Sodhi, K. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19072139 · Cited by 52
“In the p53 pathway, the effects of oxidative stress, such as double-strand breaks in DNA, trigger activation of ATM and CHK2, which activates p53 [29,35,43,44].”
BackgroundFanxia, S., Lidan, J., Frank, H., Degos, V., Chen, S., & Su, H. (2018) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2018.0205 · Cited by 51
“Aging is associated with a series of processes, which involve systemic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction [14].”
BackgroundAbugable, A. A., Morris, J. L. M., Palminha, N. M., Zaksauskaite, R., Ray, S., & El‐Khamisy, S. F. (2019) · DNA repair · doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.102669 · Cited by 53
Ferroptosis: regulated cell death
Čepelak, I., Dodig, S., & Dodig, D. Č. (2020) · Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology · doi:10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3366 · Cited by 54
“Table 1 lists major RCD forms, but there are others, such as cellular senescence (irreversible inhibition of the cell cycle) (1, 12), alkaliptosis (cell death triggered by intracellular alkalinisation) (6), lysosome-dependent cell death (mediated by hydrolytic enzymes released into the cytosol after lysosomal membrane…”
BackgroundLiu, P., Tang, Q., Chen, M., Chen, W., Lu, Y., Liu, Z., & He, Z. (2020) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.589908 · Cited by 50
“These cells are called senescent cells that cannot proliferate but remain metabolically active for an extended period of time (16).”
BackgroundInfluentialTissue-Specific Gene Expression Changes are Associated with Aging in Mice
Srivastava, A., Barth, E., Ermolaeva, M., Guenther, M., Frahm, C., Marz, M., & Witte, O. W. (2020) · Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics · doi:10.1016/j.gpb.2020.12.001 · Cited by 54
“This reasoning follows the same principal ideas of the antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis that was proposed in 1957 to explain the contrary effects of senescence and has already been the subject of agingrelated discussions [43,44].”
BackgroundAging and Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Therapeutic Opportunities and Challenges in the Older Group
Chen, H., Liu, O., Chen, S., & Zhou, Y. (2021) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000516668 · Cited by 52
The senescence-associated secretory phenotype: Fueling a wound that never heals
Pulido, T., Velarde, M. C., & Alimirah, F. (2021) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2021.111561 · Cited by 54
Fenech, M. F., Bull, C. F., & van Klinken, B. J. (2023) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2023.08.004 · Cited by 58
“Cells with DNA damage, such as those containing multicentric chromosomes, micronuclei, or with excessive telomere shortening, become genomically unstable and/or senescent [3, 4].”
BackgroundLiu, Y., Lomeli, I., & Kron, S. J. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13151281 · Cited by 74
“Along with telomere erosion during proliferation, senescence can be triggered by replication fork collapse, oxidative damage, oncogenic stress, and cancer therapies, all of which may lead to irreparable DNA damage [4].”
BackgroundZhao, M., & Chen, X. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00601.2014 · Cited by 48
Marcoux, S., Lê, O., Langlois-Pelletier, C., Laverdière, C., Hatami, A., Robaey, P., & Beausejour, C. M. (2013) · Radiation Oncology · doi:10.1186/1748-717x-8-252 · Cited by 49
“Since then, it has been shown that cellular senescence can be triggered prematurely by various stimuli such as DNA damage, oncogenic stress and oxidative stress [3].”
Wang, P., Han, L., Shen, H., Wang, P., Lv, C., Zhao, G., Niu, J., Xue, L., Wang, Q. J., Tong, T., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1310972111 · Cited by 51
“SASP is proposed to have important roles in senescence-associated inflammation, systemic aging, and agerelated diseases (15).”
BackgroundInfluentialSadaie, M., Dillon, C., Narita, M., Young, A. R. J., Cairney, C. J., Godwin, L. S., Torrance, C. J., Bennett, D. C., Keith, W. N., & Narita, M. (2015) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e15-01-0003 · Cited by 53
“Validation of stable exit from the cell cycle is required for the phenotype to qualify as senescence (Campisi, 2013; Salama et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSenescence mirrors the extent of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Wandrer, F., Han, B., Liebig, S., Schlué, J., Manns, M. P., Schulze‐Osthoff, K., & Bantel, H. (2018) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.14802 · Cited by 48
“The SASP of senescent T-cells can act in paracrine manner and induce senescence of adjacent hepatocytes, which results in up-regulation of profibrotic factors, such as amphiregulin, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) and transforming growth factor (TGF)b.(17,50)Vice versa, TGFb can also stimulate the expr…”
BackgroundCharacterization of Senescence of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells After Long-Term Expansion
Truong, N. C., Bui, K. H.-T., & Pham, P. V. (2018) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/5584_2018_235 · Cited by 50
Synergism of BCL-2 family inhibitors facilitates selective elimination of senescent cells
Rysanek, D., Vašicová, P., Kolla, J. N., Sedlák, D., Anděra, L., Bártek, J., & Hodný, Z. (2022) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.204207 · Cited by 48
“The SASP factors induce mild but chronic inflammation and alter the local tissue environment, provided senescent cells are not cleared by the immune system [38–42].”
Senescent cardiac fibroblasts: A key role in cardiac fibrosis
Osorio, J. M., Espinoza-Pérez, C., Rimassa-Taré, C., Machuca, V., Bustos, J. O., Vallejos, M., Vargas, H., & Dı́az-Araya, G. (2023) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166642 · Cited by 50
Gut-specific telomerase expression counteracts systemic aging in telomerase-deficient zebrafish
Maï, M. E., Bird, M., Allouche, A., Targen, S., Şerifoğlu, N., Lopes-Bastos, B., Guigonis, J., Kang, D., Pourcher, T., Yue, J., et al. (2023) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-023-00401-5 · Cited by 59
Malvaso, A., Gatti, A., Negro, G., Calatozzolo, C., Medici, V., & Poloni, T. E. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12242824 · Cited by 54
“Therefore, the term senescence can refer to a variety of functional modifications [39,40].”
BackgroundRole of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in age-related lung disease
Sauler, M., Bucala, R., & Lee, P. J. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00339.2014 · Cited by 49
“Cellular senescence is a hallmark of aging and is characterized by cell cycle arrest, either from repetitive cell division or from accumulated damage from oxidative stress (27, 116).”
Zhang, M., Du, Y., Lu, R., Shu, Y., Zhao, W., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Liu, R., Yang, T., Luo, S., et al. (2016) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2016/7524308 · Cited by 48
“Our study revealed that CH elicited significant antisenescence effects in aging BMSCs at the 3rd passage or induced by H 2 O 2 [16], likely through suppressing the ROS/p53/p21Cip1/Waf1 signaling pathway and regulating autophagy process.”
BackgroundEpstein–Barr Virus Susceptibility in Activated PI3Kδ Syndrome (APDS) Immunodeficiency
Carpier, J.-M., & Lucas, C. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.02005 · Cited by 51
“Replicative senescence occurs when telomere erosion that occurs with each cell division reaches a critical point, leading to irreversible cell-cycle arrest through activation of the DNA damage response that is thought to protect from cellular transformation by preventing genomic instability and infinite proliferation…”
BackgroundFOXP1 drives osteosarcoma development by repressing P21 and RB transcription downstream of P53
Li, H., Han, X., Yang, S., Wang, Y., Dong, Y., & Tang, T. (2021) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/s41388-021-01742-4 · Cited by 48
Nuclear deformations, from signaling to perturbation and damage
Nader, G. P. F., Williart, A., & Piel, M. (2021) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2021.07.008 · Cited by 49
cGAS/STING: novel perspectives of the classic pathway
Gao, M., He, Y., Tang, H., Chen, X., Liu, S., & Tao, Y. (2020) · Molecular Biomedicine · doi:10.1186/s43556-020-00006-z · Cited by 50
“The p53/p21 and p16/pRB pathways are responsible for senescence related growth arrest [87].”
BackgroundJanelle, V., & Delisle, J. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13040598 · Cited by 52
Aging-associated accumulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations in tumor origin
Kong, M., Guo, L., Xu, W., He, C., Jia, X., Zhao, Z., & Gu, Z. (2022) · Life Medicine · doi:10.1093/lifemedi/lnac014 · Cited by 51
Brauer, E., Lange, T., Keller, D., Görlitz, S., Cho, S., Keye, J., Gossen, M., Petersen, A., & Kornak, U. (2022) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13744 · Cited by 50
“Cellular senescence thus constitutes a hallmark of aging and is linked to various agerelated diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (Erusalimsky & Kurz, 2005), osteoarthritis (Martin & Buckwalter, 2003), and cancer (Campisi, 2013).”
BackgroundMolecular mechanisms of ageing and related diseases
Liu, J. (2014) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/1440-1681.12247 · Cited by 50
Chen, J., Xu, T., Zhu, D., Wang, J., Huang, C., Lyu, L., Hu, B., Sun, W., & Duan, Y. (2016) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2016.228 · Cited by 47
“Cellular senescence refers to an irreversible cell cycle arrest state that can limit cell proliferation and growth.(24) It is widely accepted that cell senescence could serve as an effective strategy for tumor suppression.”
BackgroundChanging mutational and adaptive landscapes and the genesis of cancer
Liggett, L. A., & DeGregori, J. V. (2017) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.01.005 · Cited by 48
Mouse Models of Accelerated Cellular Senescence
Yousefzadeh, M. J., Melos, K. I., Angelini, L. A., Burd, C. E., Robbins, P. D., & Niedernhofer, L. J. (2018) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8931-7_17 · Cited by 48
“Senescence is triggered by the activation of p16INK4A/Rb or p53/p21CIP1 signaling [1] and is characterized by an irreversible cell cycle arrest [2].”
BackgroundIdentification of reference genes for RT-qPCR data normalisation in aging studies
González-Bermúdez, L., Anglada, T., Genescà, A., Martı́n, M., & Terradas, M. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50035-0 · Cited by 50
Liu, Y., Pan, J., Pan, X., Wu, L., Bian, J., Lin, Z., Xue, M., Su, T., Lai, S., Chen, F., et al. (2019) · Molecular Oncology · doi:10.1002/1878-0261.12577 · Cited by 48
“Cellular senescence was first described by Hayflick et al. as a state of growth arrest (Campisi, 2013).”
BackgroundHypoxia/reoxygenation activates the JNK pathway and accelerates synovial senescence
Zhang, Y., Zhou, S., Cai, W., Han, G., Li, J., Chen, M., & Li, H. (2020) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2020.11102 · Cited by 47
Wang, S.-T., Huang, S., Liu, K.-T., Lee, T., Shieh, J., & Wu, C. (2020) · Cell Death Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41420-020-0252-9 · Cited by 47
Oksuzyan, A., Höhn, A., Pedersen, J. K., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238912 · Cited by 46
“As the prevalence of non-communicable diseases increases with age–including cancers [3], circulatory diseases [4], and dementia [5]–population aging presents new challenges for healthcare systems, including hospital settings [6,7].”
BackgroundChen, D., Wang, J., Li, Y., Xu, C., Meng, F., Zhang, P., & Liu, L. (2023) · Clinical and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/ctm2.1418 · Cited by 46
Song, M. J., Park, C., Kim, H., Han, S., Lee, S., Lee, D. H., & Chung, J. H. (2023) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.14000 · Cited by 47
“Aging is a progressive degenerative process involving the accumulation of senescent cells (Campisi, 2013; Jeyapalan & Sedivy, 2008; Lopez-Otin et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSenolytic therapeutics: An emerging treatment modality for osteoarthritis
Ansari, M. M., Ghosh, M., Lee, D., & Son, Y. (2024) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102275 · Cited by 49
Menicacci, B., Laurenzana, A., Chillà, A., Margheri, F., Peppicelli, S., Tanganelli, E., Fibbi, G., Giovannelli, L., Rosso, M. D., & Mocali, A. (2017) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glw336 · Cited by 47
“related to SASP factors in several papers by Campisi and co-workers (2,4-6,11,12, 20, 21).”
Fukushiro-Lopes, D. F., Hegel, A. D., Rao, V. R., Wyatt, D. L., Baker, A. T., Breuer, E.-K. Y., Osipo, C., Zartman, J. J., Burnette, M. D., Kaja, S., et al. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.22925 · Cited by 45
“Senescence is a form of normal aging resulting from replicative exhaustion and it is generally characterized by a permanent arrest of the cell cycle and loss of cell’s ability to respond to mitotic and/or apoptotic stimuli [17].”
BackgroundMeng, Y., Eirin, A., Zhu, X.-Y., Tang, H. R., Hickson, L. J., Lerman, A., van Wijnen, A. J., & Lerman, L. O. (2018) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.1177/0963689718795692 · Cited by 46
Wattanathamsan, O., Hayakawa, Y., & Pongrakhananon, V. (2019) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.6422 · Cited by 46
“Campisi et al. found that cancer cells are the only immortal cultured cells (Campisi, 2013).”
BackgroundConserved aging-related signatures of senescence and inflammation in different tissues and species
Barth, E., Srivastava, A., Stojiljkovic, M. R., Frahm, C., Axer, H., Witte, O. W., & Marz, M. (2019) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.102345 · Cited by 47
“During a state of inflammatory stress, excessive production of ROS is enhanced due to dysfunction of the respiratory chain in mitochondria, leading to an accumulation of senescent cells, which can develop a pro-inflammatory secretory phenotype [12].”
BackgroundPungsrinont, T., Sutter, M. F., Ertingshausen, M. C. C. M., Lakshmana, G., Kokal, M., Khan, A. S., & Baniahmad, A. (2020) · Cell & Bioscience · doi:10.1186/s13578-020-00422-2 · Cited by 47
The role of cellular senescence in aging through the prism of Koch-like criteria
Yanai, H., & Fraifeld, V. E. (2018) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2017.10.004 · Cited by 45
Life and death of microglia: Mechanisms governing microglial states and fates
Matsudaira, T., & Prinz, M. (2022) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2022.04.001 · Cited by 47
Control of innate immunity by the cGAS‐STING pathway
Mosallanejad, K., & Kagan, J. C. (2022) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1111/imcb.12555 · Cited by 52
The hallmarks of aging in Ataxia-Telangiectasia
Aguado, J., Gómez‐Inclán, C., Leeson, H. C., Lavin, M. F., Shiloh, Y., & Wolvetang, E. J. (2022) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2022.101653 · Cited by 47
“plays a role in development and tissue homeostasis, as well as in age-related degenerative and malignant diseases (Rodier and Campisi, 2011; Campisi, 2013).”
Neumann, P., Lenz, D. E., Streit, W. J., & Bechmann, I. (2022) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24282 · Cited by 47
“Altered signaling in immune cells, necessary to detect and remove them (Campisi, 2013; Dodig et al., 2019), is thought to cause further accumulation and consequently inflammation and tissue dysfunction (Coppé et al., 2010; Zglinicki et al., 2021).”
BackgroundMacrophage Involvement in Aging-Associated Skeletal Muscle Regeneration
Cui, C., Ferrucci, L., & Gorospe, M. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12091214 · Cited by 49
Guo, Z., Zhang, Y., Gong, Y., Li, G., Pan, J., Dou, D., Ma, K., Cui, C., Liu, Y., & Zhu, X. (2025) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.01.029 · Cited by 51
Modelling the onset of senescence at the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint
Mombach, J. C., Bugs, C. A., & Chaouiya, C. (2014) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-s7-s7 · Cited by 50
“p53 No damage: [1,2] loss of proliferation; [2] apoptosis With damage: [1] senescence enhanced & loss of apoptosis; [2]: apoptosis Apoptosis [4,48]”
BackgroundInfluentialChanges of telomere status with aging: An update
Ishikawa, N., Nakamura, K., Izumiyama‐Shimomura, N., Aida, J., Matsuda, Y., Arai, T., & Takubo, K. (2016) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.12772 · Cited by 45
Altered DNA base excision repair profile in brain tissue and blood in Alzheimer’s disease
Lillenes, M. S., Rabano, A., Støen, M., Riaz, T., Misaghian, D., Møllersen, L., Esbensen, Y., Günther, C.-C., Selnes, P., Stenset, V. T. V., et al. (2016) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-016-0237-z · Cited by 46
“These features are more abundant in old cells than in young cells [15, 16].”
Oncogenic senescence: a multi-functional perspective
Baker, D. J., Alimirah, F., van Deursen, J. M., Campisi, J., & Hildesheim, J. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.15742 · Cited by 49
“Furthermore, senescent cells are genomically unstable and cancer therapy-induced senescence is associated with invasive and metastatic phenotypes in certain cancer types [1, 4].”
InfluentialSelf-citationCaveolin-1 promotes the tumor suppressor properties of oncogene-induced cellular senescence
Volonté, D., Vyas, A. R., Chen, C., Đačić, S., Stabile, L. P., Kurland, B. F., Abberbock, S. R., Burns, T. F., Herman, J. G., Di, Y. P., et al. (2017) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m117.815902 · Cited by 48
“Although no single feature of the senescent phenotype is exclusively specific, hallmarks of cellular senescence include growth arrest, exit from the cell cycle, increased p53 activity, increased p21 and p16 protein expression, hypophosphorylation of pRb, nuclear foci containing DDR proteins (DNA-SCARS/TIF) or heteroch…”
BackgroundThe Zebrafish as an Emerging Model to Study DNA Damage in Aging, Cancer and Other Diseases
Cayuela, M. L., Claes, K., Ferreira, M. G., Henriques, C. M., Eeden, F. V., Varga, M., Vierstraete, J., & Mione, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2018.00178 · Cited by 50
“…implicating telomere dysfunction and senescence in age-associated pathologies, such as atherosclerosis (Minamino and Komuro, 2007), arthritis (Price et al., 2002), liver cirrhosis (Wiemann et al., 2002), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Amsellem et al., 2011), and cancer (Campisi, 2013).”
BackgroundYan, X., Tian, X., Wu, Z., & Han, W. (2020) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.01671 · Cited by 45
“Cancer mainly occurs in older patients, and age is also associated with a poor prognosis for cancer (12).”
BackgroundCellular senescence: friend or foe to respiratory viral infections?
Kelley, W. J., Zemans, R. L., & Goldstein, D. R. (2020) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.02708-2020 · Cited by 47
Xing, L., Tang, X., Wu, K., Huang, X., Yi, Y., & Huan, J. (2020) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2020.10.012 · Cited by 43
“22 December 2020 a 2020 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http In response to stresses, for example anti-cancer drug treatment, cancer cells can undergo steady growth arrest, with irreversible DNA damage, limited viability, and sustained energy metabolism, the cellular state of which is cal…”
BackgroundEnvironmental pollutants exposure: A potential contributor for aging and age-related diseases
Liu, Y., Wang, J., Huang, Z., Liang, J., Xia, Q., Xia, Q., & Liu, X. (2020) · Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.etap.2020.103575 · Cited by 46
Cellular senescence and hematological malignancies: From pathogenesis to therapeutics
Hu, D., Yuan, S., Zhong, J., Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Liu, L., Li, J., Wen, F., Liu, J., & Zhang, J. (2021) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107817 · Cited by 47
P21-PARP-1 Pathway Is Involved in Cigarette Smoke-Induced Lung DNA Damage and Cellular Senescence
Yao, H., Sundar, I. K., Gorbunova, V. A., & Rahman, I. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080007 · Cited by 44
“cellular senescence [4–6,26].”
BackgroundDisruption of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking as a cellular senescence driver.
Park, J.-H., Ryu, S. J., Kim, B. J., Cho, H.-J., Park, C. H., Choi, H. J. C., Jang, E.-J., Yang, E. J., Hwang, J.-A., Woo, S.-H., et al. (2021) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-021-00643-6 · Cited by 44
“6d): (1) DBNL, PIK3R1, and TPP1, which are involved in endocytic and lysosomal networks; (2) KPNA2 and RAN, which are involved in NCT; and (3) CTPS1, which is involved in nucleoside metabolism.”
BackgroundMethodZupan, J., Stražar, K., Kocijan, R., Nau, T., Grillari, J., & Marolt, D. (2021) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2021.111539 · Cited by 52
“Some studies have shown the importance of cell senescence as a safeguard against cancer (Campisi, 2013), as well as in development, wound healing, tissue repair and aging/age-related dis-”
BackgroundDistinct adipose progenitor cells emerging with age drive active adipogenesis
Wang, G., Li, G., Song, A., Zhao, Y., Yu, J., Wang, Y., Dai, W., Salas, M. C., Qin, H., Medrano, L. J., et al. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adj0430 · Cited by 47
Self-citationLiu, X., Chen, H., Zhu, W., Chen, H., Hu, X., Jiang, Z., Xu, Y., Zhou, Y., Wang, K., Wang, L., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation · doi:10.1016/j.healun.2014.05.008 · Cited by 44
Metadata
- Authors
- Campisi, J.
- Affiliations
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging (US)
- Corresponding author
- Campisi, Judith
- ORCID
- Campisi, Judith
- Venue
- Annual Review of Physiology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2013-02-10
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 685-705
- ISSN
- 0066-4278 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-1585
- PMC
- PMC4166529
- OpenAlex
- W2150748567
- Semantic Scholar
- 06fb9247d328a192b4dc9451bbc06b9d7930f1b8
- Cited by
- 2,954
- References
- 152
- Citations by year
- 2026: 220 · 2025: 270 · 2024: 267 · 2023: 269 · 2022: 279 · 2021: 278 · 2020: 268 · 2019: 261 · 2018: 205 · 2017: 185 · 2016: 163 · 2015: 125 · 2014: 115 · 2013: 46
- FWCI
- 9.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R37AG009909, P01AG041122, P01AG017242)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
- Keywords
- cellular senescence, aging, cancer, tumor suppression, chronic inflammation, antagonistic pleiotropy, cellular stress response, malignant transformation
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, DNA Damage, Humans, Neoplasms, Stress, Physiological, Cellular Senescence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
