The DOI matches its Crossref record; 152 of the 152 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 127 of the 201 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer
Open accessAbstract
For most species, aging promotes a host of degenerative pathologies that are characterized by debilitating losses of tissue or cellular function. However, especially among vertebrates, aging also promotes hyperplastic pathologies, the most deadly of which is cancer. In contrast to the loss of function that characterizes degenerating cells and tissues, malignant (cancerous) cells must acquire new (albeit aberrant) functions that allow them to develop into a lethal tumor. This review discusses the idea that, despite seemingly opposite characteristics, the degenerative and hyperplastic pathologies of aging are at least partly linked by a common biological phenomenon: a cellular stress response known as cellular senescence. The senescence response is widely recognized as a potent tumor suppressive mechanism. However, recent evidence strengthens the idea that it also drives both degenerative and hyperplastic pathologies, most likely by promoting chronic inflammation. Thus, the senescence response may be the result of antagonistically pleiotropic gene action.
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Claims the paper makes
37 Partly supported · 33 Own interpretation · 25 No basis given · 24 Supported · 19 No full text of the sources · 8 Supported so far · 5 Not checked yet · 4 Mixed support · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the effects of the senescent fibroblasts were due primarily to their secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are prominent SASP components (32, 94).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE, AGING, AND CANCER: THE DARK SIDE > Senescent Cells and Degenerative Phenotypes
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [32] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “SASPs Induce Epithelial–Mesenchyme Transitions and Invasiveness” (page unavailable), the paper reports that senescent fibroblast secretions promoted invasion, but identifies IL-6 and IL-8—not MMPs—as the SASP factors contributing substantially to that effect. Our copy does not identify MMPs as prominent SASP components or as the primary cause of these effects. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Partly supportedcites [94] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section, “Members of MMP and Other Gene Clusters Comprise the Conserved SASP” (page not provided), identifies secreted MMPs as SASP components. The paper does not show that MMPs were primarily responsible for the disruptive effects in the cited cultures; its Discussion instead attributes much of the growth-stimulatory activity to CXCL-1. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Finally, the SASP also includes proteins that can help senescent cells evade immune recognition and clearance (92, 93).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: THE BRIGHT SIDE > Immune Clearance
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [92] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “The Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype Affects Leukocyte Infiltration and Tumor Immunology” (page unavailable), the paper says molecules overexpressed by senescent fibroblasts can lead to an inadequate immune response near those cells. It does not say that these proteins help senescent cells themselves evade immune recognition or clearance; the discussion concerns immune responses in the tumor environment. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Disputedcites [93] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Multiple roles of the SASP” section says the SASP might signal the immune system to clear senescent cells. It also describes SASP-associated cytokines and enzymes promoting clearance in mouse models. The cited paper thus makes the contrary point, rather than identifying proteins that help senescent cells evade recognition or clearance. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This finding may be complicated by the fact that the proliferative arrest of mouse cells cultured in ambient oxygen concentrations (approximately 20%), which is substantially higher than the oxygen concentrations to which cells are exposed in vivo, has only some features of the senescence response that is induced under more physiological oxygen concentrations (38, 94).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: THE BRIGHT SIDE > Tumor Suppression
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [38] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper reports that mouse embryonic fibroblasts arrested and showed a senescent morphology in 20% oxygen. But in its discussion of growth at physiological 3% oxygen (Fig. 2a; page unavailable), it says the cells grew with little evidence of replicative senescence, rather than undergoing the contrasting senescence response described in the claim. It notes an exception for DNA-repair-deficient Balb/c cells, whose eventual senescence at 3% oxygen had a phenotype similar to that of cells grown at 20%. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Supportedcites [94] source
The Discussion (page not provided) says mouse cells arrested in 20% oxygen show some senescence features, including growth arrest and SA-βGal activity, but differ from mouse cells made senescent in physiological oxygen. The Results (page not provided) identify 20% oxygen as atmospheric culture conditions and 3% as physiological oxygen. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The permanence of the senescence growth arrest enforces the idea that the senescence response evolved at least in part to suppress the development of cancer (9).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: OVERVIEW
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [9] source
The Introduction describes senescence as an irreversible loss of proliferative capacity and places it among cellular mechanisms of tumor suppression that evolved to protect against cancer. The “Blocking Tumor Growth by Senescence” section reports experiments examining that protective role. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, molecular biological manipulations, for example, the sequential inactivation of certain tumor suppressor genes, can cause senescent cells to proliferate (10).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: OVERVIEW
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [10] source
The Results report that WI-38 cells with p16 suppressed before senescence resumed proliferation after subsequent p53 inactivation; more than 70% proliferated. This supports the cited example of sequential molecular manipulations, though the result depends on when p16 is suppressed. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Many types of cytotoxic chemotherapies are severe DNA-damaging agents that can induce senescence in both tumor cells and surrounding normal cells (31–34).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES > Genomic Damage
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [31] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion (page not available) show that doxorubicin, a DNA-damaging anticancer drug, induced senescence in surviving colon carcinoma cells. The introduction (page not available) also says DNA damage can trigger senescence in normal cells and that various anticancer agents can induce senescence-like arrest in tumor cells. It does not establish that cytotoxic chemotherapies induce senescence in surrounding normal cells. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [32] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Chemotherapy-Induced SASPs Occur In Vivo,” the paper reports that the DNA-damaging chemotherapy mitoxantrone induced senescence in epithelial cell lines and normal fibroblasts in culture, and examines treated tumor cells in vivo. It does not establish that many types of chemotherapy induce senescence in normal cells surrounding tumors. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] source
- Partly supportedcites [34] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not supplied) says most conventional agents damage cellular components, often DNA, and that drug-induced damage can initiate senescence. The Discussion reports chemotherapy-induced senescence in a murine lymphoma model. Our copy does not establish that these agents cause severe DNA damage or induce senescence in surrounding normal cells. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, there is substantial overlap among SASPs; proinflammatory cytokines are the most highly conserved feature, cutting across many different cell types and senescence-inducing stimuli (33, 42, 96, 99, 100, 112–114).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] source
- Partly supportedcites [42] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passages labeled Abstract report IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in several fibroblast models and under multiple DNA-damaging conditions. They do not compare SASPs to establish that proinflammatory cytokines are their most highly conserved feature; the paper also reports that p16-induced senescence without DNA damage did not initiate a cytokine response. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [96] source
- Partly supportedcites [99] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report proinflammatory cytokines among factors secreted during oncogene-induced senescence, and the Discussion describes CXCR2-binding chemokines as upregulated during both replicative and oncogene-induced senescence. The paper does not establish substantial overlap among SASPs across many cell types or show that proinflammatory cytokines are their most highly conserved feature. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [100] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that IL-6, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-8 were upregulated during oncogene-induced senescence in human fibroblasts and melanocytes. The Discussion also identifies cytokines and chemokines as prominent in that setting. The paper does not establish substantial overlap among SASPs across many senescence-inducing stimuli or show that proinflammatory cytokines are their most highly conserved feature. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [112] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [113] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [114] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The SASP is primarily a property of cells that senesce owing to, or accompanied by, genomic damage or epigenomic perturbation.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE > The SASP: Causes
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [115] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The discussion (p. 7) says chronic DNA-damage signaling is required for a SASP and concludes that the SASP is a consequence of severe DNA damage rather than growth arrest alone. This supports the genomic-damage part of the claim, but the passages do not address epigenomic perturbation as a cause of the SASP. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [32] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Figure 1D) show that DNA damage sufficient to cause senescence induced a SASP, while a lower radiation dose did not. The Discussion likewise describes the SASP as a response to severe or irreparable damage. These passages support the genomic-damage part of the claim, but our copy does not establish epigenomic perturbation as another basis for the SASP. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] source
- Partly supportedcites [42] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the supplied copy’s Abstract (page not specified), persistent DNA damage correlates with secretion of inflammatory SASP factors, while p16-induced senescence without DNA damage does not initiate that cytokine response. The paper says DNA-damage signalling drives only a subset of SASP factors; it does not establish the claim for the SASP as a whole or address epigenomic perturbation. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [67] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Results link SASP activation to DNA-damage signaling and show that HDAC inhibition can induce SASP factors without detectable DNA breaks. But the Introduction and Discussion also state that cells unable to senesce can express SASP factors, so the paper does not establish that the SASP is primarily a property of cells that senesce under those conditions. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [94] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section, “Effect of O2 on DNA Damage and Genomic Instability” (page not available), reports that the SASP correlates with persistent DNA-damage foci in mouse cells, as in human cells. The paper does not establish epigenomic perturbation as a basis for the SASP, and its findings in the cells studied do not establish the claim’s broader “primarily a property” characterization. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [96] source
- Partly supportedcites [99] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports increased secretion of CXCR2-binding chemokines during replicative and especially oncogene-induced senescence, and says the DNA-damage response is central to both. It does not establish that the SASP is primarily limited to cells with genomic damage, or link it to epigenomic perturbation. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Partly supportedcites [100] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s Summary links oncogene-induced senescence to an inflammatory transcriptome and secretion of IL-6. The Introduction discusses DNA-damage signaling in oncogene-induced senescence, and the passage headed “IL-6 Depletion Correlates with Reduced Formation of SAHF” reports chromatin changes. These passages do not establish that the SASP is primarily a property of cells senescing with genomic damage or epigenomic perturbation across senescence types. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [112] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Chronic inflammation, of course, is a cause of—or an important contributor to—virtually every major age-related disease, both degenerative and hyperplastic (109–111).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [109] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction calls chronic inflammation a major underlying condition of many age-related diseases, including degenerative conditions and cancer. The Conclusion likewise describes it as a primary factor underlying numerous age-related diseases. Neither passage supports the stronger claim that it contributes to virtually every major age-related disease. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [110] source
- Partly supportedcites [111] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Conclusions and Prospective sections (page unavailable) describe chronic inflammation as a contributor to cancer risk and tumor development. They do not support the broader claim about virtually every major age-related disease, including degenerative diseases. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“many SASP components directly or indirectly promote inflammation (59, 92, 93, 107, 108).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] source
- Supportedcites [92] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the section on soluble signaling factors, the paper identifies several SASP components as inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and IL-1. The sections on leukocyte infiltration and cell differentiation describe SASP factors acting on neighboring cells and recruiting inflammatory and immune cells, supporting both direct and indirect effects. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [93] source
The section “Senescent cells as a source of chronic inflammation” identifies numerous SASP proteins known to stimulate inflammation. “Chronic inflammation might propel basic aging processes” also describes an indirect route: senescent-cell cytokines attract and activate innate immune cells. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites [107] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Secretory phenotype of senescent cells’ section describes the SASP as having pro-inflammatory effects and identifies inflammatory cytokines among its components. The ‘Regulation of the inflammatory component of the SASP’ section describes an indirect route: IL-1α promotes expression of IL-6 and IL-8. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [108] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Cellular senescence” section describes the senescent secretory phenotype as including inflammatory cytokines, ECM-modifying proteases, and reactive oxygen species. It also explains that substances released by senescent cells attract and activate immune cells, supporting both direct and indirect contributions to inflammation. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 26
- Probably not a substantial claim. 9
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Dysfunctional telomeres elicit a DNA damage response (DDR) but suppress attempted DNA repair (22–25).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES > Telomere Shortening
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] source
- Supportedcites [24] source
The Results section ('Persistent DDR foci are localized at telomeres') says telomeric proteins inhibit DNA repair at chromosome ends. The Discussion says damaged telomeric tracts resist repair, while the Results section on ageing describes unrepaired telomeric breaks producing persistent DDR foci. Page numbers are not available in the supplied copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Disputedcites [25] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper reports that dysfunctional taz1Δ telomeres undergo a DNA damage response, supporting the first half of the claim. But it says DNA repair proteins accumulate at those chromosome ends and concludes, “Thus, DNA repair is ongoing at taz1Δ chromosome ends” (Abstract; page not supplied). It describes suppression of checkpoint signaling and cell-cycle arrest, not suppression of repair at these dysfunctional telomeres. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Dysfunctional telomeres appear to be irreparable; consequently, cells with such telomeres experience persistent DDR signaling and p53 activation (24, 26), which enforce the senescence growth arrest (Figure 2).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES > Telomere Shortening
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [24] source
The Discussion proposes that irreparable telomeric damage causes persistent DDR signaling and cellular senescence. In the Results (page unavailable), linear telomeric DNA sustained p53 Ser15 phosphorylation and growth arrest in human fibroblasts; separate irradiation experiments found that sustained DDR signaling was necessary to maintain senescence. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Hence, the idea that the senescence response is tumor suppressive, although still speculative 50 years ago, was more firmly grounded (9).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [9] source
In “Blocking Tumor Growth by Senescence” (page not supplied), Sager describes experiments examining senescence’s role in tumor suppression and concludes that senescence blocks tumor formation. This supports the cited point that the idea had gained an experimental grounding; the 50-year comparison is the citing authors’ historical framing. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In the case of telomeres, repair followed by cell division will cause rampant genomic instability through cycles of chromosome fusion and breakage (20, 21)—major risk factors for developing cancer.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES > Telomere Shortening
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] source
- Partly supportedcites [21] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 2 (p. 7) describes DNA repair systems fusing dysfunctional or uncapped telomeres, followed by mitotic breakage and cycles of fusion that cause genomic instability. Section 7 (pp. 15–16) links this instability to cancer, but specifies that it arises when cells with dysfunctional telomeres divide despite tumor-suppressor checkpoints. The claim omits the dysfunctional-telomere condition and makes repair at telomeres sound generally harmful. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although drug-treated BubR1H/H;INK-ATTAC mice did not live longer, they were remarkably protected from several other age-related pathologies, including cataracts, sarcopenia, and loss of subcutaneous fat (128).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE, AGING, AND CANCER: THE DARK SIDE > Senescent Cells and Degenerative Phenotypes
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [128] source
The main text reports that AP20187 treatment from weaning delayed cataracts and lordokyphosis, preserved muscle function, and prevented fat loss, including subdermal fat loss (Fig. 2b–h). It also says overall survival was not substantially extended (Supplementary Fig. 5d). The cataract finding applies to treatment begun early in life; cataracts were unchanged when treatment began at five months. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Cells that express p16INK4a are senescent.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“That is, the rapid robust DDR that occurs immediately after DNA damage does not induce a SASP; rather, the SASP develops slowly—over several days in culture—and only after the initial DDR subsides (32, 42).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE > The SASP: Regulation
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [32] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The irradiation experiment (Figure 1D; page unavailable) reports that a robust SASP appeared 4–7 days after DNA damage, not immediately, and that both radiation doses initiated a DDR while only the senescence-inducing dose produced a SASP. The DDR discussion likewise calls the SASP a slow response rather than a simple or classic DDR. Neither passage establishes that the initial DDR had subsided before the SASP developed. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [42] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the indexed passage labeled Abstract (page unavailable), the paper reports that IL-6 and IL-8 secretion rises over 2–5 days after high-dose irradiation, rather than immediately, and links the response to persistent DNA-damage signalling. It does not establish that the SASP begins only after the initial DDR subsides; it says DDR signalling persists and helps initiate the delayed cytokine response. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The SASP cytokines that are responsible for these immune responses are incompletely understood but are very likely numerous (132, 135).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: THE BRIGHT SIDE > Immune Clearance
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [132] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passage labeled Abstract (page not provided) reports that four inflammatory cytokines were upregulated after p53 reactivation in murine liver tumours, alongside infiltration by several innate immune cell types. This supports the suggestion that multiple cytokines may be involved, but the paper does not identify which cytokines are responsible for the immune responses or explicitly assess how completely they are understood. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [135] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract says IL-6, IL-8, and other secreted factors attract immune cells, and the ‘NF-kB controls the SASP’ section identifies multiple immune-response genes. This supports the involvement of several SASP factors, but the paper does not establish that numerous cytokines are responsible for the immune responses or explicitly say that their identities are incompletely understood. Its statement that little is known concerns regulation of the SASP, not which cytokines mediate immunity. (LLM, conf=0.82)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“There are also age-related changes in the innate immune system, although they tend to be less striking than the changes in adaptive immunity; moreover, the aged innate immune system is more likely to show a loss of proper regulation than a loss of function (142, 143).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: THE BRIGHT SIDE > Immune Clearance
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [142] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract states that age-related innate immunosenescence appears to reflect dysregulation rather than exclusively impaired function, and the Introduction describes both diminished responses and hyper-reactivity. Neither passage establishes the claim that age-related innate changes are less striking than changes in adaptive immunity. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [143] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Likewise, secreted WNT16B is an important enforcer of the senescence growth arrest of human fibroblasts in culture, as well as that of mouse cells that senesce in vivo owing to expression of an activated RAS oncogene (138).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: THE BRIGHT SIDE > Tumor Suppression
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [138] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section, “WNT16B is necessary for the onset of replicative senescence” (page unavailable), reports that WNT16B knockdown let cultured human fibroblasts bypass senescence and continue proliferating. The Results section, “WNT16 is activated in OIS in vitro and in vivo” (page unavailable), finds WNT16B overexpressed in activated-K-Ras mouse lung lesions, but identifies it there as a marker; it does not show that WNT16B enforces growth arrest in those mouse cells. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This signaling cascade induced both a senescence growth arrest and the expression of several genes that encode SASP proteins.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: THE BRIGHT SIDE > Tissue Repair
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [149] source
The Results section (“CCN1 induces senescence in human fibroblasts through integrin signaling”; page not provided) reports that CCN1 caused irreversible growth arrest in skin fibroblasts and increased expression of cytokine and matrix-degrading-enzyme genes consistent with the SASP. The Results section on ROS-dependent ERK and p38 MAPK activation links the signaling pathway to cellular senescence. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, especially among vertebrates, aging also promotes hyperplastic pathologies, the most deadly of which is cancer.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cellular senescence is unlikely to explain all aging phenotypes.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > INTRODUCTION: AGING AND CANCER
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among multicellular organisms, aging is marked by a progressive decline in the function of multiple cells and tissues.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > INTRODUCTION: AGING AND CANCER
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The senescence response is widely recognized as a potent tumor suppressive mechanism.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Cellular senescence refers to the essentially irreversible arrest of cell proliferation (growth) that occurs when cells experience potentially oncogenic stress (8) (Figure 1).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: OVERVIEW
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Extrinsic hazards—accidents, predation, infection, starvation, and so forth—limit the life span of most species, thereby depleting natural populations of older individuals.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > INTRODUCTION: AGING AND CANCER
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Rose MR, 1991 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These changes include the secretion of numerous proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteases, a feature termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) (Figures 2 and 3).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: OVERVIEW
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As discussed below, DDR signaling also establishes and maintains the SASP.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES > Telomere Shortening
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Telomerase-positive human cells include most cancer cells, embryonic stem cells, certain adult stem cells, and a few somatic cells (for example, activated T cells).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES > Telomere Shortening
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Because polymerases that copy DNA templates are unidirectional and require a labile primer, the ends of linear DNA molecules cannot be completely replicated (13).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES > Telomere Shortening
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the SASP is a plastic phenotype. That is, proteins that are included in the SASP vary among cell types and, to some extent, with the stimulus that induced the senescence response.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These cells were said to have a finite replicative life span, and, later, to undergo replicative or cellular senescence (sometimes termed replicative or cellular aging).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ensuing decades have seen the links between cellular senescence and both aging and cancer strengthen.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The link to cancer was more obvious.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather, cellular senescence and the SASP likely evolved both to suppress the development of cancer and to promote tissue repair or regeneration in the face of injury.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: OVERVIEW
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They have also seen an increasingly more complex view of both the causes and consequences of cellular senescence.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: CAUSES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These proteins act upstream of p53, which does not positively regulate the SASP (discussed below) (Figure 2).”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE > The SASP: Regulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The picture that emerges, then, is that senescent cells accumulate with age, creating a tissue microenvironment that is permissive for the development, or at least the progression, of cancer.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE, AGING, AND CANCER: THE DARK SIDE > Senescent Cells and Cancer
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After all, cells enter a senescent state to prevent the proliferation of damaged cells, which is a major risk factor for the development of cancer.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE, AGING, AND CANCER: THE DARK SIDE > Senescent Cells and Cancer
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Of particular importance in this regard are the SASP components MMP3 (stromelysin) (130), which also promotes tumor cell invasion, and VEGF (97), which promotes tumor-driven angiogenesis.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE, AGING, AND CANCER: THE DARK SIDE > Senescent Cells and Cancer
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, in addition to suppressing tumorigenesis by implementing a cell-autonomous growth arrest, senescent cells can suppress cancer nonautonomously by stimulating the immune system to target oncogene-expressing premalignant or malignant cells.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: THE BRIGHT SIDE > Immune Clearance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This morphological transition enables transformed epithelial cells to invade and migrate through tissues and is critical in the development of metastatic cancer.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE, AGING, AND CANCER: THE DARK SIDE > Senescent Cells and Cancer
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effects of senescent cells within the tumor microenvironment are complex and highly dependent on physiological context.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE, AGING, AND CANCER: THE DARK SIDE > Senescent Cells and Cancer
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The beneficial effect of senescent cells on tissue repair poses a paradox because wound healing and tissue repair decline with age.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > RESOLVING THE PARADOXES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Wound healing and tissue repair decline with age.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both cases, senescent cells are not chronically present, which is the case during aging and at the sites of age-related pathologies.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > RESOLVING THE PARADOXES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Cells that express p16INK4a are senescent.
“there is strong evidence that p16INK4a-expressing cells are senescent, but this assumption has not yet been rigorously tested.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Wound healing and tissue repair decline with age.
“wound healing and tissue repair decline with age.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“During the early phases of cancer progression, mutated cells display a genuine senescent phenotype, as a consequence of oncogene-induced senescence150.”
From Guidelines for minimal information on cellular senescence experimentation in vivo (2024) · cites this paper as [150]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These senescent cells exhibit an altered secretome known as SASP, which significantly disrupts the skin microenvironment.158”
From Inflammation and aging: signaling pathways and intervention therapies (2023) · cites this paper as [158]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Oxidative stress and macromolecular damage in aged cells induce a complex stress response termed cellular senescence, which has been shown to cause or exacerbate aging and several age-related pathologies”
From Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies senescent cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells in the aged mouse brain (2020) · cites this paper as Campisi 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Therefore, cellular senescence is believed to be an essential tumor suppression mechanism in vivo.”
From Cellular senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype via the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Senescent cells (SnCs) accumulate in many vertebrate tissues with age and contribute to age-related pathologies1–3, presumably through their secretion of factors contributing to the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)4–6.”
From Local clearance of senescent cells attenuates the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis and creates a pro-regenerative environment (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The induction of cellular senescence is mediated by either Rb or p53, two critical tumor suppressors, and represents a potent anti-tumor mechanism (Campisi, 2013).”
From Single senescent cell sequencing reveals heterogeneity in senescent cells induced by telomere erosion (2019) · cites this paper as Campisi, 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There is growing evidence that senescent cells and their SASPs contribute to the pathogenesis of many other age-related diseases as well”
From Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies senescent cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells in the aged mouse brain (2020) · cites this paper as Campisi 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Senescence is triggered by stressors such as telomere shortening, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and oncogenic signals5,6,7,8”
From Cellular senescence in human liver under normal aging and cancer (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“While chemotherapy can induce senescence in healthy tissues,6 it remains unclear whether metastatic cancer itself triggers senescence in adjacent normal liver and how this differs from aging.”
From Cellular senescence in human liver under normal aging and cancer (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Clearance had no impact on the spectrum or incidence of postmortem tumors, which is consistent with the hypothesis that senescent cells help create a tissue microenvironment that promotes tumor progression 1 .”
From Naturally occurring p16Ink4a-positive cells shorten healthy lifespan (2016) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“p21 and p16 are cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors involved in preventing cell cycle progression by preventing pRB phosphorylation [37], [240].”
From Redox control of senescence and age-related disease. (2017) · cites this paper as [240]
In the citing paper
“senescent cells display extensive changes in gene expression, including the expression and secretion of many proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteases; collectively these features are termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) (2, 7–10).”
From The DNA damage response induces inflammation and senescence by inhibiting autophagy of GATA4. (2015) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“the SASP does not depend on either p53 or p16INK4a, which suggests that it is controlled by an independent branch of the senescence regulatory network (2, 10, 20, 26).”
From The DNA damage response induces inflammation and senescence by inhibiting autophagy of GATA4. (2015) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“factors secreted by senescent cells may directly or indirectly promote chronic inflammation that is thought to be a major factor in many, if not all, age-related diseases (2, 9, 10).”
From The DNA damage response induces inflammation and senescence by inhibiting autophagy of GATA4. (2015) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“the accumulation of senescent cells as organisms age is thought to promote aging-related phenotypes and aging-associated diseases, including cancer and neurodegeneration, in a cell-nonautonomous manner (2, 3, 10).”
From The DNA damage response induces inflammation and senescence by inhibiting autophagy of GATA4. (2015) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“In particular, this failsafe cellular senescence reportedly occurs in response to (1) potentially carcinogenic events including oncogene activation or oncosuppressor gene inactivation; and (2) several sublethal cellular insults, including telomere shortening, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, defective/stalled DNA replication and epigenetic, lysosomal, mechanical, metabolic, mitotic, ox”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [933]
In the citing paper
“Among the known endogenous causes of this phenotype are DNA damage, dysfunctional telomeres, epigenomic disruption, mitogenic signals and oxidative stress56.”
From Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span (2019) · cites this paper as [56]
In the citing paper
“they also secrete inflammatory and other factors that can disrupt normal cellular functions, damage tissues and promote carcinogenesis61,62.”
From Senescent cells promote tissue NAD+ decline during ageing via the activation of CD38+ macrophages (2020) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“Cellular stress induced by persistent DDR is a central mechanism that drives senescence in aging and age‐related diseases”
From p21 maintains senescent cell viability under persistent DNA damage response by restraining JNK and caspase signaling (2017) · cites this paper as Campisi, 2013
In the citing paper
“The accumulation of cells expressing a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (Campisi 2013; Young and Narita 2009) in different tissues, possibly induced by age-related NF-kB dysregulation (Bektas and others 2013), may also be a possible cause.”
From Gene expression markers of age-related inflammation in two human cohorts (2015) · cites this paper as Campisi 2013
In the citing paper
“A persistent DNA damage response (DDR) is the most unified pathway leading to senescence, with sensing by the Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) protein leading to p53 phosphorylation and upregulation of cell cycle inhibitors 72-74 .”
From Vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis (2019) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“Senescence is a protective mechanism that induces cell cycle arrest to prevent transmission of defects to progeny cells, particularly to stop malignant transformation 72-74 .”
From Vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis (2019) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“The risk for aging-associated outgrowth of cancerous cells is curbed through the cellular senescence program, which forces cells that have undergone repetitive replications into permanent cell cycle arrest [33].”
From T-cell aging in rheumatoid arthritis (2014) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“Senescent cells increase with age in human and mouse tissues (Campisi, 2013; Wiley and Campisi, 2016)”
From Oxylipin biosynthesis reinforces cellular senescence and allows detection of senolysis (2021) · cites this paper as Campisi, 2013
In the citing paper
“The senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) mediates the diverse functionality of senescent cells in an autocrine and paracrine manner”
From Inside and out: the activities of senescence in cancer (2014) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“the senescence response can have profound cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous activities in vivo 5,6 .”
From Inside and out: the activities of senescence in cancer (2014) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“On the other hand, senescent fibroblasts can influence their local environment by turning into proinflammatory cells that can promote the growth of transformed or preneoplastic neighboring epithelial cells in culture and in vivo [22,23,24].”
From Mechanisms and Regulation of Cellular Senescence (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“SASP effects are beneficial or detrimental depending on the cell type, senescence stimulus, and the neighboring environment [24].”
From Mechanisms and Regulation of Cellular Senescence (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Despite these caveats, there is considerable evidence that senescent cells secrete cytokines that attract immune cells and lead to tumor clearance, providing a potential explanation for tumor regression (79).”
From Targeting CDK4 and CDK6: From Discovery to Therapy (2016) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“Nevertheless, the incidence of cancer increases when people get older because of the increased burden of cell senescence in organs, partly due to an impaired immune system, which results in a reduced clearance of senescent cells.4”
From The costs and benefits of senotherapeutics for human health (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“One major hallmark of aging is the chronic accumulation of cellular senescence, a permanent state of cell-cycle arrest in response to various damaging stimuli.3,4”
From Elimination of senescent cells by β-galactosidase-targeted prodrug attenuates inflammation and restores physical function in aged mice (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“However, the deleterious consequences that result from ineffective clearance of senescent cells and their over-accumulation in tissues can promote age-related diseases and cancer.2,26–30”
From Paracrine roles of cellular senescence in promoting tumourigenesis (2018) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Supporting this notion, the burden of senescent cells in tissues increases significantly with age in mice, primates, and humans,27 and they can be found in both benign and malignant tumours.31–35”
From Paracrine roles of cellular senescence in promoting tumourigenesis (2018) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“A large number of proangiogenic factors are also known to be secreted by senescent cells, whereas angiostatic molecules have not been found to be secreted.27,60”
From Paracrine roles of cellular senescence in promoting tumourigenesis (2018) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, studies have shown that senescent cells are implicated in the genesis of age-related diseases such as AD and atherosclerosis [1].”
From Oxidative Stress and Ageing: The Influence of Environmental Pollution, Sunlight and Diet on Skin (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Cellular senescence refers to the irreversible arrest of proliferation, which acts as a tumour-suppressive mechanism to inhibit cells with potentially cancerous mutations from undergoing replication [1].”
From Oxidative Stress and Ageing: The Influence of Environmental Pollution, Sunlight and Diet on Skin (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: THE BRIGHT SIDE > Tumor Suppression
“Together, these findings support the idea that, at least for some factors and under some circumstances, the SASP helps maintain the tumor suppressive growth arrest of senescent cells.”
§ Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer > CELLULAR SENESCENCE: THE BRIGHT SIDE > Tumor Suppression
“In these cases, the SASP components appear to help establish the senescence growth arrest, rather than maintain the arrest once it is fully established.”
Citations
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Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer
Grivennikov, S. I., Greten, F. R., & Karin, M. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.025 · Cited by 10,755
The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains
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A biomarker that identifies senescent human cells in culture and in aging skin in vivo.
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The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains
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Oncogenic ras provokes premature cell senescence associated with accumulation of p53 and p16INK4a
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“The first report of what is now termed oncogene-induced senescence showed that an oncogenic form of H-RAS (H-RASV12), which chronically stimulates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, provokes senescence in normal cells (45).”
BackgroundThe senescence-associated secretory phenotype: the dark side of tumor suppression
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Alexander, E., Hildebrand, D. G., Kriebs, A., Obermayer, K., Manz, M., Rothfuss, O. C., Eßmann, F., & Schulze‐Osthoff, K. (2013) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.128835 · Cited by 47
“Although the secretory features of the SASP are probably cell type- and stimulus-specific, IL6 and IL8 have been identified as the most conserved and robustly expressed SASP cytokines (Campisi, 2013; Kuilman and Peeper, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialLi, D., de Glas, N. A., & Hurria, A. (2015) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2015.08.003 · Cited by 44
“and proteases through the process of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) have been described.(28) The release of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL) -6, IL-8, and additional proteins responsible for inflammation by senescent cells and the SASP, has been hypothesized to contribute to both aging and many”
BackgroundLarsson, C., Ali, M. A., Pandzic, T., Lindroth, A. M., He, L., & Sjöblom, T. (2017) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3472-5 · Cited by 43
“promote EMT and inflammation, which could stimulate tumorigenic processes [51].”
Shi, Y., Li, J., Lai, X., Jiang, R., Zhao, R., & Xiong, L. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12020291 · Cited by 46
“Cell senescence refers to a physiologically inactive state and such cells undergo irreversible growth arrest [142].”
BackgroundCrescioli, C. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21031010 · Cited by 49
“Some gerokines, such as TNFα and IL-6, are capable of modulating oncogenesis phases, so that their control might be particularly relevant [40,41].”
BackgroundLiu, D., Richardson, G. D., Benli, F. M., Park, C., de Souza, J. V. B., Bronowska, A. K., & Spyridopoulos, I. (2020) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20191213 · Cited by 47
A natural product solution to aging and aging-associated diseases
Yang, C., Zhang, W., Dong, X., Fu, C., Yuan, J., Xu, M., Liang, Z. C., Qiu, C., & Xu, C. (2020) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107673 · Cited by 43
Luo, X., Wang, J., Chen, H., Zhou, A., Song, M., Zhong, Q., Chen, H., & Cao, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.584900 · Cited by 43
Lin, W., Wang, X., Wang, Z., Shao, F., Yang, Y., Cao, Z., Feng, X., Gao, Y., & He, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.780461 · Cited by 45
“…Biology | www.frontiersin.org November 2021 | Volume 9 | Article 7804611 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 16 November 2021 doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.780461 Cellular senescence is one of the key processes of ageing (Campisi 2013) and serves as a link between ageing and cancer (Partridge, et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialKim, H., Jang, J., Song, M. J., Kim, G., Park, C.-H., Lee, D. H., Lee, S., & Chung, J. H. (2022) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.18051 · Cited by 46
Old plasma dilution reduces human biological age: a clinical study
Kim, D., KIPROV, D. D., Luellen, C., Lieb, M., Liu, C., Watanabe, E., Mei, X., Casaletto, K. B., Kramer, J. H., Conboy, M. J., et al. (2022) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-022-00645-w · Cited by 44
Ageing and Inflammation: What Happens in Periodontium?
Zhu, L., Tang, Z., Hu, R., Gu, M., & Yang, Y. (2023) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering10111274 · Cited by 52
“Cellular senescence is a fundamental phenomenon characterized by irreversible growth arrest, which can be induced by replicative exhaustion or a range of stressors, such as DNA damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation [97].”
BackgroundChemical Strategies for the Detection and Elimination of Senescent Cells
García-Fleitas, J., García‐Fernández, A., Martí‐Centelles, V., Sancenón, F., Bernardos, A., & Martínez‐Máñez, R. (2024) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00794 · Cited by 46
Rapamycin and the inhibition of the secretory phenotype
Wang, R., Sunchu, B., & Pérez, V. (2017) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2017.01.026 · Cited by 42
“…markers used to identify senescent cells, which include an increase in p16, p21 and p53 gene expression, increased senescence-associated β- galactosidase staining (SA -gal) and the presence of secretory inflammatory cytokines and other factors involved in the SASP ( Reviewed in Campisi 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialCancer risk in children and young adults born preterm: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Paquette, K., Coltin, H., Boivin, A., Amre, D. K., Nuyt, A. M., & Luu, T. M. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210366 · Cited by 44
The dark side of daylight: photoaging and the tumor microenvironment in melanoma progression
Worrede, A., Douglass, S. M., & Weeraratna, A. T. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci143763 · Cited by 47
Heparan sulfation is essential for the prevention of cellular senescence
Jung, S. H., Lee, H. C., Yu, D.-M., Kim, B., Park, S. M., Lee, Y., Park, H. J., Ko, Y.-G., & Lee, J.-S. (2015) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/cdd.2015.107 · Cited by 45
“Cellular senescence, which refers to irreversible growth arrest, has recently been considered as an important tumorsuppressive mechanism by which the proliferative potential of cancer cells is prevented.(1,2) Support for a role of cellular senescence as a barrier to tumorigenesis comes from tumor studies in mice and h…”
BackgroundSenescence-inducing stress promotes proteolysis of phosphoglycerate mutase via ubiquitin ligase Mdm2
Mikawa, T., Maruyama, T., Okamoto, K., Nakagama, H., LLeonart, M. E., Tsusaka, T., Hori, K., Murakami, I., Izumi, T., Takaori‐Kondo, A., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.201306149 · Cited by 45
“The senescent phenotype can also manifest prematurely, upon exposure to oncogenic mutation (Serrano et al., 1997), oxidative stress (Parrinello et al., 2003), DNA damage (Chen and Ames, 1994), and secreted cytokines (Acosta et al., 2008; Kuilman et al., 2008; for review see Campisi, 2013).”
BackgroundNutrition and Human Health Benefits of Dry Beans and Other Pulses
Didinger, C., Foster, M. T., Bunning, M., & Thompson, H. J. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119776802.ch19 · Cited by 47
Mammoto, T., Torisawa, Y.-S., Muyleart, M., Hendee, K., Anugwom, C., Gutterman, D., & Mammoto, A. (2019) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.102236 · Cited by 43
“Consistent with others’ reports [46, 47], EC proliferation measured by BrdU nuclear incorporation was lower by 69% in ECs isolated from aged human adipose tissue, while cellular senescence detected by P16INK4A immunocytochemical (ICC) analysis and SA-β galactosidase (Gal) staining increased in aged human adipose ECs;…”
ResultAcute and Chronic Effects of Adjuvant Therapy on Inflammatory Markers in Breast Cancer Patients
Bower, J. E., Ganz, P. A., Irwin, M. R., Cole, S. W., Carroll, J., Kuhlman, K. R., Petersen, L., Garet, D., Asher, A., Hurvitz, S. A., et al. (2022) · JNCI Cancer Spectrum · doi:10.1093/jncics/pkac052 · Cited by 48
“which are known to be proinflammatory (38).”
The Emerging Role of Accelerated Cellular Senescence in Periodontitis
Aquino-Martínez, R. (2023) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345231154567 · Cited by 43
“Epigenomic damage can induce p16 expression and trigger cellular senescence even in the absence of physical DNA damage (Campisi 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialNicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in Aging Biology: Potential Applications and Many Unknowns
Bhasin, S., Seals, D. R., Migaud, M. E., Musi, N., & Baur, J. A. (2023) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnad019 · Cited by 50
Cardiomyocyte senescence and the potential therapeutic role of senolytics in the heart
Zhai, P., & Sadoshima, J. (2024) · The Journal of Cardiovascular Aging · doi:10.20517/jca.2024.06 · Cited by 46
Proteostasis disruption and senescence in Alzheimer’s disease pathways to neurodegeneration
Thapa, R., Bhat, A. A., Shahwan, M. J., Ali, H., Padmapriya, G., Bansal, P., Rajotiya, S., Barwal, A., Prasad, G. V. S., Pramanik, A., et al. (2024) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149202 · Cited by 48
Hejazian, S. M., Hejazian, S. S., Mostafavi, S., Khatibi, S. M. H., Montazersaheb, S., Ardalan, M., Vahed, S. Z., & Barzegari, A. (2024) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-024-01968-1 · Cited by 49
“This agent is an inhibitor of Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase activated through DNA double-stranded breaks and is involved in senescent cell regulation [130].”
Cellular senescence in tissue repair: every cloud has a silver lining
Yun, M. H. (2018) · The International Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.1387/ijdb.180081my · Cited by 44
“1)(Campisi, 2013, Kuilman et al., 2010, Rodier and Campisi, 2011, Serrano et al., 1997, Yun, 2015).”
Folk, W. P., Kumari, A., Iwasaki, T., Pyndiah, S., Johnson, J. C., Cassimere, E. K., Abdulovic-Cui, A. L., & Sakamuro, D. (2019) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.ra118.005699 · Cited by 42
“Cancer is a disease associated with genomic instability and aging (59).”
BackgroundÁlvarez‐Satta, M., Moreno‐Cugnon, L., & Matheu, A. (2019) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2019.04.004 · Cited by 42
Cancer Risk and Multiple Sclerosis: Evidence From a Large Italian Cohort
D’Amico, E., Chisari, C. G., Arena, S., Zanghì, A., Toscano, S., Fermo, S. L., Maimone, D., Castaing, M., Sciacca, S., Zappia, M., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00337 · Cited by 43
“microenvironment that is permissive for the cancer initiation and progression (31).”
BackgroundCrochemore, C., Molina, C. F., Montagne, B., Salles, A., & Ricchetti, M. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13314-y · Cited by 41
Cellular senescence: from anti-cancer weapon to anti-aging target
Yuan, L., Alexander, P. B., & Wang, X. (2020) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-019-1629-6 · Cited by 42
“…upon decades of studies, a clearer picture has emerged of this aged cell fate, which can be triggered by multiple types of cellular stress including irreparable DNA damage, telomere attrition, oncogenic mutations, deregulated metabolism, and oxidative stress (Campisi, 2013; Collado et al., 2007).”
BackgroundZhang, H., Wang, Y., Guan, L., Chen, Y., Chen, P., Sun, J., Gonzalez, F. J., Huang, M., & Bi, H. (2020) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2020.04.004 · Cited by 43
The dichotomous role of TGF-β in controlling liver cancer cell survival and proliferation
Zhang, K., Zhang, M., Luo, Z., Wen, Z., & Yan, X. (2020) · Journal of genetics and genomics/Journal of Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.jgg.2020.09.005 · Cited by 45
Maskey, R. S., Wang, F., Lehman, E., Wang, Y., Emmanuel, N., Zhong, W., Jin, G., Abraham, R. T., Arndt, K. T., Myers, J. S., et al. (2020) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.1080/15384101.2020.1859195 · Cited by 45
“Cellular senescence is a phenotypic transition marked by irreversible exit from the cell cycle and characterized by an increase in cell size, elevated senescence-associated -β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity, and expression of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) [9].”
BackgroundInfluentialWang, R., Sun, L., Xia, S., Wu, H., Ma, Y., Zhan, S., Zhang, G., Zhang, X., Shi, T., & Chen, W. (2021) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-021-03736-2 · Cited by 41
Redd1 knockdown prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiac senescence
Huang, P., Bai, L., Liu, L., Fu, J. F., Wu, K., Liu, H., Liu, Y., Qi, B., & Qi, B. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.202972 · Cited by 43
Mechanisms of Hydroxyurea‐Induced Cellular Senescence: An Oxidative Stress Connection?
Kapor, S., Čokić, V. P., & Santibanez, J. F. (2021) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2021/7753857 · Cited by 46
“Moreover, the DNA damage caused by senescence inducers provokes the formation of persistent nuclear foci or DNA-SCARS characterized by chromatin alterations that reinforce cellular senescence [110].”
BackgroundLe, H. H., Çınaroğlu, S. S., Manalo, E. C., Ors, A., Gomes, M. M., Sahbaz, B. D., Bonic, K., Marmolejo, C. A. O., Quentel, A., Plaut, J. S., et al. (2021) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103646 · Cited by 44
“Senescence has since been identified as the response to a wide number of stressors including genotoxic stress, oncogene activation and physical damage [6].”
BackgroundThe senescent microenvironment promotes the emergence of heterogeneous cancer stem-like cells
Castro‐Vega, L. J., Jouravleva, K., Ortíz-Montero, P., Liu-Bordes, W.-Y., Galeano, J. L., Romero, M. L., Popova, T. G., Bacchetti, S., Vernot, J., & Londoño‐Vallejo, A. (2015) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgv101 · Cited by 43
“This observation raises the question as to whether the aging process itself contributes to tumor progression (2).”
BackgroundNormal Aging and Its Role in Cancer MetastasisPreprint
Fane, M. E., & Weeraratna, A. T. (2019) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a037341 · Cited by 42
“paired proteostasis, and deregulation of nutrient sensing (Campisi 2013; Aunan et al. 2017; Zinger et al. 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialShen, L., Chen, Y., Cheng, J., Yuan, S., Zhou, S., Yan, W., Liu, J., Luo, A., & Wang, S. (2019) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.28819 · Cited by 44
“Cellular senescence refers to the irreversible arrest of cellular proliferation or growth, along with changes in chromatin organization and gene expression (Campisi, 2013).”
BackgroundFrediani, E., Scavone, F., Laurenzana, A., Chillà, A., Tortora, K., Cimmino, I., Leri, M., Bucciantini, M., Mangoni, M., Fibbi, G., et al. (2022) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.17255 · Cited by 43
The Aging–Cancer Cycle: Mechanisms and Opportunities for Intervention
Sedrak, M. S., & Cohen, H. J. (2022) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glac247 · Cited by 46
Zhong, Y., Zhang, X., Feng, R., Fan, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Q., Wan, J., Wang, Y., Yu, H., & Li, G. (2024) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.22068 · Cited by 43
Cellular Senescence in Health, Disease, and Lens Aging
Qin, Y., Liu, H., & Wu, H. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18020244 · Cited by 47
“However, when damage is irreparable, cells may undergo apoptosis or programmed cell death to prevent further disturbances to the surroundings [6].”
Host Age Is a Systemic Regulator of Gene Expression Impacting Cancer Progression
Beheshti, A., Benzekry, S., McDonald, J. T., Ma, L., Peluso, M. J., Hahnfeldt, P., & Hlatky, L. (2015) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1053 · Cited by 39
“Proposed mechanistic rationales include decreased angiogenesis (11, 16), reduced proliferation capacity, increased cellular senescence (3, 10), and altered immune response (19–21).”
BackgroundChronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the hallmarks of aging
Bailey, K. L., Kukrety, S., & Parekh, J. D. (2018) · Lung India · doi:10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_266_17 · Cited by 44
“and stress‐induced senescence in response to genomic damage (stress‐induced premature senescence).[16] Due to”
BackgroundDifferent sensitivities of senescent breast cancer cells to immune cell‐mediated cytotoxicity
Inao, T., Kotani, H., Iida, Y., Kartika, I. D., Okimoto, T., Tanino, R., Shiba, E., & Harada, M. (2019) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/cas.14116 · Cited by 41
Lee, M. Y., Leonardi, A., Begley, T. J., & Melendez, J. A. (2019) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2019.101375 · Cited by 44
Unphosphorylated STAT3 in heterochromatin formation and tumor suppression in lung cancer
Dutta, P., Zhang, L., Zhang, H., Peng, Q., Montgrain, P. R., Wang, Y., Song, Y., Li, J., & Li, W. X. (2020) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-020-6649-2 · Cited by 43
Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Dynamics in Secretion Processes
Martínez, J., Marmisolle, I., Tarallo, D., & Quijano, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00319 · Cited by 41
Sreekumar, P. G., Reddy, S. T., Hinton, D. R., & Kannan, R. (2022) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2021.108918 · Cited by 42
Fischer, F., Grigolon, G., Benner, C., & Ristow, M. (2022) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00017.2021 · Cited by 42
Age-Related Changes in the Fibroblastic Differon of the Dermis: Role in Skin Aging
Zorina, A. I., Zorin, V. L., Kudlay, D. A., & Kopnin, P. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23116135 · Cited by 46
The Δ133p53 Isoforms, Tuners of the p53 Pathway
Joruiz, S. M., Beck, J. A., Horikawa, I., & Harris, C. C. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12113422 · Cited by 40
“For example, ∆13 p53α prevents the canc r cells from enter ng senescence which is a barrier to tumor develo ment and maligna t progression [39,92,96,97] a d which could be used s n effective cancer therapeutic option [98].”
BackgroundSchroeder, H. T., Muller, C. H. D. L., Heck, T. G., Krause, M. D. S., & de Bittencourt, P. I. H. (2024) · Cell Stress and Chaperones · doi:10.1016/j.cstres.2024.01.002 · Cited by 44
Adem, Y., Aprile, D., Alessio, N., Peluso, G., Bernardo, G. D., & Galderisi, U. (2024) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-024-01921-2 · Cited by 42
“In addition, if senescent cells are not quickly removed from tissues and organs by the macrophagic activity of immune cells, they can further promote inflammation and switch their activities from anti-to pro-tumor functions [1–4].”
An epigenetic clock controls aging
Mitteldorf, J. (2015) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-015-9617-5 · Cited by 37
Modulation of therapy-induced senescence by reactive lipid aldehydes
Flor, A. C., Doshi, A. P., & Kron, S. J. (2016) · Cell Death Discovery · doi:10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.45 · Cited by 40
Functionally Diverse NK-Like T Cells Are Effectors and Predictors of Successful Aging
Michel, J. J., Griffin, P. C., & Vallejo, A. N. (2016) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00530 · Cited by 44
“Among these is its role in tumor suppression (134, 136, 137).”
BackgroundThe histone variant H3.3 claims its place in the crowded scene of epigenetics
Bano, D., Piazzesi, A., Salomoni, P., & Nicotera, P. (2017) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101194 · Cited by 42
“Cellular senescence is the irreversible arrest of eukaryotic cell proliferation and the development of an altered senescence-associated secretory phenotype, occurring both in vitro and in vivo [87].”
BackgroundBaeeri, M., Nejad, S. M., Rahimifard, M., Nigjeh, M. N., Moeini‐Nodeh, S., Khorasani, R., & Abdollahi, M. R. (2017) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-017-3172-0 · Cited by 40
“Although cellular senescence is a beneficial event because it protects the organism from cancer, it may also decrease the ability of the regeneration of cells and tissues [11, 12].”
RetractedOda, T., Sekimoto, T., Kurashima, K., Fujimoto, M., Nakai, A., & Yamashita, T. (2018) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.210724 · Cited by 42
“Cellular senescence serves as an important anti-cancer barrier by linking oncogenic signals to the activation of tumor suppressor pathways (Campisi, 2013; He and Sharpless, 2017; Muñoz-Espín and Serrano, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialKitahiro, Y., Koike, A., Sonoki, A., Muto, M., Ozaki, K., & Shibano, M. (2018) · Journal of Natural Medicines · doi:10.1007/s11418-018-1223-9 · Cited by 39
Extracellular Vesicles, Ageing, and Therapeutic Interventions
Panagiotou, N., Neytchev, O., Selman, C., & Shiels, P. G. (2018) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells7080110 · Cited by 42
Adipose Stromal Cell Expansion and Exhaustion: Mechanisms and Consequences
Eckel‐Mahan, K. L., Ribas‐Latre, A., & Kolonin, M. G. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9040863 · Cited by 41
“Cellular senescence is an irreversible stress response that results in irreversible growth arrest [181].”
BackgroundInfluentialRole of MicroRNAs in the Trabecular Meshwork
González, P., Li, G., Qiu, J., Wu, J., & Luna, C. (2014) · Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/jop.2013.0191 · Cited by 38
Immunosurveillance of senescent cancer cells by natural killer cells
Iannello, A., & Raulet, D. H. (2014) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.4161/onci.27616 · Cited by 41
“In particular, senescence promotes the so-called “senescence-associated secretory phenotype” (SASP), a state that is marked by the secretion of numerous proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines involved in the regulation of immune cells, which might promote or repress cancer progression in a context-dependent manner.(…”
BackgroundSenescent cells enhance newt limb regeneration by promoting muscle dedifferentiation
Walters, H. E., Troyanovskiy, K. E., Graf, A. M., & Yun, M. H. (2023) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13826 · Cited by 39
“Introduction Cellular senescence is a highly dynamic, irreversible cell cycle arrest fate induced in response to the detection of potentially genotoxic stress (Campisi, 2013).”
BackgroundMorales-Valencia, J., Lau, L., Martí-Nin, T., Özerdem, U., & David, G. (2022) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/s41388-022-02433-4 · Cited by 42
“The beneficial impact of senescence as a tumor suppressor mechanism early in life along with its detrimental impact on aging phenotypes led to the theory of antagonistic pleiotropy of senescence [8].”
BackgroundUrbán, V. S., Ceglédi, A., & Mikala, G. (2022) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-022-00698-x · Cited by 43
Faakye, J., Nyúl‐Tóth, Á., Muranyi, M., Gulej, R., Csík, B., Shanmugarama, S., Tarantini, S., Negri, S., Prodan, C. I., Mukli, P., et al. (2023) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-023-01024-9 · Cited by 39
Roles of mutagenic translesion synthesis in mammalian genome stability, health and disease
Jansen, J. G., Tsaalbi‐Shtylik, A., & de Wind, N. (2015) · DNA repair · doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.01.001 · Cited by 40
A Molecular Clock Infers Heterogeneous Tissue Age Among Patients with Barrett’s Esophagus
Curtius, K., Wong, C.-J., Hazelton, W. D., Kaz, A. M., Chak, A., Willis, J. E., Grady, W. M., & Luebeck, E. G. (2016) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004919 · Cited by 41
“However, because chronological age is recognized as one of the strongest predictors of cancer risk, renewed attention has been given to exploring the roles of biological tissue-age and cellular senescence in the progression to cancer [39].”
Systemic sclerosis-associated fibrosis
Luckhardt, T., & Thannickal, V. J. (2015) · Current Opinion in Rheumatology · doi:10.1097/bor.0000000000000219 · Cited by 39
“Senescence is a complex process that is defined by an acquisition of irreversible growth arrest; importantly, the accumulation of senescent cells in aging and age-related diseases may have profound implications for tissue homeostasis [35].”
BackgroundSakaki, M., Ebihara, Y., Okamura, K., Nakabayashi, K., Igarashi, A., Matsumoto, K., Hata, K., Kobayashi, Y., & Maehara, K. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171431 · Cited by 39
Sylvester, B. D., Ahmed, R., Amireault, S., & Sabiston, C. M. (2017) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-017-3745-1 · Cited by 40
FOXQ1 regulates senescence-associated inflammation via activation of SIRT1 expression
Wang, P., Lv, C., Zhang, T., Liu, J., Yang, J., Guan, F., & Hong, T. (2017) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2017.340 · Cited by 38
“It has been reported that cellular senescence functions as a general protective mechanism against proliferative stress responses and cancer development in vivo early in life, however, late in life senescent cells accumulate in different tissues in aging mammals and seem to mediate the development of age-related pathol…”
BackgroundThe extent of liver injury determines hepatocyte fate toward senescence or cancer
Wang, C., Chen, W., Wu, Y., You, P., Zheng, S., Liu, C.-C., Xiang, D., Wang, M., Cai, Y., Zhao, Q., et al. (2018) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-018-0622-x · Cited by 40
Piperlongumine decreases cognitive impairment and improves hippocampal function in aged mice
Go, J., Park, T., Han, G., Park, H.-Y., Ryu, Y., Kim, Y., Hwang, J. S., Choi, D., Noh, J., Hwang, D. Y., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2018.3782 · Cited by 41
“Although in this study, we did not investigate the anti-tumour activities of PL in aged mice, PL treatment may be beneficial through the apoptosis of age-related senescence cells. cellular senescence is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation (39).”
Osteoblast suppression in multiple myeloma bone disease
Adamik, J., Galson, D. L., & Roodman, G. D. (2018) · Journal of bone oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jbo.2018.09.001 · Cited by 40
Jeon, H.-Y., Ham, S. W., Kim, J.-K., Jin, X. J., Lee, S. Y., Shin, Y. J., Choi, C., Sa, J. K., Kim, S. H., Chun, T., et al. (2019) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-019-0282-0 · Cited by 38
Mobarak, H., Heidarpour, M., Lolicato, F., Nouri, M., Rahbarghazi, R., & Mahdipour, M. (2019) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.1497 · Cited by 37
“It has been pointed out cellular aging triggered either by DNA damage or telomere attrition may increase the p53 activationdependent biogenesis of exosome-like vesicles [58,59].”
BackgroundZhai, W., Yong, D., El‐Jawhari, J. J., CUTHBERT, R., McGonagle, D., Naing, M. W., & Jones, E. (2019) · Cytotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.05.001 · Cited by 41
β-Catenin and TCFs/LEF signaling discordantly regulate IL-6 expression in astrocytes
Robinson, K. F., Narasipura, S. D., Wallace, J., Ritz, E. M., & Al‐Harthi, L. (2020) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-020-00565-2 · Cited by 41
“Given that IL-6 expression constitutes a Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) [75, 76], we assessed whether β-catenin regulates IL-6 gene Fig.”
InfluentialKokal, M., Mirzakhani, K., Pungsrinont, T., & Baniahmad, A. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12071833 · Cited by 39
Franzin, R., Stasi, A., Ranieri, E., Netti, G. S., Cantaluppi, V., Gesualdo, L., Stallone, G., & Castellano, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.630419 · Cited by 41
“Indeed, the DDR arrests cell cycle through the activation of the p53/p21 and p16INK4a/ Rb signaling, induces senescence growth-arrested state, and maintains SASP in senescent cells (Acosta et al., 2008; Kuilman et al., 2008; Campisi, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialRole of senescence in the chronic health consequences of COVID-19
Wissler Gerdes, E. O., Vanichkachorn, G., Verdoorn, B. P., Hanson, G. J., Joshi, A. Y., Murad, M. H., Rizza, S. A., Hurt, R. T., Tchkonia, T., & Kirkland, J. L. (2022) · Translational Research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2021.10.003 · Cited by 38
Tang, X., Deng, B., Zang, A., He, X., Zhou, Y., Wang, D., Li, D., Dai, X., Chen, J., Zhang, X., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.940577 · Cited by 39
Molecular Regulators of Cellular Mechanoadaptation at Cell–Material Interfaces
Jo, J., Nansa, S. A., & Kim, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.608569 · Cited by 40
“…of cell division and uncontrolled proliferation, generally termed cancer, has been identified as a lethal consequence of the aging process (Campisi, 2013), where modified ECM composition and matrix stiffening is attributed to the loss of mechanical integrity between cells and their…”
BackgroundDo Cancer and Cancer Treatments Accelerate Aging?
Bhatia, R., Holtan, S. G., Jurdi, N. E., Prizment, A. E., & Blaes, A. H. (2022) · Current Oncology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11912-022-01311-2 · Cited by 41
Senotherapeutics and Their Molecular Mechanism for Improving Aging
Park, J., & Shin, D. W. (2022) · Biomolecules & Therapeutics · doi:10.4062/biomolther.2022.114 · Cited by 45
“Aging is defined as a physiological dysfunction in an organism and is closely related to many chronic human diseases, including metabolic syndrome, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases (Campisi, 2013; Munoz-Espin and Serrano, 2014; Hoang et al., 2021).”
Senescent cells at the crossroads of aging, disease, and tissue homeostasis
Kuehnemann, C., & Wiley, C. D. (2023) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13988 · Cited by 44
“The role of senescence in cancer progression has been reviewed extensively elsewhere (Campisi, 2003a, 2013; Schmitt et al., 2022; Wyld et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe foreign body response: emerging cell types and considerations for targeted therapeutics
Yang, B., Rutkowski, N., & Elisseeff, J. H. (2023) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/d3bm00629h · Cited by 44
Ungvari, Z. I., Fekete, M., Fekete, J. T., Grosso, G., Ungvari, A., & Győrffy, B. (2024) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01296-9 · Cited by 42
Bhardwaj, S., Gautam, R. K., & Kushwaha, S. (2025) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.08.003 · Cited by 50
Calabrese, V., Dattilo, S., Petralia, A., Parenti, R., Pennisi, M., Koverech, G., Calabrese, V., Graziano, A., Monte, I. P., Maiolino, L., et al. (2015) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.3109/10715762.2015.1020799 · Cited by 39
“On a molecular level, aging can be defined as “a progressive deterioration of physiological functions ultimately leading to systemic dysfunction and death” [5].”
BackgroundMechanisms Underlying the Anti-Aging and Anti-Tumor Effects of Lithocholic Bile Acid
Arlia‐Ciommo, A., Piano, A., Svistkova, V., Mohtashami, S., & Titorenko, V. I. (2014) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms150916522 · Cited by 39
“Significant progress has been made in our understanding of the intricate relationship that exists between the convergent and divergent mechanisms underlying aging and cancer [5,167–179].”
BackgroundIdentification of miR‐494 direct targets involved in senescence of human diploid fibroblasts
Comegna, M., Succoio, M., Napolitano, M. A., Vitale, M., DˈAmbrosio, C., Scaloni, A., Passaro, F., Zambrano, N., Cimino, F., & Faraonio, R. (2014) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.13-239129 · Cited by 38
“These properties are tightly associated with a global change in the gene expression profile of senescent cells (7, 8).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Campisi, J.
- Affiliations
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging (US)
- Corresponding author
- Campisi, Judith
- ORCID
- Campisi, Judith
- Venue
- Annual Review of Physiology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2013-02-10
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 685-705
- ISSN
- 0066-4278 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-1585
- PMC
- PMC4166529
- OpenAlex
- W2150748567
- Semantic Scholar
- 06fb9247d328a192b4dc9451bbc06b9d7930f1b8
- Cited by
- 2,954
- References
- 152
- Citations by year
- 2026: 220 · 2025: 270 · 2024: 267 · 2023: 269 · 2022: 279 · 2021: 278 · 2020: 268 · 2019: 261 · 2018: 205 · 2017: 185 · 2016: 163 · 2015: 125 · 2014: 115 · 2013: 46
- FWCI
- 9.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R37AG009909, P01AG041122, P01AG017242)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
- Keywords
- cellular senescence, aging, cancer, tumor suppression, chronic inflammation, antagonistic pleiotropy, cellular stress response, malignant transformation
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, DNA Damage, Humans, Neoplasms, Stress, Physiological, Cellular Senescence
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