Global Marine Biodiversity Trends
Abstract
▪ Abstract Marine biodiversity encompasses all levels of complexity of life in the sea, from within species to across ecosystems. At all levels, marine biodiversity has naturally exhibited a general, slow trajectory of increase, punctuated by mass extinctions at the evolutionary scale and by disturbances at the ecological scale. In historical times, a synergy of human threats, including overfishing, global warming, biological introductions, and pollution, has caused a rapid decline in global marine biodiversity, as measured by species extinctions, population depletions, and community homogenization. The consequences of this biodiversity loss include changes in ecosystem function and a reduction in the provision of ecosystem services. Global biodiversity loss will continue and likely accelerate in the future, with potentially more frequent ecological collapses and community-wide shifts. However, the timing and magnitude of these catastrophic events are probably unpredictable.
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More than 20 described marine species have gone extinct.
“with more than 20 described marine species having gone extinct ( 32 ).”
From Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change (2019) · cites this paper as [32]
In the ocean, animal populations and habitat extent have declined in the 20th century.
“In the ocean, animal populations and habitat extent have declined in the 20th century ( 31 )”
From Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
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Charted waters? Tracking the production of conservation territories on the high seas
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Advancing the protection of marine life through genomics
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New and emerging analytical techniques for marine biotechnology
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Another Decade of Marine Climate Change Experiments: Trends, Progress and Knowledge Gaps
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- Authors
- Sala, E., & Knowlton, N.
- Affiliations
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography (US)
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0202;,
- ORCID
- Sala, Enric
- Venue
- Annual Review of Environment and Resources
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2006-11-01
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 93-122
- ISSN
- 1543-5938 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2050
- OpenAlex
- W2124372040
- Cited by
- 394
- References
- 181
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 2.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Environment and Resources (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
- Moore Family Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Biology and Ecology Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Marine and Coastal Ecosystems
- Keywords
- marine biodiversity, biodiversity loss, mass extinction, overfishing, global warming, biological invasions, marine pollution, species extinction, depopulation, community homogenization, ecosystem functioning, ecosystem services, ecological collapse, community change
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