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Cited by 83Skin Protection and Agingmelanin and skin pigmentationAntioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress

Oxidative Stress and Ageing: The Influence of Environmental Pollution, Sunlight and Diet on Skin

Open access
Naidoo, Khimara, Birch-Machin, Mark·2017·Cosmetics
DOI 10.3390/cosmetics4010004
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Abstract

Skin ageing is a complex process that is determined by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, which leads to a progressive loss of structure and function. There is extensive evidence indicating that oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species plays an important role in the process of human skin ageing. Mitochondria are the major source of cellular oxidative stress and are widely implicated in cutaneous ageing. Extrinsic skin ageing is driven to a large extent by environmental factors and external stressors such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR), pollution and lifestyle factors which have been shown to stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species and generate oxidative stress. The oxidative damage from these exogenous sources can impair skin structure and function, leading to the phenotypic features of extrinsic skin ageing. The following review highlights the current evidence surrounding the role of mitochondria and oxidative stress in the ageing process and the influence of environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation, pollution and diet on skin ageing.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review summarizes evidence that oxidative stress from mitochondrial and environmental sources—especially UVR, pollution, and diet—contributes to extrinsic skin ageing. It also highlights conflicting evidence on antioxidant supplementation and the possible protective role of low-level ROS via mitohormesis.

Key findings

  • Oxidative stress induced by ROS is central to skin ageing; mitochondria are considered the predominant intracellular source, contributing about 90% of cellular ROS, and mitochondrial DNA is highly vulnerable to oxidative damage due to limited repair mechanisms.
  • Extrinsic ageing is driven by UVR, pollution, and lifestyle/diet; solar radiation comprises UVR, visible light, and infrared at 6%, 40%, and 54%, respectively, with UVA (320–400 nm) penetrating deeper and causing disproportionately more damage than UVB (280–320 nm).
  • Pollution exposure is linked to extrinsic skin ageing: a German cohort study found chronic particulate matter exposure significantly correlated with pigment spots and more pronounced nasolabial folds; ultrafine particles (<0.1 µm) can localise in mitochondria and induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage.
  • Diet and antioxidants show mixed evidence: Mediterranean diet is associated with lower oxidative stress and prevention of cellular senescence, and tiron conferred complete protection against UVA- and H₂O₂-induced mitochondrial damage; however, vitamin E showed no overall lifespan improvement in mice, beta-carotene had no overall effect on skin ageing, and a Cochrane review found beta-carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin A may increase mortality.

Methods

  • Design: narrative review.
  • Data/sample: no primary data; synthesizes cited human, animal, and in vitro studies on skin ageing, mitochondria, UVR, pollution, and diet.
  • Main analysis: narrative synthesis of the literature; no systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or meta-analysis is described.

Limitations

  • The paper states that the ageing process is not fully understood and further work is required to understand molecular processes in cutaneous ageing; it also states that the link between antioxidant supplementation and ageing is complex and incompletely understood, with further studies and trials needed to elucidate the ROS–antioxidant balance.
  • Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it lacks a systematic search strategy and formal quality assessment of included studies.
  • Evident from the text: evidence is heterogeneous, including animal, in vitro, and human studies with conflicting findings, and no primary data or meta-analysis are presented.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/cosmetics4010004

Cites

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 70 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    Mitochondrial dysfunction is heavily implicated in the ageing process and the pathogenesis of age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.

    “Mitochondrial dysfunction is heavily implicated in the ageing process and the pathogenesis of age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) [16].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Onyango, 2016, Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease and the Rationale for Bioenergetics Based Therapies, Aging Dis. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Interpretationcitation

    Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species plays an important role in human skin ageing.

    “There is extensive evidence indicating that oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species plays an important role in the process of human skin ageing.”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
      “There is increasing evidence that oxidative stress induced by ROS is a major contributing factor to the ageing process.”
    • Also stated in: § 3. Conclusions · hedged
      “Extensive evidence indicates that oxidative stress induced by ROS plays an important role in the process of human skin ageing.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] Harman, 1992, Free radical theory of aging, Mutat. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: The exact mechanism of ageing remains unknown.
  • Premisenone given

    Extrinsic ageing is related to the cumulative effects of environmental factors such as UVR, smoking and environmental pollution.

    “Extrinsic ageing is related to the cumulative effects of environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR), smoking and environmental pollution.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Interpretationreasoning

    Oxidative damage from exogenous sources can impair skin structure and function, leading to the phenotypic features of extrinsic skin ageing.

    “The oxidative damage from these exogenous sources can impair skin structure and function, leading to the phenotypic features of extrinsic skin ageing.”
    • Also stated in: § 2. Environmental Sources of Oxidative Stress · plain
      “The resultant ROS-mediated oxidative damage from these sources can impair skin structure and function, leading to the phenotypic features of extrinsic cutaneous ageing.”
    • Also stated in: § 3. Conclusions · plain
      “The oxidative damage from these exogenous sources can impair skin structure and function, leading to the phenotypic features of extrinsic skin ageing.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Interpretationcitation

    Extrinsic skin ageing is driven to a large extent by environmental factors and external stressors such as UVR, pollution and lifestyle factors, which stimulate ROS production and oxidative stress.

    “Extrinsic skin ageing is driven to a large extent by environmental factors and external stressors such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR), pollution and lifestyle factors which have been shown to stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species and generate oxidative stress.”
    • Also stated in: § 3. Conclusions · plain
      “Extrinsic skin ageing is driven to a large extent by environmental factors and external stressors such as UVR environmental pollution, and lifestyle factors have been shown to stimulate the production of ROS and generate oxidative stress [24].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] Valacchi, 2012, Cutaneous responses to environmental stressors, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 10
  • May combine two claims. 22

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    NOX enzymes can be found in various membranes including the plasma membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria.

    “NOX enzymes can be found in various membranes including the plasma membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria [11].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Rinnerthaler, 2015, Oxidative Stress in Aging Human Skin, Biomolecules source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Extrinsically aged skin is characterised by deep wrinkles, rough texture, telengiectasia and irregular pigmentation.

    “Extrinsically aged skin is characterised by deep wrinkles, rough texture, telengiectasia and irregular pigmentation [4].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Yaar, 2002, Fifty years of skin aging, J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The primary function of mitochondria is the production of cellular energy through oxidative phosphorylation in the form of ATP.

    “The primary function of mitochondria is the production of cellular energy, through a process termed oxidative phosphorylation, in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) [6].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] Swalwell, 2010, How mitochondria record the effects of UV exposure and oxidative stress using human skin as a model tissue, Mutagenesis source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Intrinsic ageing is clinically characterised by skin atrophy, prominence of vasculature, loss of elasticity and fine wrinkles.

    “Intrinsic ageing is clinically characterised by skin atrophy, prominence of vasculature, loss of elasticity and fine wrinkles [3].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Gilchrest, 1996, A review of skin ageing and its medical therapy, Br. J. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mitochondria are considered the predominant source of intracellular ROS and are believed to contribute 90% of the ROS generated within the cell.

    “Mitochondria are considered to be the predominant source of intracellular ROS and are believed to contribute 90% of the ROS generated within the cell [8].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Kandola, 2015, Oxidative stress—A key emerging impact factor in health, ageing, lifestyle and aesthetics, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The NADPH oxidase system is an important source of intracellular ROS and a key player in the generation of oxidative stress.

    “In addition to mitochondria, the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase system has been identified as an important source of intracellular ROS and a key player in the generation of oxidative stress.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [9] Holmstrom, 2014, Cellular mechanisms and physiological consequences of redox-dependent signalling, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [10] Bedard, 2007, The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: Physiology and pathophysiology, Physiol. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The severity of extrinsic ageing depends on skin type, with features more prominent in type I or II skin and less noticeable in type III or higher skin.

    “The severity of extrinsic ageing depends on skin type, with the features being more prominent in type I or II skin and less noticeable in type III or higher skin [5].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Wlaschek, 2001, Solar UV irradiation and dermal photoaging, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Intrinsic ageing is largely genetically determined and occurs as a natural consequence of physiological changes over time.

    “Intrinsic ageing is largely genetically determined and occurs as a natural consequence of physiological changes over time [2].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Farage, 2008, Intrinsic and extrinsic factors in skin ageing: A review, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The formation of ROS is a natural consequence of oxygen metabolism and ROS have integral physiological roles in cell signalling and oxygen homeostasis.

    “The formation of ROS is a natural consequence of oxygen metabolism and ROS have integral physiological roles in cell signalling and oxygen homeostasis [7].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Kammeyer, 2015, Oxidation events and skin aging, Ageing Res. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Antioxidants are produced to counteract oxidative stress generated by excess ROS; elevated ROS levels can overwhelm endogenous cellular antioxidant mechanisms.

    “Antioxidants are produced to counteract oxidative stress generated by excess ROS; however, in times of environmental stress, elevated ROS levels can overwhelm endogenous cellular antioxidant mechanisms [7].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Kammeyer, 2015, Oxidation events and skin aging, Ageing Res. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cellular senescence is the irreversible arrest of proliferation that acts as a tumour-suppressive mechanism.

    “Cellular senescence refers to the irreversible arrest of proliferation, which acts as a tumour-suppressive mechanism to inhibit cells with potentially cancerous mutations from undergoing replication [1].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] Campisi, 2013, Aging, cellular senescence, and cancer, Annu. Rev. Physiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There is a nonlinear relationship between ROS production and ageing and different levels of oxidative stress may have opposite outcomes.

    “Studies have shown that there is a nonlinear relationship between ROS production and ageing and that different levels of oxidative stress may have opposite outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Yun, 2014, Mitohormesis, Cell Metab. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    NOX enzymes were initially discovered as responsible for producing large amounts of ROS as a first line of defense against pathogens, but are now thought to play roles in other physiological processes including cell signalling.

    “They were initially discovered as the enzyme responsible for producing large amounts of ROS as a first line of defense against invading pathogens during the immune response; however, it is now thought that they play roles in other physiological processes including cell signalling [12].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Nauseef, 2008, Biological roles for the NOX family NADPH oxidases, J. Biol. Chem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Senescent cells are implicated in the genesis of age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis.

    “Furthermore, studies have shown that senescent cells are implicated in the genesis of age-related diseases such as AD and atherosclerosis [1].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] Campisi, 2013, Aging, cellular senescence, and cancer, Annu. Rev. Physiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Senescent cells accumulate with increasing age in many organisms including humans and are seen with increased frequency in prematurely aged skin.

    “Senescent cells accumulate with increasing age in many organisms including humans and are seen with increased frequency in prematurely aged skin [20].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Dimri, 1995, A biomarker that identifies senescent human cells in culture and in aging skin in vivo, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mitochondrial complex II activity decreases with age in human skin fibroblasts, an effect only observed in senescent cell populations.

    “Bowman et al. demonstrated that complex II activity decreases with age in human skin fibroblasts, an effect only observed in senescent cell populations [23].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] Bowman, 2016, Age-Dependent Decrease of Mitochondrial Complex II Activity in Human Skin Fibroblasts, J. Investig. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oxidation of lipids by ROS can damage cellular structures and result in premature cell death.

    “Oxidation of lipids by ROS can damage cellular structures and result in premature cell death [13].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Bowman, 2016, Oxidative stress and ageing, Br. J. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Low concentrations of ROS have a protective effect by inducing cellular defense mechanisms, whilst higher concentrations promote damage to cellular structures.

    “Low concentrations have been demonstrated to have a protective effect by inducing cellular defense mechanisms, whilst higher concentrations promote damage to cellular structures [18].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Yun, 2014, Mitohormesis, Cell Metab. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Both UVA and UVB contribute to UVR-induced ageing; UVA causes disproportionately more damage due to its ability to penetrate deeper into the dermis.

    “Both UVA and UVB have been shown to contribute to UVR-induced ageing; however, due to its ability to penetrate deeper into the dermis, UVA has been shown to cause disproportionately more damage [5].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Wlaschek, 2001, Solar UV irradiation and dermal photoaging, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Alterations in mitochondrial function can adversely impact skin health and lead to skin disease.

    “This is of particular importance as there is increasing evidence that alterations in mitochondrial function can adversely impact skin health and lead to skin disease [26].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Boulton, 2015, Skin manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction: More important than previously thought, Exp. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mitochondrial DNA is particularly vulnerable to damage following UVR exposure as mitochondria have limited DNA repair mechanisms.

    “Mitochondrial DNA is particularly vulnerable to damage following exposure to UVR as mitochondria have limited DNA repair mechanisms [8].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Kandola, 2015, Oxidative stress—A key emerging impact factor in health, ageing, lifestyle and aesthetics, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    UVR forms can be subdivided into UVA (320-400 nm), UVB (280-320 nm) and UVC (100-280 nm).

    “UVR forms can be subdivided into three categories according to wavelength; UVA (320-400 nm), UVB (280-320 nm) and UVC (100-280 nm) [7].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Kammeyer, 2015, Oxidation events and skin aging, Ageing Res. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    UVR increases oxidative stress by both direct and indirect means, either by potent stimulation of ROS or by direct DNA damage.

    “UVR is therefore able to increase oxidative stress by both direct and indirect means, either by potent stimulation of ROS or by direct DNA damage [8].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Kandola, 2015, Oxidative stress—A key emerging impact factor in health, ageing, lifestyle and aesthetics, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Environmental pollution has a detrimental impact on skin health and can lead to skin ageing.

    “These findings contribute to the growing evidence demonstrating that environmental pollution has a detrimental impact on skin health and can lead to skin ageing [28].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] Koohgoli, R., Hudson, L., Naidoo, K., Wilkinson, S., Chavan, B., and Birch-Machin, M.A. (2016). Bad air gets under your skin. Exp. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Mediterranean diet is associated with increased longevity and reduced risk of age-related diseases.

    “The highly antioxidant Mediterranean diet, characterised by high fruit and vegetable intake, has been shown to be associated with increased longevity and reduced risk of age-related diseases [38][39][40].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38][39][40]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A high-fat diet is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, increased levels of oxidative stress and accelerated cellular senescence.

    “In contrast, a high-fat diet has been shown to be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, increased levels of oxidative stress and accelerated cellular senescence [43].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] Bonomini, 2015, Metabolic Syndrome, Aging and Involvement of Oxidative Stress, Aging Dis. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Insulin resistance secondary to a high-fat diet leads to increased levels of oxidative stress, which contributes to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.

    “A recent study showed that insulin resistance secondary to a high-fat diet leads to increased levels of oxidative stress, which contributes to neurodegeneration in AD [44].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [44] Nuzzo, 2015, Insulin Resistance as Common Molecular Denominator Linking Obesity to Alzheimer‘s Disease, Curr. Alzheimer Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Carotenoid substances and vitamins A, C and E are said to be the most protective and correlate negatively with levels of oxidative stress.

    “Carotenoid substances, found in fruit and vegetables, as well as vitamins A, C and E, are said to be the most protective and correlate negatively with levels of oxidative stress [45].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45] Lee, 2004, Reactive Oxygen Species, Aging, and Antioxidative Nutraceuticals, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    According to the mitohormesis hypothesis, moderate amounts of ROS may be physiologically beneficial whilst excess amounts may have a detrimental effect.

    “Mitohormesis could provide one potential explanation for the observations discussed above, as according to this hypothesis, moderate amounts of ROS may be physiologically beneficial whilst excess amounts may have a detrimental effect [19,54].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [19] Mattson, 2008, Hormesis defined, Ageing Res. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [54] Poljsak, 2012, The neglected significance of “antioxidative stress”, Oxidative Med. Cell Longev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

29 of 29

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The exact mechanism of ageing remains unknown.

    “Many studies have been performed to elicit the cause of ageing; however, the exact mechanism remains unknown.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    UVR is the primary environmental factor in the development of extrinsic skin ageing.

    “UVR is the primary environmental factor in the development of extrinsic skin ageing.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The ageing process is not fully understood and further work is required to understand the molecular processes involved in cutaneous ageing.

    “However, the ageing process is not fully understood and further work is required to understand the molecular processes involved in cutaneous ageing.”
3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

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Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Cell type differs from cited study

    Minor

    The text describes the cells as epithelial, while the cited reference identifies them as endothelial cells.

1 of 1

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References 55 · Cited by 83

Authors
Naidoo, K., & Birch-Machin, M.
Affiliations
  • Newcastle University (GB)
  • Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
ORCID
Naidoo, Khimara
Venue
Cosmetics
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2017-01-10
Volume
4
Issue
1
Pages
4
ISSN
2079-9284 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/cosmetics4010004
OpenAlex
W2568389087
Semantic Scholar
9a4bf0b7bc502d36fd63b769970dc074f9e4d173
Cited by
83
References
55
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 4
FWCI
8.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Cosmetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity) (cc-by)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
Keywords
skin aging, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, mitochondria, extrinsic aging, intrinsic aging, ultraviolet radiation, environmental pollution, sunlight, diet, oxidative damage

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