The MMR Vaccine and Autism

DeStefano, Frank; Shimabukuro, Tom T.

doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015515

Cited by 128Vaccine Coverage and HesitancyVirology and Viral DiseasesPharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 84 of the 84 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The MMR Vaccine and Autism

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DeStefano, Frank, Shimabukuro, Tom T.·2019·Annual Review of Virology

DOI 10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015515PMC PMC6768751

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Abstract

Autism is a developmental disability that can cause significant social, communication, and behavioral challenges. A report published in 1998, but subsequently retracted by the journal, suggested that measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine causes autism. However, autism is a neurodevelopmental condition that has a strong genetic component with genesis before one year of age, when MMR vaccine is typically administered. Several epidemiologic studies have not found an association between MMR vaccination and autism, including a study that found that MMR vaccine was not associated with an increased risk of autism even among high-risk children whose older siblings had autism. Despite strong evidence of its safety, some parents are still hesitant to accept MMR vaccination of their children. Decreasing acceptance of MMR vaccination has led to outbreaks or resurgence of measles. Health-care providers have a vital role in maintaining confidence in vaccination and preventing suffering, disability, and death from measles and other vaccine-preventable diseases.

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Despite widespread misleading reporting about links between the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autism from the end of the 1990s, there is no evidence that any vaccines or their components cause autism.
“Despite widespread misleading reporting about links between the measles–mumps–rubella vaccine and autism from the end of the 1990s, there is no evidence that any vaccines or their components cause autism101,102.”
From A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments (2021) · cites this paper as [101]
The evidence now overwhelmingly shows that there is no increased risk of autism in vaccinated populations.
“Indeed, the evidence now overwhelmingly shows that there is no increased risk of autism in vaccinated populations.”
From A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments (2021) · cites this paper as [101]

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3 retracted

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Pollard, A. J., & Bijker, E. M. (2021) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00479-7 · Cited by 1,593
Two centuries of vaccination: historical and conceptual approach and future perspectives
Montero, D. A., Vidal, R. M., Velasco, J., Carreño, L. J., Torres, J. P., O., M. A. B., Tovar-Rosero, Y.-Y., Oñate, A. A., & O’Ryan, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1326154 · Cited by 171
“The extensive media coverage of this study, even after its retraction, left a lasting mark on public perception, reducing MMR vaccination rates and leading to measles outbreaks in many parts of the world (287).”
Background
Vaccine hesitancy in migrant communities: a rapid review of latest evidence
Tankwanchi, A. B. S., Bowman, B., Garrison, M. M., Larson, H. J., & Wiysonge, C. S. (2021) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2021.05.009 · Cited by 117
The potential neurological effect of the COVID‐19 vaccines: A review
Lu, L., Xiong, W., Mu, J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, H., Zou, L., Li, W., He, L., Sander, J. W. A. S., & Zhou, D. (2021) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/ane.13417 · Cited by 104
Measles 2025
Do, L. A. H., & Mulholland, K. (2025) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra2504516 · Cited by 102
Why Parents Say No to Having Their Children Vaccinated against Measles: A Systematic Review of the Social Determinants of Parental Perceptions on MMR Vaccine Hesitancy
Novilla, M. L. B., Goates, M. C., Redelfs, A. H., Quenzer, M., Novilla, L. K. B., Leffler, T., Holt, C. A., Doria, R., Dang, M., Hewitt, M., et al. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11050926 · Cited by 80
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in a Representative Education Sector Population in Qatar
Al-Mulla, R., Abu-Madi, M. A., Talafha, Q. M., Tayyem, R., & Abdallah, A. M. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9060665 · Cited by 57
Here we go again: the reemergence of anti-vaccine activism on the Internet
de Camargo, K. R. (2020) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00037620 · Cited by 48
Determinants of vaccine hesitancy and effectiveness of vaccination counseling interventions among a sample of the general population in Palermo, Italy
Costantino, C., Caracci, F., Brandi, M., Bono, S. E., Ferro, A. M., Sannasardo, C. E., Scarpitta, F., Siddu, A., Vella, C., Ventura, G., et al. (2020) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1728157 · Cited by 43
“measures can be more effective than vaccinations in preventing infectious diseases.(23) Relatives and friends can also be a source of information about”
Background
Parallel evolution and response decision method for public sentiment based on system dynamics
Xie, T., Wei, Y.-Y., Chen, W.-F., & Huang, H.-N. (2020) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2020.05.025 · Cited by 36
“Despite strong evidence of its safety, some parents are still hesitant to accept MMR vaccination of their children due to the fake scientiﬁc report and news ( DeStefano & Shimabukuro, 2019 ).”
The effectiveness of refutation text in confronting scientific misconceptions: A meta-analysis
Danielson, R., Jacobson, N. G., Patall, E. A., Sinatra, G. M., Adesope, O., Kennedy, A. A. U., Bhat, B. H., Ramazan, O., Akinrotimi, B., Nketah, G., et al. (2024) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2024.2365628 · Cited by 36
“Misinformation can range from innocuous, such as the controversy around classifying tomatoes as vegetables, to dangerous, such as the widely debunked claim that vaccines cause autism (DeStefano & Shimabukuro, 2019).”
Parents' Perspectives about Vaccine Hesitancies and Vaccine Rejection, in the West of Turkey
Güneş, N. A. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2020.04.001 · Cited by 31
Correcting Neuromyths: A Comparison of Different Types of Refutations
Lithander, M. P. G., Geraci, L. D., Karaca, M., & Rydberg, J. (2021) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.03.006 · Cited by 35
Parents’ knowledge and attitude and behavior toward autism: a survey of Chinese families having children with autism spectrum disorder
Wang, F., Lao, U., Xing, Y.-P., Zhou, P., Deng, W., Wang, Y., Ji, Y., Chen, M., Li, H., & Zou, X. (2022) · Translational Pediatrics · doi:10.21037/tp-22-113 · Cited by 28
Publication integrity: what is it, why does it matter, how it is safeguarded and how could we do better?
Bolland, M. J., Avenell, A., & Grey, A. B. (2024) · Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · doi:10.1080/03036758.2024.2325004 · Cited by 27
Evaluating COVID-19 vaccination intentions and vaccine hesitancy among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder
Khoodoruth, M. A. S., Khoodoruth, W. N. C., Ramadan, A. A. M., Johnson, B. B., Gulistan, S., Deluvio, R. B. C., Al-Amri, M. H. A. N., Alabdulla, M., Ouanes, S., & Khan, Y. S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-34191-y · Cited by 22
When experts matter: Variations in consensus messaging for vaccine and genetically modified organism safety
Lyons, B. A., Mérola, V., Reifler, J., Spälti, A. K., Stedtnitz, C., & Stoeckel, F. (2023) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/09636625231188594 · Cited by 19
Inattention or reluctance? Parental responses to vaccination reminder letters
Hirani, J. L.-J. (2021) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2021.102439 · Cited by 17
Prevalence of Rubella Antibodies among Fertile Women in the West of Romania, 18 Years after the Implementation of Immunization
Gorun, F. I., Malita, D. C., Ciohat, I., Vilibić‐Čavlek, T., Feier, H. B., Tabain, I., Craina, M. L., Cretu, O. M., & Navolan, D. B. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9020104 · Cited by 17
Investigating and preventing scientific misconduct using Benford’s Law
Eckhartt, G. M., & Ruxton, G. D. (2023) · Research Integrity and Peer Review · doi:10.1186/s41073-022-00126-w · Cited by 18
“The potential consequences of such misconduct are dire, not only in their potential to directly affect human lives, as in the case of unvaccinated children [11], but also in their capacity for reputational damage, to scientists, institutions, fields of research, and the scientific process itself, at a time when societ…”
Background
Knowledge and Attitude on Childhood Vaccination among Healthcare Workers in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia
Mukhtar, A. F., Kadir, A. A., Norhayati, M. N., & Mohammad, A. H. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10071017 · Cited by 16
Neurological and neuropsychological adverse effects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines – where do we stand?
Aliasin, M. M., Yazdanpanah, N., & Rezaei, N. (2022) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2022-0006 · Cited by 16
“However, because of the retraction of Wakefield’s article and abundant evidence approving the safety of MMR vaccines, vaccine acceptance rate gradually increased and measles was finally eliminated in 2016 (DeStefano and Shimabukuro 2019).”
Background
The Impact of Individual Behaviors and Governmental Guidance Measures on Pandemic-Triggered Public Sentiment Based on System Dynamics and Cross-Validation
Huang, H., Chen, W., Xie, T., Wei, Y., Feng, Z., & Wu, W. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18084245 · Cited by 17
Does Vaccination Increase the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Mohammed, S. A., Rajashekar, S., Ravindran, S. G., Kakarla, M., Gambo, M. A., Salama, M. Y., Ismail, N. H., Tavalla, P., Uppal, P., & Hamid, P. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.27921 · Cited by 13
“In the aftermath, acceptability improved [5].”
BackgroundInfluential
The Association of Prenatal Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Acellular Pertussis (Tdap) Vaccination With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Becerra-Culqui, T. A., Getahun, D. T., Chiu, V. Y., Sy, L. S., & Tseng, H. F. (2020) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa074 · Cited by 13
The Influence of the Health Belief Model on the Decision to Get the COVID-19 Vaccine: An International Survey Study of College Students
Berger, C., Ben‐Shalom, U., Tarant, Z., Longo, J., & DeDonno, M. A. (2023) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580231164229 · Cited by 15
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and influence of professional medical guidance
Nair, G., Venkatesan, K., Nair, A., Firoz, I. N., & Haroon, N. N. (2022) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_792_21 · Cited by 12
“Despite the strong scientific evidence, parents are still hesitant to accept MMR vaccination for their children.[8]”
Background
Health misinformation and freedom of expression: considerations for policymakers
Marecos, J., Shattock, E., Bartlett, O., Goiana-da-Silva, F., Maheswaran, H., Ashrafian, H., & Darzi, A. W. (2023) · Health Economics Policy and Law · doi:10.1017/s1744133122000263 · Cited by 11
“As outlined above, this is particularly acute when examining misinformation surrounding the debunked link between the MMR vaccine and autism (DeStefano and Shimabukuro, 2019).”
Background
Parental Factors Associated With Measles–Mumps–Rubella Vaccination in US Children Younger Than 5 Years
Zhou, E. G., Cantor, J., Gertz, A., Elbel, B. D., Brownstein, J. S., & Rader, B. M. (2025) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2024.307912 · Cited by 11
Analysis of Parents’ Attitudes and Knowledge toward Immunization and How These Factors Influence Their Decisions to Vaccinate Their Children against Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Zastawna, B., Milewska, A. J., Załuska, R., Kozłowski, R., Zastawna, M., & Marczak, M. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59101755 · Cited by 11
Countering COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy
Perry, C., Mizer, A., Wynn, A. G., & Kruczek, C. (2020) · The Southwest Respiratory and Critical Care Chronicles · doi:10.12746/swrccc.v8i36.749 · Cited by 12
Genuine versus bogus scientific controversies: the case of statins
Martini, C. M. C., & Andreoletti, M. (2021) · History & Philosophy of the Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s40656-021-00456-w · Cited by 11
MMR vaccine coverage and associated factors among overseas-born refugee children resettled in Aotearoa New Zealand: a national retrospective cohort study
Charania, N. A., Paynter, J., & Turner, N. M. (2023) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100709 · Cited by 9
Vaccine decision-making among parents of children on Medicaid with and without autism spectrum disorder
Holroyd, T. A., Sauer, M. A., & Limaye, R. J. (2020) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.041 · Cited by 9
Adverse Events Following Immunization- The Known Unknowns and Black Box
Das, M. K. (2023) · The Indian Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12098-023-04555-3 · Cited by 10
“Following a publication in 1998 linking measles vaccination with autism in children, vaccine safety scepticism led to drop in measles vaccination coverage and rise in measles cases across several countries by mid-2000 [9, 10].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Conceptual contamination: Investigating the impact of misinformation on conceptual change and inoculation strategies
Danielson, R., Heddy, B. C., Ramazan, O., Jin, G., Gill, K. S., & Berry, D. N. (2024) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21963 · Cited by 9
“If I'm a naturopath, It's because I trust nature above everything else”: Canadian naturopaths' construction of vaccination as a risk object
Malo, B., Meyer, S. B., Filice, E., Graham, J., MacDonald, N. E., Bettinger, J. A., Greyson, D. L., MacDonald, S. E., Driedger, S. M., Kawchuk, G. N., et al. (2022) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2022.100203 · Cited by 9
Medical Misinformation and Healthy Information Environment: A Call to Action
Joseph, L. M., Rahman, A., & Varghese, R. (2023) · The Journal for Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2022.11.012 · Cited by 7
Childhood vaccination uptake among children born in Aotearoa New Zealand based on parental nationality
Charania, N. A., Kirkpatrick, L., Paynter, J., & Turner, N. M. (2023) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2023.2240688 · Cited by 7
“Uptake of the MMR vaccine is particularly important given the widespread misinformation, including the purported link with autism.(20) The HPV vaccine was chosen as migrant parents have reported misconceptions about the vaccine, including fear of encouraging sexual activity, and limited knowledge about the disease its…”
Background
Increasing the Awareness of Autism Spectrum Disorder with Training of Pre-School Teachers and School Counselors in Turkey
Kara, H., & Demirtaş, M. S. (2020) · Journal of Child Science · doi:10.1055/s-0040-1721514 · Cited by 7
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy of adolescents with psychiatric disorders and their parents: data from a child psychiatry outpatient clinic
Ateş, B. Ö., Özyavuz, G., & Cöngöloğlu, M. A. (2023) · The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.24953/turkjped.2022.879 · Cited by 6
Opposing vaccine hesitancy during the COVID-19 pandemic - A critical commentary and united statement of an international osteopathic research community
Thomson, O. P., MacMillan, A., Draper‐Rodi, J., Vaucher, P., Ménard, M., Vaughan, B., Morin, C., Álvarez, G., Sampath, K. K., Cerritelli, F., et al. (2021) · International journal of osteopathic medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ijosm.2021.02.002 · Cited by 7
“With respect to vaccines, the common falsehoods and misinformation that circulate are on the claimed associations between MMR vaccination and autism spectrum disorders [39], hepatitis B vaccines and multiple sclerosis [43], aluminium intoxication [44], and more recently, microchip inoculation [45].”
Safety of measles and pertussis-containing vaccines in children with autism spectrum disorders
Zerbo, O., Modaressi, S., Goddard, K., Lewis, E. M., FIREMAN, B. H., Daley, M. F., Irving, S. A., Jackson, L. A., Donahue, J. G., Qian, L., et al. (2022) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.031 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
History of autism
Golt, J., & Kana, R. K. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816393-1.00002-6 · Cited by 12
Unwelcome return: analyzing the recent rise of measles cases in the United States
Kumar, S., Singh, S., Bansal, V., Gupta, V., & Jain, R. (2024) · Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings · doi:10.1080/08998280.2024.2384019 · Cited by 6
“30,31 Another common misconception is about the simultaneous administration of multiple vaccines overwhelming the immune sys-tem, leading to immunosuppression and infections.”
Caregiver Narratives of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Exploring Symptom Recognition, Diagnosis, and Interventions
Ashrafun, L., Uddin, M. J., & Debnath, D. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06440-0 · Cited by 5
“The prominence of genetics and family history in caregivers’ causal models is particularly noteworthy, aligning with existing research (DeStefano & Shimabukuro, 2019) that underscores the robust hereditary components of ASD.”
Adverse outcomes of measles infection during pregnancy and in the perinatal period
Shperling, R. B., & Yogev, Y. (2020) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2020.1759536 · Cited by 5
“To date, there is no convincing evidence that the vaccine is related to a higher incidence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) [5].”
BackgroundInfluential
Searching for the ‘Trigger’: An ethnographic analysis of parental beliefs regarding autism causation and vaccination in Puerto Rico
Anderson-Chavarria, M., & Turner, J. (2022) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.11.064 · Cited by 5
Conspiracy Theories, Scepticism, and Non-Liberal Politics
Matthews, F. (2023) · Social Epistemology · doi:10.1080/02691728.2023.2177127 · Cited by 5
“Vaccine scepticism inevitably takes us towards claims of conspiracy, however, because the great majority of scientists do not think that vaccines are unsafe – at least not to the extent that vaccine sceptics believe (see Stassijns et al. 2016; DeStefano and Shimabukuro 2019).”
Background
Analyzing research trends and patterns on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: A bibliometric study from 2021 to 2022
Sweileh, W. M. (2023) · Electronic Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.29333/ejgm/13186 · Cited by 5
Vaccinomics: Paving the Way for Personalized Immunization
AL-Eitan, L. N., ElMotasem, M. F. M., Khair, I. Y., & Alahmad, S. Z. (2023) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/0113816128280417231204085137 · Cited by 5
Entwicklungen in der Digitalisierung von Public Health seit 2020
Zeeb, H., Schüz, B., Schultz, T., & Pigeot, I. (2024) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-023-03827-9 · Cited by 5
Rational and irrational vaccine hesitancy
Green, M. S. (2023) · Israel Journal of Health Policy Research · doi:10.1186/s13584-023-00560-1 · Cited by 5
Measles outbreaks in the United States in 2025: Practice, policy, and the canary in the coalmine
Hewitt, G.-L., Obeid, A., & Fischer, P. R. (2025) · New Microbes and New Infections · doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2025.101591 · Cited by 5
“%) and are in fact dropping [18].”
Monitoring Vaccine Safety: United States Vaccine Safety Surveillance Systems
Zauche, L. H., Miller, E. R., Kim, S. S., Jazwa, A., & Shay, D. K. (2025) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2025.07.016 · Cited by 4
“Epidemiological studies conducted by the VSD have demonstrated no associations between any of the recommended childhood vaccines and several hypothesized vaccine AEs, including autism and type 1 diabetes (DeStefano & Shimabukuro, 2019; Glanz et al., 2021; Price et al., 2010; Zerbo et al., 2022).”
Influential
Evaluation of knowledge, attitudes and vaccine hesitancy towards MMR vaccine among parents in the United Arab Emirates
Samara, K. A., Barqawi, H. J., Alhayali, D. M., Kannas, S. M., Elmorsy, R. M., & Abu‐Gharbieh, E. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0324629 · Cited by 4
“Even with well-established strong evidence of the vaccine’s safety and the lack of any link with autism, parents are still hesitant to have their children receive the vaccine [5].”
Factor Influencing Vaccine Rejection of Complete Basic Immunization in Indonesia
Setyaningsih, A., & Siregar, K. N. (2021) · Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.7195 · Cited by 4
”Critical Parents Against Plaster”
Klitgård, I. (2020) · MedieKultur Journal of media and communication research · doi:10.7146/mediekultur.v36i68.118571 · Cited by 4
Safety of Vaccination within First Year of Life—The Experience of One General Medicine Center
Pop, C. F., Bouari-Coblișan, A. P., Capalna, L., Cherecheș-Panța, P., Buzoianu, A. D., & Bocșan, I. C. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10010104 · Cited by 4
Vaccine Hesitancy in the Autism Spectrum Disorder Context: Parental Vaccine Decision-Making and Coping with Stress Strategies
Gülle, B. T., Yassıbaş, U., & Sarıgedik, E. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06508-x · Cited by 3
“…initially suggested a link between ASD and the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, but was later retracted, numerous subsequent studies have consistently refuted any such asso - ciation (DeStefano & Shimabukuro, 2019; Gidengil et al., 2021; Taylor et al., 2014 ; Wakefield et al., 1998).”
Vaccine prophylaxis and its opponents in the modern world
Galitskaya, M. G., Fisenko, А. P., Tatochenko, V. K., Makarova, S. G., Davydova, I. V., Kurdup, M. K., & Yasakov, D. S. (2022) · Russian Pediatric Journal · doi:10.46563/1560-9561-2021-24-6-424-432 · Cited by 3
Contextualizing Contemporary Research Ethics Policies and Practices in Significant Historical Events
Jasperse, S. C. M., & Kelly, M. P. (2023) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-023-00865-2 · Cited by 3
“…lack of corroborating data or scientific replication, the theory gathered momentum among parents’ groups, mainstream media, and politicians alike (Davidson, 2017) and has been linked to vaccine hesitancy and increases in preventable outbreaks of related diseases (DeStefano & Shimabukuro, 2019).”
Mandatory Childhood Vaccinations in Poland—The Art of Preventing the PreventablePreprint
Kamińska, A., & Plata‐Nazar, K. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0261.v1 · Cited by 2
Scrutinizing the COVID-19 vaccine safety debate
Abdulrahman, K. A. B., & Abdulrahman, A. K. B. (2024) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2024.2401646 · Cited by 3
“6 This corresponded with general concerns about vaccines and precipitated a drop in vaccination rates in some countries.”
Background
A Review of Behavior-Analytic Articles that Cite a Source of Misinformation about ABA
Morris, C. A., Morris, D. B., Ferrucci, B. J., Calkins, C. A., Sudhoff, S., & Nenninger, N. M. (2025) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-025-01061-0 · Cited by 2
“…research violations and decades of subsequent research finding no link between the MMR vaccine and ASD, beliefs that MMR vaccines cause ASD persist and have been associated with a reduction in childhood vaccinations that have been linked to an increase in measles outbreaks (DeStefano, 2019).”
Prediction Model for COVID-19 Vaccination Intention among the Mobile Population in China: Validation and Stability
Hu, F., Gong, R., Chen, Y., Zhang, J., Hu, T., Chen, Y., Zhang, K., Shang, M., & Cai, Y. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9111221 · Cited by 2
“The typical examples are a reluctance to accept the measles vaccine in parts of Europe, wrongly reported as causing autism [20], and the human papillomavirus vaccine in Japan after unfounded sensational reports of so-called “adverse events” were published by the Japanese media [21].”
Background
Epidemiology and Control: From Principles to Pandemics
Kaslow, R. A., & Bell, D. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9544-8_1-1 · Cited by 2
Factors affecting guardians' decision‐making regarding the SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine
Korematsu, S., Mine, M., Kobayashi, T., Hara, T., Oyama, S., Tanaka, S., Kobayashi, N., Kawano, Y., Suganuma, E., Furuichi, M., et al. (2023) · Pediatrics International · doi:10.1111/ped.15700 · Cited by 2
Joint position statement on vaccines from the Society for Birth Defects Research and Prevention and the Organization of Teratology Information Specialists
Rasmussen, S. A., Kancherla, V., & Conover, E. A. (2020) · Birth Defects Research · doi:10.1002/bdr2.1674 · Cited by 2
“However, concerns among many parents about this possible link remain, despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary (DeStefano & Shimabukuro, 2019).”
Background
Predatory journals, fake conferences and misleading social media: The dark side of medical information
Kert, S., & Švab, I. (2021) · Slovenian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2478/sjph-2021-0012 · Cited by 2
Characterisation of the online public debate od MMR vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella on the Polish Internet
Włodarska, A., & Raciborski, F. (2022) · Przeglad Epidemiologiczny · doi:10.32394/pe.75.36 · Cited by 2
Childhood vaccination in the twenty-first century: Parental concerns and challenges for physicians
Janković, S. (2019) · Arhiv za farmaciju · doi:10.5937/arhfarm1906452j · Cited by 2
“Meanwhile, the original study linking MMR vaccine with ASD has been retracted due to both methodological and ethical flaws (see, for example, Taylor et al., 2014; Jain et al., 2015; Hviid et al., 2019; for a comprehensive review, please see DeStefano & Shimabukuro, 2019).”
Background
Measles/Mumps/Rubella (MMR): The Childhood Trifecta
Wilson, V. G. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87562-5_7 · Cited by 1
The International Scientific Forum on Alcohol Research (ISFAR) critiques of alcohol research: Promoting health benefits and downplaying harms
Clay, J. M., Stockwell, T. R., Golder, S., Lawrence, K., McCambridge, J., Vishnevsky, N., Zuckermann, A. M. E., & Naimi, T. S. (2025) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.70132 · Cited by 1
Full of It: Strategic Lying, Epistemic Conflict, and Issue Field Polarization
Jarvis, L. C., Goodrick, E., & Hudson, B. A. (2025) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2023.17757 · Cited by 2
“…in allegations of fraud associated with dishonest research practices and conflicts of interest (see Godlee et al. 2011, Deer 2020, Rodriguez 2025), while several large-scale epidemiologic studies “found no increased risk of autism following MMR vaccination” (DeStefano and Shimabukuro 2019, p. 590).”
Toward an immunological classification of autism spectrum disorder: A PRISMA-ScR–compliant scoping review
Al-Salihy, A. A.-R. S. (2026) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2026.578962 · Cited by 1
Toxicologic Pathology Forum Opinion*: In Defense of Scientific Freedom
Sellers, R. S., Peterson, R. A., & Bolon, B. N. (2026) · Toxicologic Pathology · doi:10.1177/01926233261444692 · Cited by 1
“2,6,7,8,18,23,24 These errors coupled with the decimation of scientific staff and science advisory groups at such critical public health institutions as the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the NIH, and the US National Academies of…”
Retorno do sarampo: entre a fake news e a Saúde Pública
Megiani, I. N., Lopes, I. R., & Lázaro, C. A. (2021) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v10i2.12452 · Cited by 1
Fake news et deepfakes : une approche cyberpsychologique
Nelson, J. (2022) · Interfaces numériques · doi:10.25965/interfaces-numeriques.4830 · Cited by 2
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Authors: DeStefano, F., & Shimabukuro, T. T.
Affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
ORCID: Shimabukuro, Tom T.
Venue: Annual Review of Virology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2019-09-29
Volume: 6
Issue: 1
Pages: 585-600
ISSN: 2327-056X (ISSN-L)
2327-0578
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015515
PMC: PMC6768751
OpenAlex: W2937418321
Cited by: 128
References: 84
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 3
FWCI: 2.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Annual Review of Virology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions
Keywords: MMR vaccine, autism spectrum disorder, measles, mumps, rubella, vaccine safety, autism risk, measles outbreak, measles resurgence, vaccine hesitancy, parental vaccine acceptance, genetic etiology of autism, measles vaccination
MeSH terms: Autistic Disorder, Humans, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine

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