The DOI matches its Crossref record; 155 of the 188 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 32 are not checked yet; none of the 148 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Personality, Well-Being, and Health*
Open accessAbstract
A lifespan perspective on personality and health uncovers new causal pathways and provides a deeper, more nuanced approach to interventions. It is unproven that happiness is a direct cause of good health or that negative emotion, worry, and depression are significant direct causes of disease. Instead, depression-related characteristics are likely often reflective of an already-deteriorating trajectory. It is also unproven that challenging work in a demanding environment usually brings long-term health risks; on the contrary, individual strivings for accomplishment and persistent dedication to one's career or community often are associated with sizeable health benefits. Overall, a substantial body of recent research reveals that conscientiousness plays a very significant role in health, with implications across the lifespan. Much more caution is warranted before policy makers offer narrow health recommendations based on short-term or correlational findings. Attention should be shifted to individual trajectories and pathways to health and well-being.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 32 references not checked yet
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
94 Not checked yet · 63 Own interpretation · 12 No basis given · 1 Own result
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“we have found (in our own research) that it is empirically and heuristically useful to distinguish and use at least five core health outcomes in addition to longevity”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Multiple Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Friedman et al. 2010
- Not checked yetcites Friedman & Martin 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“depression-related characteristics are likely often reflective of an alreadydeteriorating trajectory”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such correlations have little to say about achieving well-being.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > OUTCOMES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“studies of patient populations often suffer from personality selection artifacts (biases) because neurotic individuals are more likely to report symptoms (such as chest pain) and to seek medical care than nonneurotics, even when there is little or no discernable organic disease”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > OUTCOMES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Watson & Pennebaker 1989
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Study of personality-an individual's relatively stable predispositions and patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting-and its relationships to well-being and health continues to be plagued by an overreliance on self-report measures.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > OUTCOMES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“many of the questions (or items) used to assess personality are the same questions used to assess health and well-being”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > OUTCOMES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is also unproven that challenging work in a demanding environment usually brings long-term health risks”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a substantial body of recent research reveals that conscientiousness plays a very significant role in health, with implications across the lifespan”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The commonly used multipurpose Short-Form (36) Health Survey (SF-36), or the closely related RAND 36-Item Health Survey (RAND-36), can be very useful for assessing overall disease burden.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > OUTCOMES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ware 2004
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a host of characteristics and behaviors associated with the broad personality dimension of conscientiousness is predictive of health and longevity, from childhood through old age”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > INTRODUCTION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 21
- It may state two separate claims as one. 52
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These different outcomes are usually correlated (and sometimes highly correlated) with each other.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Multiple Outcomes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Across four decades of adulthood in the Terman Life Cycle Study, neuroticism was most predictive of subjective well-being but least predictive of longevity (the most objective measure of health)”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > NEUROTICISM, DEPRESSION, WORRY, AND DISEASE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Friedman et al. 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals who are conscientious-that is, prudent, dependable, well organized, and persistent-stay healthier, thrive, and live longer.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, MATURITY, AND LONGEVITY
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The size of the conscientiousness effect on health and longevity is equal to or greater than that of many known biomedical risk factors.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reasons for these associations are complex and sometimes appear paradoxical, as there are multiple simultaneous causal links to health.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > INTRODUCTION
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“excellent evidence that individual characteristics from earlier in life are reliable predictors and likely causal elements of health later in life”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > INTRODUCTION
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Screening for prostate cancer with the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) biomarker is probably the most notorious case of causing significant harm to patients”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Limits of Biomarkers as Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Welch & Black 2010
- Not checked yetcites Welch et al. 2011
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“an individual's sense of well-being is fairly stable across time”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > HAPPINESS, SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING, AND HEALTH
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“niacin improves lipid levels, but taking niacin does not decrease mortality risk”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Limits of Biomarkers as Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“B vitamins lower homocysteine levels, but B vitamins do not in turn lower disease risk”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Limits of Biomarkers as Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An analysis across 142 nations found that positive emotions predict better self-rated health around the world, with positive emotion trumping hunger, shelter, and safety in predictive value”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Power of Positive Emotion?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pressman et al. 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“subjective well-being and related concepts such as positive emotions are associated with better self-reported health, lower morbidity, less pain, and longevity”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Power of Positive Emotion?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chida & Steptoe 2008
- Not checked yetcites Diener & Chan 2011
- Not checked yetcites Howell et al. 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“this is an empirical question that has not yet been resolved”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Power of Positive Emotion?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Diener & Chan 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is correlated with higher levels of agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness to experience, and with lower levels of neuroticism, depression, and psychoticism.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Meaning and Purpose
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in an eight-year study with over 900 individuals, cross-lagged relations between health and life satisfaction found that poor health predicted subsequent life dissatisfaction, but satisfaction did not prospectively predict changes in health”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Power of Positive Emotion?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gana et al. 2013
plaindirectn = 900- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“subjective well-being or happiness is adaptive in some contexts but maladaptive in others”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Power of Positive Emotion?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ford & Mauss 2014
- Not checked yetcites Gruber et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites Hershfield et al. 2013
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“health is highly complex, and as it turns out, multiple causal processes are simultaneously at work in preserving health or promoting disease, although not in the ways often assumed”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > HAPPINESS, SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING, AND HEALTH
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“life satisfaction predicts health and longevity, lower suicide risk, college and job retention, and marital success”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Power of Positive Emotion?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Diener et al. 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Actions or interventions that improve well-being might indirectly improve a person's physical function but not act directly.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Power of Positive Emotion?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Optimism can function as a self-regulating mechanism, with optimistic people more likely to persevere and engage toward a goal”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Optimism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carver et al. 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the mixed findings concerning neuroticism and health are so striking and jumbled as to call into doubt the viability of further simple studies of these relationships”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > NEUROTICISM, DEPRESSION, WORRY, AND DISEASE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“strong empirical support is currently lacking for sense of meaning as a vital factor in future health”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Meaning and Purpose
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“there is little evidence that optimistic thinking will mobilize an immune system and cause tumors to shrink and increase longevity”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Optimism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Coyne & Tennen 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Having a sense of purpose facilitates active life engagement, goal setting, and goal pursuit”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Meaning and Purpose
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A study of over 11,000 Germans compared expected and actual life satisfaction across an 11-year period (Lang et al. 2013), finding that many individuals grew more pessimistic about their future satisfaction with increasing age, and this pessimism was associated with lower morbidity and mortality risk.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > NEUROTICISM, DEPRESSION, WORRY, AND DISEASE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lang et al. 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“personality trajectories and personality interactions with life events also matter, which strongly suggests that a simple neuroticism-to-poor-health model is incomplete”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > NEUROTICISM, DEPRESSION, WORRY, AND DISEASE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chapman et al. 2010
- Not checked yetcites Löckenhoff et al. 2009
- Not checked yetcites Mroczek & Spiro 2007
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there is no doubt that many diseases are associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression, the causal pathways have never been fully elucidated.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Depression
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis of mental health treatments (antidepressants and psychotherapies) for improving secondary event risk and depression among patients with coronary heart disease again showed mental health treatments did not reduce total mortality (absolute risk reduction = -0.00),although there was a minor influence on coronary heart disease events”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rutledge et al. 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A Cochrane database review of randomized trials of psychological interventions in adults with coronary heart disease found effects on depression, supporting the success of treating psychological symptoms (Whalley et al. 2011).But there was little evidence that the interventions affected the disease process, with no reduction in the total occurrence of nonfatal infarction or death.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Whalley et al. 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In all of these cases, depression and/or anxiety are not only significant correlates of illness but are also significant results of illness or of challenges to homeostasis.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Depression
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Common symptoms in the days or weeks after a serious concussion include irritability, concentration difficulties, sleep disturbances, and depression.
- Rests on an assumption: These symptoms are also core symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Psychotherapy or advice to cheer up will not stop the progression of cancer or cardiovascular disease (Coyne & Tennen 2010, Thombs et al. 2013)”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Coyne & Tennen 2010
- Not checked yetcites Thombs et al. 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After menopause, not only the odds of heart disease but also the odds of depression for women are significantly increased (Bromberger et al. 2011).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bromberger et al. 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of course, if an intervention happens to affect the underlying causes of both health and depression for an individual, health will be improved.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Depression
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such disruption is a long-term process that occurs through an interaction of internal and external forces as part of an individual's longterm trajectory, and it cannot be captured in a single measurement or experiment.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Challenge and Health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, when the physiological system is chronically disturbed, resources become depleted and regulatory processes are often affected (Cacioppo & Berntson 2011).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Challenge and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cacioppo & Berntson 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the common perception that very hard workers (workaholics) put their health at risk through nervous tension, work and health are intricately related, often in a positive way.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Challenge and Health
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Work can provide a sense of identity and purpose, stable social connections, and income for meeting needs for good food, safe shelter, and competent health care.
In the paper
“Unemployment is a well-established correlate of disability, illness, depression, health care utilization, and mortality risk, often in vicious cycles (Roelfs et al. 2011).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Challenge and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Roelfs et al. 2011
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“data from the US Panel Study of Income Dynamics showed that job loss predicted increased risk of a new health condition over the next year, with significantly higher risk if no reemployment occurred (Strully 2009).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Challenge and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Strully 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“And in England during the 2008-2010 recession, suicides and injury rates rose (Barr et al. 2012).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Challenge and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barr et al. 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Outside of the formal work environment, psychological engagement and productivity are again important components of health and successful aging.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Challenge and Health
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Engaged workers approach their jobs with vigor, interest, and absorption and have enthusiasm both for the task at hand and for the organization as a whole (Lepine et al. 2005, Schaufeli et al. 2006).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Challenge and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lepine et al. 2005
- Not checked yetcites Schaufeli et al. 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“About one-third of all crimes happen to the same (repeat) victims, whereas most people face no criminal victimization at all, even after controlling for neighborhood risks (Tseloni 2000, Tseloni & Pease 2003, Tseloni et al. 2004).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Challenge and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tseloni 2000
- Not checked yetcites Tseloni & Pease 2003
- Not checked yetcites Tseloni et al. 2004
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In global areas with high concentrations of centenarians (Buettner 2012), most long-lived individuals have remained physically and socially active, embracing rather than avoiding challenge.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Challenge and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Buettner 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“has revealed that conscientiousness is a very strong and reliable lifelong predictor of healthy pathways and of health and longevity (Friedman et al. 2013, Goodwin & Friedman 2006, Shanahan et al. 2013).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, MATURITY, AND LONGEVITY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Friedman et al. 2013
- Not checked yetcites Goodwin & Friedman 2006
- Not checked yetcites Shanahan et al. 2013
boostedcorrelationaln = 20- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As is discussed below, it is not the emotional lability (neuroticism) itself that is crucial, but rather the impulsivity (unconscientiousness).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Challenge and Health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Third and relatedly, conscientious individuals are more likely to have more successful, meaningful careers, better educations, and higher incomes, all of which are known to be relevant to health, well-being, and longer life (Hampson et al. 2007, Ozer & Benet-Martinez 2006, Poropat 2009, Roberts et al. 2003).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, MATURITY, AND LONGEVITY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hampson et al. 2007
- Not checked yetcites Ozer & Benet-Martinez 2006
- Not checked yetcites Poropat 2009
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“First, conscientious individuals engage in a variety of important healthier behaviors-for example, they smoke less, eat healthier foods, and wear seat belts (Bogg & Roberts 2004, Lodi-Smith et al. 2010, Sutin et al. 2011).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, MATURITY, AND LONGEVITY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bogg & Roberts 2004
- Not checked yetcites Lodi-Smith et al. 2010
- Not checked yetcites Sutin et al. 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and in adulthood, conscientious people are more likely to connect with other conscientious people-personally, socially, and at work-and to place themselves in healthier social and physical environments (Hampson 2012).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, MATURITY, AND LONGEVITY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hampson 2012
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Serotonin levels in the central nervous system are known to have a genetic basis, change with new circumstances, affect personality (including conscientiousness), and work to regulate core bodily functions (including sleep) necessary for good health (Carver et al. 2011, Caspi et al. 2010, Cicchetti et al. 2012; see also M õttus et al. 2013 regarding inflammation).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, MATURITY, AND LONGEVITY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carver et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites Caspi et al. 2010
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti et al. 2012
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Conscientious individuals are more likely to achieve a good education (Poropat 2009), which in turn is helpful in creating more prudent, better-organized, and forward-thinking adults (Vaillant 2012).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, MATURITY, AND LONGEVITY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Poropat 2009
- Not checked yetcites Vaillant 2012
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, personality traits, sense of well-being, and many diseases have some genetic or perinatal basis, thus leading to later associations between personality and health that are caused in part by underlying biosocial third variables.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > Early Life Influences
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The individual effect of each behavior is tiny (and hard to document), but taken together and compounded over decades, a substantial effect may emerge.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, MATURITY, AND LONGEVITY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A fuller understanding and more comprehensive causal models of personality, health, and well-being would make these sorts of artifacts less likely.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the evidence for widely effective interventions is not yet available, more comprehensive models point toward core patterns that may indeed emerge as efficacious policies in promoting a well-organized, healthy, productive, long life.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fuller models of personality and health help clarify causality and offer likely points for successful intervention.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have argued that a more complete lifespan perspective (with expanded causal models) reveals that certain common assumptions about health and well-being are untenable and some common interventions are unjustified.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analogously, a misinterpretation of the correlations of depression with disease can result in the targeting of the wrong behavioral patterns for intervention.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, the misunderstanding of the role of worrying may lead to minimization of sober, thoughtful, conscientious life patterns now known to be health protective.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, the unconscientious boys in the Terman sample-even though very bright-were more likely to grow up to achieve less education, have unstable marriages, drink and smoke more, and be unsuccessful at work, all of which were relevant to dying at younger ages.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Fortunately, with the increasing number of long-term data sets, more rigorous information is now emerging (Friedman et al. 2013).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Friedman et al. 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some elements of the pursuit of happiness may very well result in increased health, but oversimplification of the strong correlations between subjective well-being and physical health can lead to the”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Individuals higher on positive emotions, agreeableness, and conscientiousness are much more likely to stay in ongoing studies, thus creating differential attrition and distorting findings (Czajkowski et al. 2009, Friedman 2011b).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Czajkowski et al. 2009
- Not checked yetcites Friedman 2011b
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And, the degree and quality of such relations can be changed.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, such approaches often do not consider long-term lifespan trajectories and the understanding of context.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and a fuller understanding of the causal pathways and how they can be altered holds the promise of significant value to individuals and to society.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individual differences earlier in life are reliable predictors and likely causes of well-being and health status later in life”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The problem is that many other approaches to treating depression and subjective well-being likely are not very relevant to health.”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although physical activity levels (not formal exercise per se) are somewhat stable over time, they too can be modified, and increased activity usually produces beneficial effects (Bouchard et al. 2012, Mutrie & Faulkner 2004, Pedersen & Saltin 2006).”
§ Personality, Well-Being, and Health * > CONCLUSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bouchard et al. 2012 source
- Not checked yetcites Mutrie & Faulkner 2004
- Not checked yetcites Pedersen & Saltin 2006
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Biomarkers naturally fluctuate as the body maintains or reestablishes homeostasis.
“especially since biomarkers naturally fluctuate as the body maintains or reestablishes homeostasis”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many medical interventions decrease quality of life for many while improving it for only a few even though short-term biomarkers look better.
“In fact, many medical interventions decrease quality of life for many while improving it for only a few, even though short-term biomarkers look better.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The FDA requires any new class of drug to have studies with hard disease or mortality outcomes.
“The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) now requires that any new class of drug must have studies with hard disease or mortality outcomes”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hostility is relevant to injury and to a host of unhealthy behaviors.
“which is known to be relevant to injury (suicide, homicide, accidents) and to a host of unhealthy behaviors”
The paper relies on this without support.
Common symptoms in the days or weeks after a serious concussion include irritability, concentration difficulties, sleep disturbances, and depression.
“For example, common symptoms in the days or weeks following a serious concussion (traumatic brain injury) are irritability, concentration difficulties, sleep disturbances, and depression.”
The paper relies on this without support.
These symptoms are also core symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.
“These are also core symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There are no well-controlled studies showing that interventions to improve the chronic mood of neurotics produce direct physiological changes and consequent improvements in cancer progression or death risk.
“There are no well-controlled studies showing that interventions to improve the chronic mood of neurotics result in direct physiological changes and consequent improvements in progression of cancer or risk of death.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Work can provide a sense of identity and purpose, stable social connections, and income for meeting needs for good food, safe shelter, and competent health care.
“Work can provide a sense of identity and purpose, stable social connections with others, and of course a source of income for meeting needs for good food, safe shelter, and competent health care.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Absence from work is a good predictor of subsequent long-term disability and unemployment.
“absence from work is a good predictor of subsequent long-term disability and unemployment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Personality influences the events experienced, the elicitation of responses by others, cognitive interpretations of challenges, emotional reactions, coping responses, and resulting actions.
“Personality influences the events that are experienced (i.e., situation selection), the elicitation (or provocation) of responses by others, cognitive interpretations of challenges, emotional reactions to experiences, coping responses, and resulting actions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The size of the conscientiousness effect on health and longevity is equal to or greater than that of many known biomedical risk factors.
“The size of this effect is equal to or greater than that of many known biomedical risk factors.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Overall, Treatment Resistant Depression (TRD) is associated with several comorbid features, including prolonged mental and physical dysfunction, increased healthcare spending, worse clinical outcomes, and a higher risk of suicide [4,6,7,8,9].”
From Pharmacotherapies Targeting GABA-Glutamate Neurotransmission for Treatment-Resistant Depression (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Conscientiousness (a tendency toward self-discipline, reliability, and orderliness) and neuroticism (proneness to negative emotionality) in particular consistently predict cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, among other outcomes (8,10-12).”
From Socioeconomic Status Interacts with Conscientiousness and Neuroticism to Predict Circulating Concentrations of Inflammatory Markers (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
The structure of psychological well-being revisited.
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.69.4.719 · Cited by 10,285
Self-rated health and mortality: a review of twenty-seven community studies.
Idler, E. L., & Benyamini, Y. (1997) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2955359 · Cited by 8,598
The Measurement of Work Engagement With a Short Questionnaire: A Cross-National Study
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164405282471 · Cited by 7,403
The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803 · Cited by 7,143
Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load
McEWEN, B. S. (1998) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x · Cited by 5,092
A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety
Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Poulton, R., Roberts, B. W., Ross, S., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1010076108 · Cited by 4,885
Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8 · Cited by 4,782
Ware, J. E. (2000) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-200012150-00008 · Cited by 4,455
(1990) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e530902004-001 · Cited by 3,690
Finding flow: the psychology of engagement with everyday life
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-1828 · Cited by 3,515
Handbook of the Psychology of Aging
Schaie, K. W., Willis, S. L., Knight, B. G., & Park, D. C. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2012-0-07221-3 · Cited by 3,440
Human Aging: Usual and Successful
Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3299702 · Cited by 3,384
The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being.
DeNeve, K. M., & Cooper, H. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.197 · Cited by 3,038
Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity.
Watson, D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.2.234 · Cited by 3,030
Sin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20593 · Cited by 2,955
A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance.
Poropat, A. E. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0014996 · Cited by 2,729
Personality Development: Stability and Change
Caspi, A., Roberts, B. W., & Shiner, R. L. (2005) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141913 · Cited by 2,699
The Contours of Positive Human Health
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0901_1 · Cited by 2,658
Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.83 · Cited by 2,517
Lepine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P., & Lepine, M. A. (2005) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2005.18803921 · Cited by 2,438
Carver, C. S., & Connor-Smith, J. (2010) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352 · Cited by 2,424
Personality and the Prediction of Consequential Outcomes
Ozer, D. J., & Benet‐Martínez, V. (2005) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190127 · Cited by 2,307
Happy People Live Longer: Subjective Well‐Being Contributes to Health and Longevity
Diener, E., & Chan, M. Y. (2011) · Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x · Cited by 2,260
Does positive affect influence health?
Pressman, S. D., & Cohen, S. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.925 · Cited by 2,087
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006 · Cited by 2,051
McEwen, B. S. (2000) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02950-4 · Cited by 1,827
Living well: A self-determination theory perspective on eudaimonia
Ryan, R. M., Huta, V., & Deci, E. L. (2008) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9023-4 · Cited by 1,752
Bogg, T., & Roberts, B. W. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.887 · Cited by 1,632 · cited 1×
“First, conscientious individuals engage in a variety of important healthier behaviors—for example, they smoke less, eat healthier foods, and wear seat belts (Bogg & Roberts 2004, Lodi-Smith et al. 2010, Sutin et al. 2011).”
BackgroundWelch, H. G., & Black, W. C. (2010) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djq099 · Cited by 1,627
Chida, Y., & Steptoe, A. (2008) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31818105ba · Cited by 1,592
Lichtman, J. H., Bigger, J. T., Blumenthal, J. A., Frasure-Smith, N., Kaufmann, P. G., Lespérance, F., Mark, D. B., Sheps, D. S., Taylor, C. B., & Froelicher, E. S. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.190769 · Cited by 1,482
A framework for studying personality in the stress process.
Bolger, N. P., & Zuckerman, A. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.69.5.890 · Cited by 1,471
Relations between personality and coping: A meta-analysis.
Connor-Smith, J. K., & Flachsbart, C. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1080 · Cited by 1,453
(1990) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · Cited by 1,411
Theory and Validity of Life Satisfaction Scales
Diener, E., Inglehart, R., & Tay, L. (2012) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-012-0076-y · Cited by 1,386
Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease
Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00520.x · Cited by 1,384
Successful Aging: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences
(1990) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511665684 · Cited by 1,362
Caspi, A., Hariri, A. R., Holmes, A., Uher, R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09101452 · Cited by 1,346
Twenge, J. M. (2006) · Cited by 1,308
Physical activity, exercise, depression and anxiety disorders
Ströhle, A. (2009) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-008-0092-x · Cited by 1,269
Cannon, W. B. (1932) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-193212000-00028 · Cited by 1,259
Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain
McEwen, B. S. (2006) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2006.8.4/bmcewen · Cited by 1,220
How Do Simple Positive Activities Increase Well-Being?
Lyubomirsky, S., & Layous, K. (2013) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412469809 · Cited by 1,197
(2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315167534 · Cited by 1,147
Depression as a predictor for coronary heart disease
Rugulies, R. (2002) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00439-7 · Cited by 1,110
Some key differences between a happy life and a meaningful life
Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., Aaker, J. L., & Garbinsky, E. N. (2013) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2013.830764 · Cited by 1,006 · cited 1×
“Many scholars have argued persuasively that a meaningful life is not necessarily a happy one (Baumeister et al. 2013, King 2001, Ryff & Singer 2009).”
BackgroundA meta-analytic review of research on hostility and physical health.
Miller, T. Q., Smith, T. W., Turner, C. W., Guijarro, M. L., & Hallet, A. J. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.322 · Cited by 997
Taylor, S. E. (2012) · The Oxford Handbook of Health Psychology · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195342819.013.0009 · Cited by 993
Health psychology: what is an unhealthy environment and how does it get under the skin?
Taylor, S. E., Repetti, R. L., & Seeman, T. (1997) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.411 · Cited by 936
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-5149 · Cited by 923
Positive health: connecting well–being with biology
Ryff, C. D., Singer, B. H., & Dienberg Love, G. (2004) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1521 · Cited by 916
Boehm, J. K., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0027448 · Cited by 909
Suls, J., & Bunde, J. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.260 · Cited by 878
Psychological predictors of heart disease: A quantitative review.
Booth‐Kewley, S., & Friedman, H. S. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.3.343 · Cited by 838
Self-citationExercise for the treatment of depression and anxiety
Carek, P. J., Laibstain, S. E., & Carek, S. M. (2011) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/pm.41.1.c · Cited by 797
Veenhoven, R. (2008) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9042-1 · Cited by 771
Roelfs, D. J., Shor, E., Davidson, K. W., & Schwartz, J. E. (2011) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.01.005 · Cited by 759
Bouchard, C. (2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-0923 · Cited by 754
Work experiences and personality development in young adulthood.
Roberts, B. W., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.582 · Cited by 753
Wulsin, L. R., & Singal, B. M. (2003) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000058371.50240.e3 · Cited by 730
(2001) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-5852 · Cited by 696
Health benefits: Meta-analytically determining the impact of well-being on objective health outcomes
Howell, R. T., Kern, M. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2007) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437190701492486 · Cited by 686
Self-citationPersonality as independent predictor of long-term mortality in patients with coronary heart disease
Denollet, J., Rombouts, H., Gillebert, T. C., Brutsaert, D. L., Sys, S. U., Brutsaert, D. L., & Stroobant, N. (1996) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90007-0 · Cited by 679
The "disease-prone personality": A meta-analytic view of the construct.
Friedman, H. S., & Booth‐Kewley, S. (1987) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.42.6.539 · Cited by 647
Self-citationThe Handbook of health behavior change
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-6233 · Cited by 616
Lüdtke, O., Roberts, B. W., Trautwein, U., & Nagy, G. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023743 · Cited by 574
Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease.
Richards, S. H., Anderson, L., Jenkinson, C. E., Whalley, B., Rees, K., Davies, P., Bennett, P., Liu, Z., West, R., Thompson, D. R., et al. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002902.pub4 · Cited by 571
A Dark Side of Happiness? How, When, and Why Happiness Is Not Always Good
Gruber, J., Mauss, I. B., & Tamir, M. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611406927 · Cited by 561
Purpose in life is associated with mortality among community-dwelling older persons
Boyle, P. A., Barnes, L. L., Buchman, A. S., & Bennett, D. A. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181a5a7c0 · Cited by 526
Long‐Term Relations of Personality and Health: Dynamisms, Mechanisms, Tropisms
Friedman, H. S. (2000) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00127 · Cited by 514
Self-citationAnger and hostility in cardiovascular and behavioral disorders
Chesney, M. A., & Rosenman, R. H. (1985) · Hemisphere Pub. Corp. eBooks · Cited by 513
Extraversion and neuroticism as predictors of objective life events: A longitudinal analysis.
Magnus, K., Diener, E., Fujita, F., & Pavot, W. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.5.1046 · Cited by 504
Theoretical Hierarchy of Adaptive Ego Mechanisms
Vaillant, G. E. (1971) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750080011003 · Cited by 499
Overdiagnosed: making people sick in the pursuit of health
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-6324 · Cited by 495
The story of hardiness: Twenty years of theorizing, research, and practice.
Maddi, S. R. (2002) · Consulting psychology journal · doi:10.1037/1061-4087.54.3.173 · Cited by 473
Bromberger, J. T., Kravitz, H. M., Chang, Y., Cyranowski, J. M., Brown, C., & Matthews, K. A. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171100016x · Cited by 464
Do conscientious individuals live longer? A quantitative review.
Kern, M. L., & Friedman, H. S. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.5.505 · Cited by 464
Self-citationSteger, M. F. (2009) · The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0064 · Cited by 463
Walum, H., Westberg, L., Henningsson, S., Neiderhiser, J. M., Reiss, D., Igl, W., Ganiban, J. M., Spotts, E. L., Pedersen, N. L., Eriksson, E., et al. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0803081105 · Cited by 460
Personality Processes: Mechanisms by Which Personality Traits “Get Outside the Skin”
Hampson, S. E. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100419 · Cited by 454
Treatment adherence and risk of death after a myocardial infarction
Horwitz, R. I., Viscoli, C. M., Donaldson, R. M., Murray, C. J. L., Ransohoff, D. F., Horwitz, R. I., Berkman, L. F., Horwitz, S. M., Ransohoff, D. F., & Sindelar, J. L. (1990) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)92095-y · Cited by 453
Suicides associated with the 2008-10 economic recession in England: time trend analysis
Barr, B., Taylor-Robinson, D., Scott-Samuel, A., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e5142 · Cited by 452
Does childhood personality predict longevity?
Friedman, H. S., Tucker, J. S., Tomlinson-Keasey, C., Schwartz, J. E., Wingard, D. L., & Criqui, M. H. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.1.176 · Cited by 448 · cited 1×
“Extensive research following up the initial startling finding of two decades ago (Friedman et al. 1993) that childhood conscientiousness is a strong predictor of longevity has revealed that conscientiousness is a very strong and reliable lifelong predictor of healthy pathways and of health and…”
BackgroundSelf-citationPersonality and obesity across the adult life span.
Sutin, A. R., Ferrucci, L., Zonderman, A. B., & Terracciano, A. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024286 · Cited by 441
Can seeking happiness make people unhappy? Paradoxical effects of valuing happiness.
Mauss, I. B., Tamir, M., Anderson, C. L., & Savino, N. S. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0022010 · Cited by 434
Smoking and the Five‐Factor Model of personality
Terracciano, A., & Costa, P. T. (2004) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00687.x · Cited by 422
Health Status and the Five-factor Personality Traits in a Nationally Representative Sample
Goodwin, R. D., & Friedman, H. S. (2006) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105306066610 · Cited by 421 · cited 3×
“And, in fact, the basic five-factor personality dimensions (particularly conscientiousness, neuroticism, and extraversion, but also often agreeableness and openness) do predict multiple diseases (Friedman 2007, Goodwin & Friedman 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationVollrath, M. (2001) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00245 · Cited by 402
Foundations of Health Psychology
(2006) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195139594.001.0001 · Cited by 385
Bogg, T., & Roberts, B. W. (2012) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9454-6 · Cited by 376
The Oxford Handbook of Health Psychology
Friedman, H. S. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195342819.001.0001 · Cited by 355
Stress, age, and immune function: toward a lifespan approach
Graham, J. E., Christian, L. M., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2006) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-006-9057-4 · Cited by 329
Steger, M. F. (2012) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2012.720832 · Cited by 328
Hampson, S. E., Goldberg, L. R., Vogt, T. M., & Dubanoski, J. P. (2007) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.26.1.121 · Cited by 326
Personality Change Influences Mortality in Older Men
Mroczek, D. K., & Spiro, A. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01907.x · Cited by 320
Weiss, A., & Costa, P. T. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000181272.58103.18 · Cited by 311
Personality and Health, Subjective Well‐Being, and Longevity
Friedman, H. S., Kern, M. L., & Reynolds, C. A. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00613.x · Cited by 295
Self-citationRutledge, T. R., Redwine, L. S., Linke, S., & Mills, P. J. (2013) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e318291d798 · Cited by 292
Positive Psychology in Cancer Care: Bad Science, Exaggerated Claims, and Unproven Medicine
Coyne, J. C., & Tennen, H. A. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9154-z · Cited by 291
Handbook of the Psychology of Aging
Schaie, K. W. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-01966-7 · Cited by 275
Conscientiousness and the incidence of Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment.
Wilson, R. S., Schneider, J., Arnold, S., Bienias, J., & Bennett, D. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.10.1204 · Cited by 273
The Significance of Self-control
Duckworth, A. L. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1019725108 · Cited by 272
Successful Aging: Early Influences and Contemporary Characteristics
Pruchno, R. A., Wilson-Genderson, M., Rose, M., & Cartwright, F. (2010) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnq041 · Cited by 271
(2012) · doi:10.5040/9781492595717 · Cited by 266
Biological mechanisms in the relationship between depression and heart disease
Grippo, A. J., & Johnson, A. K. (2002) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(03)00003-4 · Cited by 265
Caregiving Behavior Is Associated With Decreased Mortality Risk
Brown, S. L., Smith, D. M., Schulz, R., Kabeto, M. U., Ubel, P. A., Poulin, M. J., Yi, J., Kim, C., & Langa, K. M. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02323.x · Cited by 260
Who takes health risks? A probe into eight personality types
Vollrath, M. E., & Torgersen, S. O. (2002) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00080-0 · Cited by 260
Job loss and health in the U.S. labor market
Strully, K. W. (2009) · Demography · doi:10.1353/dem.0.0050 · Cited by 252
Personality Predictors of Longevity: Activity, Emotional Stability, and Conscientiousness
Terracciano, A., Löckenhoff, C. E., Zonderman, A. B., Ferrucci, L., & Costa, P. T. (2008) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31817b9371 · Cited by 242
Korten, A. E., Jorm, A. F., Jiao, Z., Letenneur, L., Jacomb, P. A., Henderson, A. S., Christensen, H., & Rodgers, B. (1999) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.53.2.83 · Cited by 240
Reactions to bullying and peer victimization: Narratives, physiological arousal, and personality
Bollmer, J. M., Harris, M. J., & Milich, R. S. (2005) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.09.003 · Cited by 232
Tseloni, A. (2004) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/44.1.66 · Cited by 231
Conscientiousness, health, and aging: The Life Course of Personality Model.
Shanahan, M. J., Hill, P. L., Roberts, B. W., Eccles, J. S., & Friedman, H. S. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031130 · Cited by 222
Self-citationThe Predictive Capacity of Personal Genome Sequencing
Roberts, N. J., Vogelstein, J. T., Parmigiani, G., Kinzler, K. W., Vogelstein, B., & Velculescu, V. E. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003380 · Cited by 216
Childhood personality as a harbinger of competence and resilience in adulthood
Shiner, R. L., & Masten, A. S. (2012) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579412000120 · Cited by 214
The Blue Zones: Lessons for Living Longer From the People Who've Lived the Longest
Buettner, D. (2008) · Cited by 211
Neuroticism and cynicism and risk of death in middle-aged men: the Western Electric Study.
Almada, S. J., Zonderman, A. B., Shekelle, R. B., Dyer, A. R., Daviglus, M. L., Costa, P. T., & Stamler, J. (1991) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199103000-00006 · Cited by 208
Turiano, N. A., Mroczek, D. K., Moynihan, J., & Chapman, B. P. (2013) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.020 · Cited by 206
Lodi‐Smith, J., Jackson, J. J., Bogg, T., Walton, K. E., Wood, D., Harms, P. D., & Roberts, B. W. (2009) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440902736964 · Cited by 201
Personality, Socioeconomic Status, and All-Cause Mortality in the United States
Chapman, B. P., Fiscella, K., Kawachi, I., & Duberstein, P. R. (2010) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwp323 · Cited by 198 · cited 4×
“…individuals who are impulsive, disorganized, anxious, and emotional at very high risk), detrimental effects of anxiety and emotionality are reduced in individuals who are also conscientious (Chapman et al. 2010, Parkes 1984, Terracciano & Costa 2004, Turiano et al. 2013, Vollrath & Torgersen 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Hard Road to the Good Life: The Happy, Mature Person
King, L. A. (2001) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167801411005 · Cited by 194
Löckenhoff, C. E., Terracciano, A., Patriciu, N. S., Eaton, W. W., & Costa, P. T. (2009) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20385 · Cited by 191
Personality and Mortality in Old Age
Wilson, R. S., Mendes de Leon, C. F., Bienias, J. L., Evans, D. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2004) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/59.3.p110 · Cited by 182 · cited 1×
“…inconsistently predicts mortality risk, with some studies finding higher risk (Abas et al. 2002, Denollet et al. 1996, Schulz et al. 1996, Wilson et al. 2004) and many other studies finding null (Almada et al. 1991, Huppert & Whittington 1995, Iwasa et al. 2008, Mosing et al. 2012) or…”
ResultVaillant, G. E. (2012) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674067424 · Cited by 181
Carver, C. S., Johnson, S. L., Joormann, J., Kim, Y., & Nam, J. Y. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611404085 · Cited by 180
Yap, S. C. Y., Anusic, I., & Lucas, R. E. (2012) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.05.005 · Cited by 176
Pessimism, age, and cancer mortality.
Schulz, R., Bookwala, J., Knapp, J. E., Scheier, M., & Williamson, G. M. (1996) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.11.2.304 · Cited by 175 · cited 1×
“Most importantly, neuroticism inconsistently predicts mortality risk, with some studies finding higher risk (Abas et al. 2002, Denollet et al. 1996, Schulz et al. 1996, Wilson et al. 2004) and many other studies finding null (Almada et al. 1991, Huppert & Whittington 1995, Iwasa et al. 2008, Mosing…”
ResultGana, K., Bailly, N., Saada, Y., Joulain, M., Trouillet, R., Hervé, C., & Alaphilippe, D. (2013) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031656 · Cited by 171
Predicting adult physical illness from infant attachment: A prospective longitudinal study.
Puig, J., Englund, M. M., Simpson, J. A., & Collins, W. A. (2012) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028889 · Cited by 169
Repeat Personal Victimization. ‘Boosts’ or ‘Flags’?
Tseloni, A., & Pease, K. (2003) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/43.1.196 · Cited by 166
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-2137 · Cited by 166
A new life-span approach to conscientiousness and health: Combining the pieces of the causal puzzle.
Friedman, H. S., Kern, M. L., Hampson, S. E., & Duckworth, A. L. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030373 · Cited by 165
Self-citationTriumphs of experience: the men of the Harvard Grant Study
Jeste, D. V., & Gawronska, M. (2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-4515 · Cited by 165
Iwasa, H., Masui, Y., Gondo, Y., Inagaki, H., 河合, 千., & Suzuki, T. (2008) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181662ac9 · Cited by 164
Perfectionism and the Five-factor Personality Traits as Predictors of Mortality in Older Adults
Fry, P. S., & Debats, D. L. (2009) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105309103571 · Cited by 154
Personality and Pathways of Influence on Physical Health
Kern, M. L., & Friedman, H. S. (2011) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00331.x · Cited by 151
Self-citationSymptoms of psychological distress predict 7-year mortality
Huppert, F. A., & Whittington, J. E. (1995) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700037569 · Cited by 149
Cannon, W. B. (1978) · Cited by 148
Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Thibodeau, E. L. (2012) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579412000442 · Cited by 146
Thombs, B. D., Roseman, M., Coyne, J. C., de Jonge, P., Delisle, V. C., Arthurs, E., Levis, B., & Ziegelstein, R. C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052654 · Cited by 143
Conscientiousness, Career Success, and Longevity: A Lifespan Analysis
Kern, M. L., Friedman, H., Martin, L., Reynolds, C., & Luong, G. (2009) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9095-6 · Cited by 139
Self-citationStability of Physical Activity across the Lifespan
Friedman, H. S., Martin, L. R., Tucker, J. S., Criqui, M. H., Kern, M. L., & Reynolds, C. A. (2008) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105308095963 · Cited by 139
Self-citationWhen Feeling Bad Can Be Good: Mixed Emotions Benefit Physical Health Across Adulthood
Hershfield, H. E., Scheibe, S., Sims, T. L., & Carstensen, L. L. (2013) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550612444616 · Cited by 125
Correlation and Causation in the Study of Personality
Lee, J. J. (2012) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1863 · Cited by 121
Lifespan Psychology: From Developmental Contextualism to Developmental Biocultural Co-constructivism
Baltes, P. B., & Smith, J. (2004) · Research in Human Development · doi:10.1207/s15427617rhd0103_1 · Cited by 117
Forecasting life satisfaction across adulthood: Benefits of seeing a dark future?
Lang, F. R., Weiss, D. J., Gerstorf, D., & Wagner, G. G. (2013) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0030797 · Cited by 117
Is the Emotion-Health Connection a “First-World Problem”?
Pressman, S. D., Gallagher, M. W., & Lopez, S. J. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612457382 · Cited by 113
Conscientiousness predicts greater recovery from negative emotion.
Javaras, K. N., Schaefer, S. M., van Reekum, C. M., Lapate, R. C., Greischar, L. L., Bachhuber, D. R., Love, G. D., Ryff, C. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0028105 · Cited by 105
Anger and Hostility in Cardiovascular and Behavioral Disorders
Schorer, C. E. (1986) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1986.40.2.316 · Cited by 104
Conscientiousness and longevity: An examination of possible mediators.
Hill, P. L., Turiano, N. A., Hurd, M. D., Mroczek, D. K., & Roberts, B. W. (2011) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023859 · Cited by 103
The Paradoxical Effects of Pursuing Positive Emotion
Ford, B. Q., & Mauss, I. B. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199926725.003.0020 · Cited by 101
Kern, M. L., Hampson, S. E., Goldberg, L. R., & Friedman, H. S. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030874 · Cited by 90
Self-citationLemogne, C., Nabi, H., Zins, M., Cordier, S., Ducimetière, P., Goldberg, M., & Consoli, S. M. (2010) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000286961 · Cited by 85
Five Factor Model Personality Traits and All-Cause Mortality in the Edinburgh Artery Study Cohort
Taylor, M. D., Whiteman, M. C., Fowkes, G. R., Lee, A. J., Allerhand, M., & Deary, I. J. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181a65298 · Cited by 82
Physical Activity: Positive Psychology in Motion
Mutrie, N., & Faulkner, G. (2004) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939338.ch9 · Cited by 74
Age at Retirement and Mortality in a General Population Sample: The Greek EPIC Study
Bamia, C., Trichopoulou, A., & Trichopoulos, D. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm337 · Cited by 73
Early personality traits as predictors of mortality risk following conjugal bereavement.
Taga, K. A., Friedman, H., & Martin, L. (2009) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00561.x · Cited by 69
Self-citationDepression and mortality in a high-risk population
Abas, M., Hotopf, M. H., & Prince, M. J. (2002) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.181.2.123 · Cited by 68
Quality of life: An outcomes perspective
Kaplan, R. M. (2002) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1053/apmr.2002.36955 · Cited by 60
The Distressed personality type: replicability and general health associations
Chapman, B. P., Duberstein, P. R., & Lyness, J. M. (2007) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.645 · Cited by 55
The Brain, Homeostasis, and Health: Balancing Demands of the Internal and External Milieu
Cacioppo, J. T., & Berntson, G. G. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195342819.013.0006 · Cited by 55
Virtue and vice in health and illness: the idea that wouldn't die
Sloan, R. P. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60339-5 · Cited by 55
Psychological predictors of heart disease: A quantitative review.
Booth‐Kewley, S., & Friedman, H. S. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.101.3.343 · Cited by 54
Self-citationHealth, Behavior, and Optimal Aging
Aldwin, C. M., Spiro, A., & Park, C. L. (2006) · Handbook of the Psychology of Aging · doi:10.1016/b978-012101264-9/50008-2 · Cited by 54
Tseloni, A. (2000) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1023/a:1007547115344 · Cited by 52
Hagger‐Johnson, G., Sabia, S., Nabi, H., Brunner, E. J., Mika Kivimaki, B., Shipley, M. J., & Singh‐Manoux, A. (2012) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.05.007 · Cited by 50
Bolle, M. D., & Tackett, J. L. (2013) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1901 · Cited by 49
Understanding healthy aging: Key components and their integration.
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2009) · Cited by 46
Mõttus, R., Luciano, M., Starr, J. M., Pollard, M. C., & Deary, I. J. (2013) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31827576cc · Cited by 43
Adolescent IQ and survival in the Wisconsin longitudinal study.
Hauser, R. M., & Palloni, A. (2011) · The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr037 · Cited by 38
Public health for an aging society
(2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-0921 · Cited by 37
Personality and Health Outcomes: Making Positive Expectations a Reality
Lench, H. C. (2010) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-010-9212-z · Cited by 35
Genetic Influences on Life Span and Its Relationship to Personality
Mosing, M. A., Medland, S. E., McRae, A. F., Landers, J. G., Wright, M. J., & Martin, N. G. (2011) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3182385784 · Cited by 35
Smoking and the Eysenck personality dimensions:an interactive model
Parkes, K. R. (1984) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700019796 · Cited by 34
Piccinin, A. M., & Hofer, S. M. (2008) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412976589.n27 · Cited by 33
Matos, M. V. (2011) · Cited by 33
Older adults' perceptions of work
Bambrick, P., & Bonder, B. R. (2005) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-2005-00390 · Cited by 28
Depression and mortality in a high-risk population
Abas, M., Hotopf, M. H., & Prince, M. J. (2002) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1017/s0007125000161835 · Cited by 20
Personality, Disease, and Self-healing
Friedman, H. S. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195342819.013.0010 · Cited by 19
Self-citationCarlsson, S., Andersson, T., Michaëlsson, K., Vågerö, D. H., & Ahlbom, A. (2012) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-012-9696-4 · Cited by 15
Expression profiling of drug response - from genes to pathways
Herwig, R., & Lehrach, H. (2006) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2006.8.3/rherwig · Cited by 14
Kemeny, M. E. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195342819.013.0007 · Cited by 10
Peace, Love and Healing: Bodymind Communication and the Path to Self-Healing: An Exploration
Merrill, J. M. (1990) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03440030150043 · Cited by 9
Singer, I. (1991) · Cited by 3
DeMets, D. L. (2012) · Lecture notes in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5245-4_1 · Cited by 2
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Bambrick P, 2005, Work, 24, 77
- Byrne R, 2006, The Secret
- Howell R, 2007, J. Health Psychol., 13, 1092
- Micheel C, 2010, Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Qualification of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease. Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease.
- Seligman MEP, 2011, Flourish
- Siegel BS, 1986, Love, Medicine and Miracles. Lessons Learned About Self-Healing from a Surgeon's Experience with Exceptional Patients.
- Steger MF, 2012, The Human Quest for Meaning, 165
- Vollrath M, 2001, Scand. J. Personal., 42, 335
- Ware JE, 2004, The Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment Planning and Outcomes Assessment: Volume 3: Instruments for Adults, 693
- Whalley B, 2011, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 8, CD002902
- World Health Organ, 1994, Global Strategy on Occupational Health For All: The Way to Health at Work.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing.
Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2016) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v6i3.526 · Cited by 1,485
Self-citationWhat Schools Need to Know About Fostering School Belonging: a Meta-analysis
Allen, K., Kern, M. L., Vella-Brodrick, D., Hattie, J., & Waters, L. (2018) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-016-9389-8 · Cited by 1,141
“Over the last decade, schools have become increasingly aware of the importance of how the personality of students impacts well-being (Friedman and Kern 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNetemeyer, R. G., Warmath, D., Fernandes, D., & Lynch, J. G. (2018) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucx109 · Cited by 842
A multidimensional approach to measuring well-being in students: Application of the PERMA framework
Kern, M. L., Waters, L. E., Adler, A., & White, M. A. (2015) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.936962 · Cited by 743
“Positive constructs are often highly correlated with one another, yet are studied independently (Friedman & Kern, 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPsychological Language on Twitter Predicts County-Level Heart Disease Mortality
Eichstaedt, J. C., Schwartz, H. A., Kern, M. L., Park, G., Labarthe, D. R., Merchant, R. M., Jha, S., Agrawal, M., Dziurzynski, L., Sap, M., et al. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614557867 · Cited by 507
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Friedman, H. S., & Kern, M. L.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-01-03
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 719-742
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- OpenAlex
- W2134111694
- Cited by
- 530
- References
- 188
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 14
- FWCI
- 6.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Keywords
- personality, well-being, health, lifespan development, conscientiousness, happiness, depression, negative emotions, worry, job demands, career dedication, health trajectories, causal pathways, health interventions
- MeSH terms
- Emotions, Health Status, Humans, Mental Health, Personal Satisfaction, Personality, Workplace
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
