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RACE AND ETHNICITY IN PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH: Models to Explain Health Disparities
Abstract
The description and explanation of racial and ethnic health disparities are major initiatives of the public health research establishment. Black Americans suffer on nearly every measure of health in relation to white Americans. Five theoretical models have been proposed to explain these disparities: a racial-genetic model, a health-behavior model, a socioeconomic status model, a psychosocial stress model, and a structural-constructivist model. We selectively review literature on health disparities, emphasizing research on low birth weight and high blood pressure. The psychosocial stress model and the structural-constructivist model offer greatest promise to explain disparities. In future research, theoretical elaboration and operational specificity are needed to distinguish among three distinct factors: (a) genetic variants contributing to disease risk; (b) ethnoracial or folk racial categories masquerading as biology; and (c) ethnic group membership. Such elaboration is necessary to move beyond the conflation of these three distinct constructs that characterizes much of current research.
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“For example, genetic research is finding that genes are secondary causes of health disparities in the United States, compared with social and environmental factors (i.e., racial discrimination, poverty) (Dressler et al. 2005; Sankar et al. 2004).”
From Parasite-stress promotes in-group assortative sociality: The cases of strong family ties and heightened religiosity (2012) · cites this paper as Dressler et al. 2005
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“The concept that maintaining in-group allegiances serves to protect 'coadapted gene complexes' (target article, sect. 2.1., para. 4) from outside parasitic threat does not hold up to medical evidence.”
From Parasite-stress promotes in-group assortative sociality: The cases of strong family ties and heightened religiosity (2012) · cites this paper as Dressler et al. 2005
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Metadata
- Authors
- Dressler, W. W., Oths, K. S., & Gravlee, C. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Alabama (US)
- Florida State University (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Anthropology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2005-10-01
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 231-252
- ISSN
- 0084-6570 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4290
- OpenAlex
- W2124160024
- Cited by
- 541
- References
- 125
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 1.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Anthropology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Race, Genetics, and Society
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- racial and ethnic health disparities, African Americans, health behavior models, low birth weight, hypertension, genetic variants, ethnic group membership
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