The DOI matches its Crossref record; 155 of the 188 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 32 are not checked yet; none of the 148 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Personality, Well-Being, and Health*
Open accessAbstract
A lifespan perspective on personality and health uncovers new causal pathways and provides a deeper, more nuanced approach to interventions. It is unproven that happiness is a direct cause of good health or that negative emotion, worry, and depression are significant direct causes of disease. Instead, depression-related characteristics are likely often reflective of an already-deteriorating trajectory. It is also unproven that challenging work in a demanding environment usually brings long-term health risks; on the contrary, individual strivings for accomplishment and persistent dedication to one's career or community often are associated with sizeable health benefits. Overall, a substantial body of recent research reveals that conscientiousness plays a very significant role in health, with implications across the lifespan. Much more caution is warranted before policy makers offer narrow health recommendations based on short-term or correlational findings. Attention should be shifted to individual trajectories and pathways to health and well-being.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 32 references not checked yet
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Claims the paper makes
94 Not checked yet · 63 Own interpretation · 12 No basis given · 1 Own result
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In the paper
“we have found (in our own research) that it is empirically and heuristically useful to distinguish and use at least five core health outcomes in addition to longevity”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Multiple Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Friedman et al. 2010
- Not checked yetcites Friedman & Martin 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“depression-related characteristics are likely often reflective of an alreadydeteriorating trajectory”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such correlations have little to say about achieving well-being.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > OUTCOMES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“studies of patient populations often suffer from personality selection artifacts (biases) because neurotic individuals are more likely to report symptoms (such as chest pain) and to seek medical care than nonneurotics, even when there is little or no discernable organic disease”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > OUTCOMES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Watson & Pennebaker 1989
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Study of personality-an individual's relatively stable predispositions and patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting-and its relationships to well-being and health continues to be plagued by an overreliance on self-report measures.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > OUTCOMES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“many of the questions (or items) used to assess personality are the same questions used to assess health and well-being”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > OUTCOMES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is also unproven that challenging work in a demanding environment usually brings long-term health risks”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a substantial body of recent research reveals that conscientiousness plays a very significant role in health, with implications across the lifespan”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The commonly used multipurpose Short-Form (36) Health Survey (SF-36), or the closely related RAND 36-Item Health Survey (RAND-36), can be very useful for assessing overall disease burden.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > OUTCOMES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ware 2004
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a host of characteristics and behaviors associated with the broad personality dimension of conscientiousness is predictive of health and longevity, from childhood through old age”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > INTRODUCTION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 21
- It may state two separate claims as one. 52
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These different outcomes are usually correlated (and sometimes highly correlated) with each other.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Multiple Outcomes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Across four decades of adulthood in the Terman Life Cycle Study, neuroticism was most predictive of subjective well-being but least predictive of longevity (the most objective measure of health)”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > NEUROTICISM, DEPRESSION, WORRY, AND DISEASE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Friedman et al. 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals who are conscientious-that is, prudent, dependable, well organized, and persistent-stay healthier, thrive, and live longer.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, MATURITY, AND LONGEVITY
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The size of the conscientiousness effect on health and longevity is equal to or greater than that of many known biomedical risk factors.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reasons for these associations are complex and sometimes appear paradoxical, as there are multiple simultaneous causal links to health.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > INTRODUCTION
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“excellent evidence that individual characteristics from earlier in life are reliable predictors and likely causal elements of health later in life”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > INTRODUCTION
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Screening for prostate cancer with the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) biomarker is probably the most notorious case of causing significant harm to patients”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Limits of Biomarkers as Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Welch & Black 2010
- Not checked yetcites Welch et al. 2011
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“an individual's sense of well-being is fairly stable across time”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > HAPPINESS, SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING, AND HEALTH
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“niacin improves lipid levels, but taking niacin does not decrease mortality risk”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Limits of Biomarkers as Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“B vitamins lower homocysteine levels, but B vitamins do not in turn lower disease risk”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Limits of Biomarkers as Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An analysis across 142 nations found that positive emotions predict better self-rated health around the world, with positive emotion trumping hunger, shelter, and safety in predictive value”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Power of Positive Emotion?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pressman et al. 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“subjective well-being and related concepts such as positive emotions are associated with better self-reported health, lower morbidity, less pain, and longevity”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Power of Positive Emotion?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chida & Steptoe 2008
- Not checked yetcites Diener & Chan 2011
- Not checked yetcites Howell et al. 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“this is an empirical question that has not yet been resolved”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Power of Positive Emotion?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Diener & Chan 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is correlated with higher levels of agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness to experience, and with lower levels of neuroticism, depression, and psychoticism.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Meaning and Purpose
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in an eight-year study with over 900 individuals, cross-lagged relations between health and life satisfaction found that poor health predicted subsequent life dissatisfaction, but satisfaction did not prospectively predict changes in health”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Power of Positive Emotion?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gana et al. 2013
plaindirectn = 900- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“subjective well-being or happiness is adaptive in some contexts but maladaptive in others”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Power of Positive Emotion?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ford & Mauss 2014
- Not checked yetcites Gruber et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites Hershfield et al. 2013
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“health is highly complex, and as it turns out, multiple causal processes are simultaneously at work in preserving health or promoting disease, although not in the ways often assumed”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > HAPPINESS, SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING, AND HEALTH
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“life satisfaction predicts health and longevity, lower suicide risk, college and job retention, and marital success”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Power of Positive Emotion?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Diener et al. 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Actions or interventions that improve well-being might indirectly improve a person's physical function but not act directly.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Power of Positive Emotion?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Optimism can function as a self-regulating mechanism, with optimistic people more likely to persevere and engage toward a goal”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Optimism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carver et al. 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the mixed findings concerning neuroticism and health are so striking and jumbled as to call into doubt the viability of further simple studies of these relationships”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > NEUROTICISM, DEPRESSION, WORRY, AND DISEASE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“strong empirical support is currently lacking for sense of meaning as a vital factor in future health”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Meaning and Purpose
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“there is little evidence that optimistic thinking will mobilize an immune system and cause tumors to shrink and increase longevity”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Optimism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Coyne & Tennen 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Having a sense of purpose facilitates active life engagement, goal setting, and goal pursuit”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Meaning and Purpose
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A study of over 11,000 Germans compared expected and actual life satisfaction across an 11-year period (Lang et al. 2013), finding that many individuals grew more pessimistic about their future satisfaction with increasing age, and this pessimism was associated with lower morbidity and mortality risk.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > NEUROTICISM, DEPRESSION, WORRY, AND DISEASE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lang et al. 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“personality trajectories and personality interactions with life events also matter, which strongly suggests that a simple neuroticism-to-poor-health model is incomplete”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > NEUROTICISM, DEPRESSION, WORRY, AND DISEASE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chapman et al. 2010
- Not checked yetcites Löckenhoff et al. 2009
- Not checked yetcites Mroczek & Spiro 2007
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there is no doubt that many diseases are associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression, the causal pathways have never been fully elucidated.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Depression
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis of mental health treatments (antidepressants and psychotherapies) for improving secondary event risk and depression among patients with coronary heart disease again showed mental health treatments did not reduce total mortality (absolute risk reduction = -0.00),although there was a minor influence on coronary heart disease events”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rutledge et al. 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A Cochrane database review of randomized trials of psychological interventions in adults with coronary heart disease found effects on depression, supporting the success of treating psychological symptoms (Whalley et al. 2011).But there was little evidence that the interventions affected the disease process, with no reduction in the total occurrence of nonfatal infarction or death.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Whalley et al. 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In all of these cases, depression and/or anxiety are not only significant correlates of illness but are also significant results of illness or of challenges to homeostasis.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Depression
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Common symptoms in the days or weeks after a serious concussion include irritability, concentration difficulties, sleep disturbances, and depression.
- Rests on an assumption: These symptoms are also core symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Psychotherapy or advice to cheer up will not stop the progression of cancer or cardiovascular disease (Coyne & Tennen 2010, Thombs et al. 2013)”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Coyne & Tennen 2010
- Not checked yetcites Thombs et al. 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After menopause, not only the odds of heart disease but also the odds of depression for women are significantly increased (Bromberger et al. 2011).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bromberger et al. 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of course, if an intervention happens to affect the underlying causes of both health and depression for an individual, health will be improved.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Depression
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such disruption is a long-term process that occurs through an interaction of internal and external forces as part of an individual's longterm trajectory, and it cannot be captured in a single measurement or experiment.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Challenge and Health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, when the physiological system is chronically disturbed, resources become depleted and regulatory processes are often affected (Cacioppo & Berntson 2011).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Challenge and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cacioppo & Berntson 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the common perception that very hard workers (workaholics) put their health at risk through nervous tension, work and health are intricately related, often in a positive way.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Challenge and Health
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Work can provide a sense of identity and purpose, stable social connections, and income for meeting needs for good food, safe shelter, and competent health care.
In the paper
“Unemployment is a well-established correlate of disability, illness, depression, health care utilization, and mortality risk, often in vicious cycles (Roelfs et al. 2011).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Challenge and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Roelfs et al. 2011
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“data from the US Panel Study of Income Dynamics showed that job loss predicted increased risk of a new health condition over the next year, with significantly higher risk if no reemployment occurred (Strully 2009).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Challenge and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Strully 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“And in England during the 2008-2010 recession, suicides and injury rates rose (Barr et al. 2012).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Challenge and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barr et al. 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Outside of the formal work environment, psychological engagement and productivity are again important components of health and successful aging.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Challenge and Health
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Engaged workers approach their jobs with vigor, interest, and absorption and have enthusiasm both for the task at hand and for the organization as a whole (Lepine et al. 2005, Schaufeli et al. 2006).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Challenge and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lepine et al. 2005
- Not checked yetcites Schaufeli et al. 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“About one-third of all crimes happen to the same (repeat) victims, whereas most people face no criminal victimization at all, even after controlling for neighborhood risks (Tseloni 2000, Tseloni & Pease 2003, Tseloni et al. 2004).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Challenge and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tseloni 2000
- Not checked yetcites Tseloni & Pease 2003
- Not checked yetcites Tseloni et al. 2004
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In global areas with high concentrations of centenarians (Buettner 2012), most long-lived individuals have remained physically and socially active, embracing rather than avoiding challenge.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Challenge and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Buettner 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“has revealed that conscientiousness is a very strong and reliable lifelong predictor of healthy pathways and of health and longevity (Friedman et al. 2013, Goodwin & Friedman 2006, Shanahan et al. 2013).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, MATURITY, AND LONGEVITY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Friedman et al. 2013
- Not checked yetcites Goodwin & Friedman 2006
- Not checked yetcites Shanahan et al. 2013
boostedcorrelationaln = 20- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As is discussed below, it is not the emotional lability (neuroticism) itself that is crucial, but rather the impulsivity (unconscientiousness).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Challenge and Health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Third and relatedly, conscientious individuals are more likely to have more successful, meaningful careers, better educations, and higher incomes, all of which are known to be relevant to health, well-being, and longer life (Hampson et al. 2007, Ozer & Benet-Martinez 2006, Poropat 2009, Roberts et al. 2003).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, MATURITY, AND LONGEVITY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hampson et al. 2007
- Not checked yetcites Ozer & Benet-Martinez 2006
- Not checked yetcites Poropat 2009
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“First, conscientious individuals engage in a variety of important healthier behaviors-for example, they smoke less, eat healthier foods, and wear seat belts (Bogg & Roberts 2004, Lodi-Smith et al. 2010, Sutin et al. 2011).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, MATURITY, AND LONGEVITY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bogg & Roberts 2004
- Not checked yetcites Lodi-Smith et al. 2010
- Not checked yetcites Sutin et al. 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and in adulthood, conscientious people are more likely to connect with other conscientious people-personally, socially, and at work-and to place themselves in healthier social and physical environments (Hampson 2012).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, MATURITY, AND LONGEVITY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hampson 2012
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Serotonin levels in the central nervous system are known to have a genetic basis, change with new circumstances, affect personality (including conscientiousness), and work to regulate core bodily functions (including sleep) necessary for good health (Carver et al. 2011, Caspi et al. 2010, Cicchetti et al. 2012; see also M õttus et al. 2013 regarding inflammation).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, MATURITY, AND LONGEVITY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carver et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites Caspi et al. 2010
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti et al. 2012
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Conscientious individuals are more likely to achieve a good education (Poropat 2009), which in turn is helpful in creating more prudent, better-organized, and forward-thinking adults (Vaillant 2012).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, MATURITY, AND LONGEVITY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Poropat 2009
- Not checked yetcites Vaillant 2012
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, personality traits, sense of well-being, and many diseases have some genetic or perinatal basis, thus leading to later associations between personality and health that are caused in part by underlying biosocial third variables.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Early Life Influences
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The individual effect of each behavior is tiny (and hard to document), but taken together and compounded over decades, a substantial effect may emerge.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, MATURITY, AND LONGEVITY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A fuller understanding and more comprehensive causal models of personality, health, and well-being would make these sorts of artifacts less likely.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the evidence for widely effective interventions is not yet available, more comprehensive models point toward core patterns that may indeed emerge as efficacious policies in promoting a well-organized, healthy, productive, long life.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fuller models of personality and health help clarify causality and offer likely points for successful intervention.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have argued that a more complete lifespan perspective (with expanded causal models) reveals that certain common assumptions about health and well-being are untenable and some common interventions are unjustified.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analogously, a misinterpretation of the correlations of depression with disease can result in the targeting of the wrong behavioral patterns for intervention.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, the misunderstanding of the role of worrying may lead to minimization of sober, thoughtful, conscientious life patterns now known to be health protective.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, the unconscientious boys in the Terman sample-even though very bright-were more likely to grow up to achieve less education, have unstable marriages, drink and smoke more, and be unsuccessful at work, all of which were relevant to dying at younger ages.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Fortunately, with the increasing number of long-term data sets, more rigorous information is now emerging (Friedman et al. 2013).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Friedman et al. 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some elements of the pursuit of happiness may very well result in increased health, but oversimplification of the strong correlations between subjective well-being and physical health can lead to the”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Individuals higher on positive emotions, agreeableness, and conscientiousness are much more likely to stay in ongoing studies, thus creating differential attrition and distorting findings (Czajkowski et al. 2009, Friedman 2011b).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Czajkowski et al. 2009
- Not checked yetcites Friedman 2011b
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And, the degree and quality of such relations can be changed.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, such approaches often do not consider long-term lifespan trajectories and the understanding of context.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and a fuller understanding of the causal pathways and how they can be altered holds the promise of significant value to individuals and to society.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individual differences earlier in life are reliable predictors and likely causes of well-being and health status later in life”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The problem is that many other approaches to treating depression and subjective well-being likely are not very relevant to health.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although physical activity levels (not formal exercise per se) are somewhat stable over time, they too can be modified, and increased activity usually produces beneficial effects (Bouchard et al. 2012, Mutrie & Faulkner 2004, Pedersen & Saltin 2006).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bouchard et al. 2012 source
- Not checked yetcites Mutrie & Faulkner 2004
- Not checked yetcites Pedersen & Saltin 2006
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Biomarkers naturally fluctuate as the body maintains or reestablishes homeostasis.
“especially since biomarkers naturally fluctuate as the body maintains or reestablishes homeostasis”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many medical interventions decrease quality of life for many while improving it for only a few even though short-term biomarkers look better.
“In fact, many medical interventions decrease quality of life for many while improving it for only a few, even though short-term biomarkers look better.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The FDA requires any new class of drug to have studies with hard disease or mortality outcomes.
“The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) now requires that any new class of drug must have studies with hard disease or mortality outcomes”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hostility is relevant to injury and to a host of unhealthy behaviors.
“which is known to be relevant to injury (suicide, homicide, accidents) and to a host of unhealthy behaviors”
The paper relies on this without support.
Common symptoms in the days or weeks after a serious concussion include irritability, concentration difficulties, sleep disturbances, and depression.
“For example, common symptoms in the days or weeks following a serious concussion (traumatic brain injury) are irritability, concentration difficulties, sleep disturbances, and depression.”
The paper relies on this without support.
These symptoms are also core symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.
“These are also core symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There are no well-controlled studies showing that interventions to improve the chronic mood of neurotics produce direct physiological changes and consequent improvements in cancer progression or death risk.
“There are no well-controlled studies showing that interventions to improve the chronic mood of neurotics result in direct physiological changes and consequent improvements in progression of cancer or risk of death.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Work can provide a sense of identity and purpose, stable social connections, and income for meeting needs for good food, safe shelter, and competent health care.
“Work can provide a sense of identity and purpose, stable social connections with others, and of course a source of income for meeting needs for good food, safe shelter, and competent health care.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Absence from work is a good predictor of subsequent long-term disability and unemployment.
“absence from work is a good predictor of subsequent long-term disability and unemployment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Personality influences the events experienced, the elicitation of responses by others, cognitive interpretations of challenges, emotional reactions, coping responses, and resulting actions.
“Personality influences the events that are experienced (i.e., situation selection), the elicitation (or provocation) of responses by others, cognitive interpretations of challenges, emotional reactions to experiences, coping responses, and resulting actions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The size of the conscientiousness effect on health and longevity is equal to or greater than that of many known biomedical risk factors.
“The size of this effect is equal to or greater than that of many known biomedical risk factors.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Overall, Treatment Resistant Depression (TRD) is associated with several comorbid features, including prolonged mental and physical dysfunction, increased healthcare spending, worse clinical outcomes, and a higher risk of suicide [4,6,7,8,9].”
From Pharmacotherapies Targeting GABA-Glutamate Neurotransmission for Treatment-Resistant Depression (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Conscientiousness (a tendency toward self-discipline, reliability, and orderliness) and neuroticism (proneness to negative emotionality) in particular consistently predict cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, among other outcomes (8,10-12).”
From Socioeconomic Status Interacts with Conscientiousness and Neuroticism to Predict Circulating Concentrations of Inflammatory Markers (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
Citations
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The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?
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Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load
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A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety
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Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms
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Cited by
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Items 301–400 of 529
Health and creativity: Evidence from corporate innovation
Do, T., Tan, K. J. K., & Wu, Y. (2025) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2025.105310 · Cited by 5
Liang, L., Zhu, W., Yang, J., & Wang, F. (2021) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.2005249 · Cited by 4
“Personality may play a mediating roles in relationship between anxiety and emotional behavior problems, negative personality characters could lead to more emotional and behavior problems (Friedman & Kern, 2014).”
Psychometric properties of the PERMA-Profiler for measuring well-being in Spanish older adults
Paniagua-Granados, T., Fernández-Fernández, V., Molina, M. Á., & Luque-Reca, O. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04883-9 · Cited by 7
“The beneficial effects of positive emotions (Riffin et al., 2014 ), engagement (Kuykendall et al., 2015 ), perceived positive relationships (Ashida et al., 2018 ), meaning (Friedman & Kern, 2014 ) and accomplishment (Hirst et al., 2013 ) have been amply demonstrated.”
Han, S., & Yoo, D. (2024) · Korean Journal of Child Studies · doi:10.5723/kjcs.2024.45.1.1 · Cited by 4
Cheng, H., Treglown, L., Montgomery, S., Κornilaki, E. N., Tsivrikos, D., & Furnham, A. F. (2015) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105315618457 · Cited by 4
“An extensive review by Friedman and Kern (2014) indicates that factors such as depression and anxiety, both strongly associated with trait Neuroticism, play a part in many illnesses, including eczema (Al-Ahmar and Kurban, 1976; Kim et al., 2006; Mizara et al., 2012; Schut et al., 2014; Slattery and…”
BackgroundCheng, H., & Furnham, A. F. (2017) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/2055102917716205 · Cited by 4
“…and eye conditions, however, was not confirmed, either from the correlation analysis or regression analysis, which is not in line with previous findings which demonstrated the association between conscientiousness and a number of health outcomes (Bogg and Roberts, 2004; Friedman and Kern, 2014).”
ResultVillaume, K., Tafvelin, S., & Hasson, D. (2018) · International Journal of Workplace Health Management · doi:10.1108/ijwhm-11-2017-0092 · Cited by 4
Personality Processes and Sleep: An Overview and a Leitmotif for a Research Agenda
Duggan, K. A., & Križan, Z. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30628-1_12 · Cited by 4
Agberotimi, S. F., & Oduaran, C. A. (2020) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v12n3p12 · Cited by 7
Personality traits and meat consumption: The mediating role of animal-related ethical concerns
Haefner, G., Schobin, J., & Risius, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.995482 · Cited by 4
López‐Ruiz, M., Doreste, A., Pujol, J., Losilla, J.-M., Ojeda, F., Blanco‐Hinojo, L., Martínez‐Vilavella, G., Rosado, T. G., Monfort, J., & Deus, J. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20042935 · Cited by 4
“We already know that personality affects cancer or heart disease risk [1], smoking [3], patients’ satisfaction and clinical outcome after total knee arthroplasty [4], or quality of life [5], among others.”
BackgroundLatent profile analysis of adolescent temperament: Relations to happiness and health in adulthood
Guerin, D. W., Gottfried, A. W., Preston, K. S. J., Gottfried, A. E., Ramos, M. C., Oliver, P. H., Cheng, C. E., & Riggio, R. E. (2023) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12165 · Cited by 4
Long COVID-19 Enigma: Unmasking the Role of Distinctive Personality Profiles as Risk Factors
Amsterdam, D., Kupershmidt, A., Avinir, A., Matalon, R., Ohana, O., Feder, O., Shtrozberg, S., Choshen, G., Ablin, J. N., & Elkana, O. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13102886 · Cited by 5
“These findings raise the possibility that Type D personality traits may act as risk factors for the development of Long COVID, although this hypothesis cannot be substantiated by the current cross-sectional study but rather would require a longitudinal approach [41–43].”
ResultPersonality Traits and Polypharmacy: Meta-analysis of Five Samples
Stephan, Y., Sutin, A., & Terracciano, A. (2024) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2024.2352182 · Cited by 3
“Second, this study extends existing models and research on personality and health (Friedman & Kern, 2014; Strickhouser et al., 2017) by providing replicable evidence that neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness is associated with the simultaneous use of multiple medicines.”
Farina, M., Moret‐Tatay, C., Paloski, L. H., & Irigaray, T. Q. (2020) · Ageing International · doi:10.1007/s12126-019-09359-5 · Cited by 4
Ceyhan, S., & Çiçek, H. (2020) · Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17240/aibuefd.2020..-558384 · Cited by 4
Young Adult Unemployment Through the Lens of Social Media: Italy as a Case Study
Urbinati, A., Kalimeri, K., Bonanomi, A. G., Rosina, A., Cattuto, C., & Paolotti, D. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60975-7_28 · Cited by 4
“Getting a job that is in line with one’s personality traits was shown to lead to higher career satisfaction [23], higher productivity [24,25], and consequently, well-being and health quality [26].”
BackgroundPersonality, negative social exchanges, and physical health among bereaved adults
Silva, N. M., Henrie, J., & Patrick, J. (2016) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/2055102916637877 · Cited by 3
“Thus, the association between personality and self-reported physical health may be biased because individuals who are higher in neuroticism are more likely to report physical health symptoms (Friedman and Kern, 2014).”
BackgroundBeki̇rcan, E., Torpuş, K., Usta, G., Kanbay, Y., Demiröz, K., Bulut, E., & Özbay, S. Ç. (2024) · Natural Hazards · doi:10.1007/s11069-024-07060-8 · Cited by 5
“In general terms, personality refers to the unique combination of an individual’s traits, as well as the physical, cognitive, and behavioral reactions formed in response to life experiences (Friedman and Kern 2014 ; McCrae and Costa 1985, 1987).”
Personality and epigenetic aging: A multi-cohort and multi-clock study
Stéphan, Y., Sutin, A. R., Luchetti, M., & Terracciano, A. (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107582 · Cited by 3
The Relationship Between Personality and Health
McDowell, I. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28986-6_12 · Cited by 4
Żurawska, J. L., Pięta, B., Wilczak, M., Wojciechowska, M., Rzymski, P., Pieczykolan, A., Krysa, J., & Bień, A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-87657-6 · Cited by 3
“Their attention to detail and commitment to following instructions further reduces the probability of contraceptive failure 30 .”
InfluentialValidierung des Deutschen Big Five Inventar-2
Wiechers, Y., & Kandler, C. (2025) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000344 · Cited by 3
Stephan, N., Sinharoy, S. S., Waford, R., Patrick, M., Mink, T. L., Bhan, T., Ahmed, T., Ahmed, A., & Caruso, B. A. (2025) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2025.103515 · Cited by 3
“…was selected as the outcome of interest because research has demonstrated that positive well-being is associated with better mental health in addition to longevity, lower morbidity, less pain, and better self-reported health (Diener et al., 2017; Friedman and Kern, 2014; V ´ azquez et al., 2009).”
Personality Traits and Mental Disorders
Hakulinen, C. A., Jokela, M. M., Mika Kivimaki, B., & Elovainio, M. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.018 · Cited by 4
Anxiety, Depression and Cognitive Dysfunction
Eysenck, M. W., & Holmes, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.033 · Cited by 3
Buckingham, R. M., & Corkeron, J. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05594 · Cited by 3
“In line with Friedman and Kern's (2014) recommendations the study will also: investigate the relationship between CPAP adherence and the facets that define conscientiousness and emotionality; as well as test for a possible interaction between conscientiousness and emotionality.”
MethodPetrič, M., & Zupančič, M. (2021) · Psihološka obzorja · doi:10.20419/2021.30.528 · Cited by 8
Salgado, J. F., Anderson, N. R., & Moscoso, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.040 · Cited by 4
Dobewall, H., Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L., Marttila, S., Mishra, P. P., Saarinen, A. I. L., Cloninger, C. R., Zwir, I. J. S., Kähönen, M. A. P., Hurme, M., Raitakari, O. T., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1018797 · Cited by 3
“Cooperativeness has clear links to the five-factor model of personality which has, like compassion, well-studied influences on health and well-being (8, 12, 22, 23).”
BackgroundParenting Concerns: Uncovering Barriers and Identifying Ways to Support Pre-teen Flourishing
Oerther, S. E. (2023) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/01939459231180222 · Cited by 3
Diabetes Moderates the Link between Personality Traits and Self-Rated Health (SRH)
Kang, W. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11152149 · Cited by 3
Nikolaeva, E. I., & Merenkova, V. S. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.80754 · Cited by 3
Using Ambulatory Assessments to Understand Personality-Health Associations
Jackson, J. J., & Beck, E. D. (2020) · International perspectives on aging · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32053-9_7 · Cited by 3
Models of Personality Structure
Raad, B. D., & Barelds, D. P. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.012 · Cited by 4
Cognitive Processes and Models
Matthews, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.028 · Cited by 5
Indonesian Students' Psychological Well-Being in Istanbul, Turkey
Rahmatullah, A. S., Azhar, M., & Marfuah, S. (2022) · Journal An-Nafs Kajian Penelitian Psikologi · doi:10.33367/psi.v7i2.2859 · Cited by 3
Facets of neuroticism and musculoskeletal symptoms. A study of middle-aged twins
Vassend, O. M., Orvik, B. H., Czajkowski, N. O., & Røysamb, E. (2016) · Norsk Epidemiologi · doi:10.5324/nje.v26i1-2.2015 · Cited by 3
“It should be emphasized, however, that the relationship between neuroticism, negative affect symptoms, and somatic complaints appears highly robust and has been demonstrated across developmental phases, from childhood to old age (45).”
BackgroundThe effect of educational priming on face recognition from a silver alert
Gier, V. S., & Kreiner, D. S. (2019) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2019.1656163 · Cited by 3
“…and Friedman (2008) more conscientious individuals live longer than those who are less conscientious; tend to be healthier (Boggs & Roberts, 2004; Friedman & Kern, 2014; Roberts, Walton, & Bogg, 2005), perform better academically (Poropat, 2009), are more successful in work endeavors (Barrick &…”
BackgroundChen, C., Wang, K., Chen, S., Zhou, Y., & Zhou, M. (2019) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.329 · Cited by 3
Basic Needs, Goals and Motivation
Szalma, J. L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.030 · Cited by 3
Heilbronner, U., Streit, F., Vogl, T., Senner, F., Schaupp, S. K., Reich‐Erkelenz, D., Papiol, S., Kohshour, M. O., Klöhn-Saghatolislam, F., Kalman, J. L., et al. (2021) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2021.1030 · Cited by 5
“Numerous studies performed both before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic have demonstrated the effect of personality determinants on health behaviour and outcomes (such as 5,34,35 ).”
BackgroundA bifactor approach to modeling the structure of repetitive thinking: Replication and extension
Castro, A. A., Hur, J., & Berenbaum, H. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111472 · Cited by 3
Personality in Cross-Cultural Perspective
Dragūns, J. G., & Tanaka‐Matsumi, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.037 · Cited by 4
Friedman, H. S., Duggan, K. A., & Heilmayr, D. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397045-9.00221-4 · Cited by 3
Self-citationKern, M. L., & Sun, J. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119057840.ch130 · Cited by 4
Self-citationGhasemy, M. (2024) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-024-01196-z · Cited by 2
“The intensity and frequency of emotions can change with age and development as well, and these changes can be attributed to both psychological and biological factors (Friedman & Kern, 2014).”
Personality profiles and exercise behaviour across adulthood
Wang, J., Shao, Y., Guo, L., & Mao, Z. (2024) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12989 · Cited by 2
Obschonka, M., Grillitsch, M., Guldåker, N., Rauhut, D., Rentfrow, P. J., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.70038 · Cited by 2
Consciousness, subjectivity, and aging in western thought
Alexopoulos, G. S. (2026) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-026-02321-5 · Cited by 2
Epigenetic aging and personality differences: Latent change analyses of twin data
Instinske, J., Schowe, A. M., Czamara, D., Kuznetsov, D., Mönkediek, B., & Kandler, C. (2026) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070261418426 · Cited by 4
“Overall,itisstriking that conscientiousness is the personality trait for which health-related associations were most frequently emphasized (Friedman & Kern, 2014).”
Adam, L. C., Halmschlager, N., Zimmermann, J., Franke, C., Knaevelsrud, C., & Kerber, A. (2026) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2026.112584 · Cited by 2
Pang, J. (2026) · World Leisure Journal · doi:10.1080/16078055.2026.2636280 · Cited by 2
Narrative Identity in the Social World
McLean, K. C., Syed, M., Haraldsson, K. G., & Lowe, L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.035 · Cited by 2
Lynam, D. R., Vize, C. E., & Miller, J. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.043 · Cited by 2
Jayawickreme, E., & Zachry, C. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.032 · Cited by 2
Chilcot, J., & Hackett, R. A. (2023) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaad051 · Cited by 3
“These findings support the growing evidence base for personality as a predictor of health outcomes and well-being [7–11].”
BackgroundStudents' perceptions of well-being
Vasileva, I. V., Chumakov, M. V., & Chumakova, D. M. (2024) · Экология человека · doi:10.17816/humeco627147 · Cited by 2
Saw, H.-W., & Kapteyn, A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0332902 · Cited by 2
Cachioni, M., Alonso, V., Cipolli, G. C., de Melo, R. C., & Paúl, C. (2021) · Geriatrics Gerontology and Aging · doi:10.5327/z2447-212320212000137 · Cited by 2
Goldberg, S. B., Hirshberg, M. J., Tello, L. Y., Weng, H. Y., Flook, L., & Davidson, R. J. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221782 · Cited by 2
Salient selves in uncertain futures
Sweeny, K. M., & Dunlop, W. L. (2019) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2019.1702090 · Cited by 2
My Health Diary, a School-Based Well-Being Program: A Randomized Controlled Study
Rabaglietti, E., Molinengo, G., Roggero, A., Ermacora, A., Marinaro, L. M., & Beccaria, F. (2021) · Adolescents · doi:10.3390/adolescents1010003 · Cited by 2
Loss Aversion and Health Behaviors: Results from Two Incentivized Economic Experiments
Bessey, D. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9081040 · Cited by 4
“While some earlier studies in health psychology suggested that correlations seemed to be strongest for conscientiousness and neuroticism [31,32], Weston et al.”
BackgroundResultDeterminants of Lifestyle Choices Among South Korean College Students: An Experimental Analysis
Bessey, D. (2022) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s333968 · Cited by 2
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.020 · Cited by 4
Karapınar, P. B., & Camgöz, S. M. (2017) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-3917-9.ch029 · Cited by 3
roozitalab, A., Maredpour, A., & Taghvaeinia, A. (2022) · The Journal Of Psychological Science · doi:10.52547/jps.21.116.1663 · Cited by 2
Dudok, R., & Piko, B. F. (2023) · Egészségfejlesztés · doi:10.24365/ef.8341 · Cited by 2
Subjective Representations of the Health of Preschool Teachers
Volkova, E., Rudnova, N. A., & Минимансурович, К. А. (2023) · Social Psychology and Society · doi:10.17759/sps.2023140207 · Cited by 3
Evaluating Longevity as a Farm Animal Welfare Indicator
Mann, S. (2023) · Food Ethics · doi:10.1007/s41055-023-00137-3 · Cited by 2
“The first is that ‘longevity is, for most purposes, the single best measure of health’ (Friedman and Kern 2014, p. 719), and the second is that happier, more optimistic people outlive their pessimistic counterparts (Dello Buono et al. 1998; Diener and Chan 2011; Sadler et al. 2012).”
The Enduring Appeal of Psychosocial Explanations of Physical Illness
Buchanan, R. D., Haslam, N., & Pickren, W. E. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805300-3.00011-6 · Cited by 2
Diagnostic Classification of Body Image Disturbances
Fassino, S., & Marzola, E. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90817-5_2 · Cited by 2
Maternal and Child Health Matters Around the World
Mohammadnezhad, M., & Huq, N. L. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.78255 · Cited by 2
Models of Physical Health and Personality
Heilmayr, D., & Friedman, H. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.019 · Cited by 2
Self-citationHow Connectedness to Nature Relates to Well-Being over Time
Carney, A. K. (2018) · doi:10.33915/etd.5992 · Cited by 2
Heilbronner, U., Streit, F., Vogl, T., Senner, F., Schaupp, S. K., Reich‐Erkelenz, D., Papiol, S., Kohshour, M. O., Klöhn-Saghatolislam, F., Kalman, J. L., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.09.12.21263447 · Cited by 2
Kern, M. L. (2020) · The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1002/9781118970843.ch22 · Cited by 2
Self-citationHappiness and subjective well-being
Griffin, P. W., & Sarnataro, N. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91497-0.00135-1 · Cited by 2
Little, B. R. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17299-1_2145 · Cited by 2
Theses for a metatheory of personality
Konstabel, K. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.003 · Cited by 1
Kang, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1134188 · Cited by 1
“, 2021), which, in turn, contribute to better mental health outcomes (Friedman and Kern, 2014).”
BackgroundSpecial issue: Personality in stress risk and resilience
Williams, P., & Zawadzki, M. J. (2024) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2024.104500 · Cited by 1
Tambunan, W., Partiwi, S. G., & Sudiarno, A. (2024) · Journal of Infrastructure Policy and Development · doi:10.24294/jipd.v8i8.5532 · Cited by 4
“Health status comprised both the physical and mental well-being of an individual (Andersson, 2008; Friedman and Kern, 2014; Green and Elliott, 2010), while the term “work evaluation and experience” referred to personal assessments of work-life norms, including elements of EE and job satisfaction…”
BackgroundSuccess Stories of Top Performers in Teacher Education and Liberal Arts
Manuel, K., Diaz, T. M., Burigsay, F. A., Bangi, J., & Luyun, C. (2024) · Journal of interdisciplinary perspectives · doi:10.69569/jip.2024.0451 · Cited by 1
Jovanović, V., & Šakan, D. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06829-1 · Cited by 1
“…et al., 2017), engagement in healthier behaviors might be one of the mechanisms explaining the benefits of conscien - tiousness for SWB (e.g., Friedman & Kern, 2014), whereas negative social exchanges, such as interpersonal conflicts, might mediate the relationship between agreeableness and…”
Azizi, M. G., Moslemi, D., Kheirkhah, F., Gholinia, H., Jafari, S., Jalalian, E., & Faramarzi, M. (2025) · Journal of Breast Disease · doi:10.61186/ijbd.17.4.68 · Cited by 1
Zhu, X., Liang, Y., & Haegele, J. A. (2025) · Disability and health journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2025.101827 · Cited by 1
Personality and falls: evidence from three samples
Stéphan, Y., Sutin, A. R., Canada, B., Hajek, A., & Terracciano, A. (2025) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaf146 · Cited by 1
Kuo, C.-T., Yu, R.-R., & Kan, K.-H. (2025) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2025.113381 · Cited by 1
Haehner, P., Shirima, C. M., Kura, M., Naudé, L., Hopwood, C. J., & Thalmayer, A. G. (2026) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070261477867 · Cited by 1
Tavolucci, S., Filosa, L., Sommovigo, V., Rosa, V., Alivernini, F., Baiocco, R., Borghi, A. M., Chirico, A., Fini, C., Palombi, T., et al. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13162047 · Cited by 1
“…self-esteem, optimism, and life satisfaction [42], and with emotional stability [44,45]—a personality trait strongly associated with mental health [46,47]—reflecting the ability to effectively cope with negative emotions such as stress, anxiety, discontent, irritability, and anger [48,49], and it…”
Associations between myocardial infarction (MI), personality traits, and mental health
Kang, W., Suarez-Ardila, F., Malvaso, A., & Hernández, S. P. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08411-9 · Cited by 1
Maxim, L., Nedderhoff, A., Zitzmann, S., & Hecht, M. (2025) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2025.104690 · Cited by 1
Nishita, Y., Tange, C., Kubota, S., Zhang, S., Tateishi, M., Ando, F., Shimokata, H., & Otsuka, R. (2026) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2026.113040 · Cited by 1
The joy of art-based reflection: building shared academic wellbeing literacy through collage
James, R., Gray, C. C., Goopy, J., Clayden, D., Meng, H., Lemon, N. S., Tytler, C., Sanbrook, C., Ghosh, M., Brooks, M. C., et al. (2026) · Reflective Practice · doi:10.1080/14623943.2025.2607104 · Cited by 2
“Christina explained that the ‘wrong’ caption symbolised that she often felt that she was making mistakes, and the ‘angry faced man’ represented the messaging that she received in this early career stage that was often critical and negative (Friedman & Kern, 2014).”
Zheng, W., Zhou, L., Lv, X., Li, J., & Zhou, Y. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-41659-0 · Cited by 1
Music teacher wellbeing and flourishing in Australian primary schools
Meng, H., Goopy, J., & Lemon, N. S. (2026) · Music Education Research · doi:10.1080/14613808.2026.2710630 · Cited by 1
Karapınar, P. B., & Camgöz, S. M. (2017) · Advances in human resources management and organizational development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2250-8.ch005 · Cited by 1
Predicting Exclusive Breastfeeding Based on Maternal Personality Traits: A Correlational Study
Padashian, F., Yadollahi, P., & Moshfeghy, Z. (2021) · Iran Journal of Nursing · doi:10.52547/ijn.34.131.7 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Friedman, H. S., & Kern, M. L.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-01-03
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 719-742
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- OpenAlex
- W2134111694
- Cited by
- 530
- References
- 188
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 14
- FWCI
- 6.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Keywords
- personality, well-being, health, lifespan development, conscientiousness, happiness, depression, negative emotions, worry, job demands, career dedication, health trajectories, causal pathways, health interventions
- MeSH terms
- Emotions, Health Status, Humans, Mental Health, Personal Satisfaction, Personality, Workplace
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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