Cited by 532Neurobiology and Insect Physiology ResearchSteroid Chemistry and BiochemistryLipid metabolism and biosynthesis

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Control and Biochemical Nature of the Ecdysteroidogenic Pathway

Gilbert, Lawrence I., Rybczynski, Robert, Warren, James T.·2002·Annual Review of Entomology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145302

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Abstract

Molting is elicited by a critical titer of ecdysteroids that includes the principal molting hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), and ecdysone (E), which is the precursor of 20E but also has morphogenetic roles of its own. The prothoracic glands are the predominate source of ecdysteroids, and the rate of synthesis of these polyhydroxylated sterols is critical for molting and metamorphosis. This review concerns three aspects of ecdysteroidogenesis: (a) how the brain neuropeptide prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) initiates a transductory cascade in cells of the prothoracic gland, which results in an increased rate of ecdysteroid biosynthesis (upregulation); (b) how the concentrations of 20E in the hemolymph feed back on the prothoracic gland to decrease rates of ecdysteroidogenesis (downregulation); and (c) how the prothoracic gland cells convert cholesterol to the precursor of E and then 20E, a series of reactions only now being understood because of the use of a combination of classical biochemistry and molecular genetics.

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“JH inhibits 20E activity by preventing metamorphosis during the middle larval stages [3, 4].”
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“The biosynthesis of ecdysone includes oxidation and hydroxylation steps during postembryonic development [4].”
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Sterol Structural Features’ Impact on the Spontaneous Membrane Insertion of CLIC1 into Artificial Lipid Membranes
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“Mitochondrial E20-M uses NADPH as the reductant, and its activity is primarily associated with tissues targeted by the ecdysone (e.g., midgut, fatbody, and Malpighian tubules) (Smith 1985; Weirich 1997; Gilbert et al. 2002 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
Extent of mismatch between the period of circadian clocks and light/dark cycles determines time‐to‐emergence in fruit flies
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“In Drosophila, the steroid eclosion hormone ecdysone released from the prothoracic gland (Gilbert et al., 2002) triggers larval molting and adult emergence (Truman et al., 1983; Riddiford et al., 2010).”
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Transcription factor CAAT/enhancer‐binding protein is involved in regulation of expression of sterol carrier protein x in Spodoptera litura
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“Previous studies have demonstrated that steroid hormones such as ecdysone are systemic signalling molecules that temporally coordinate the juvenile-adult transition in insects and control many aspects of development including moulting and metamorphosis (McBrayer et al. 2007; Rewitz et al. 2009; Gilbert et al. 2002).”
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“Ecdysone is a sterol compound that is synthesized by insect prothoracic gland and secreted into the hemolymph [5].”
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“PTTH stimulates PG to secrete molting hormone (ecdysteroids) [4].”
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Subunit P60 of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase promotes cell proliferation or apoptosis depending on its phosphorylation status
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“The PGs grow as the body grows to produce more 20E [34].”
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Sex-Biased Gene Expression and Isoform Profile of Brine Shrimp Artemia franciscana by Transcriptome Analysis
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“Therefore, a rather paracrine or autocrine role is suggested for testes ecdysteroids in larvae (Gilbert et al., 2002).”
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Desiccation stress induces developmental heterochrony in Drosophila melanogaster
Thorat, L., Oulkar, D. P., Banerjee, K., & Nath, B. B. (2016) · Journal of Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12038-016-9628-7 · Cited by 6
“Ecdysteroids are known for their vital role in growth, differentiation, morphogenesis and metamorphosis (Gilbert et al. 2002; Hahn and Denlinger 2011; Tennessen and Thummel 2011; Jindra et al. 2013).”
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Hormones involved in the regulation of metamorphosis
Bellés, X. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813020-9.00006-5 · Cited by 5
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“It is well known that cholesterol is a precursor of molting hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), and is a structural component of cell membranes ( Gilbert, Rybczynski & Warren, 2002 ).”
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“51,52 Moreover, sterol metabolism plays a signi ﬁ cant role in insect adaptability and evolutionary processes, enabling them to ef ﬁ ciently exploit diverse nutritional resources and ecological niches.”
Profil des ecdystéroïdes durant la métamorphose et rapport avec le cycle cuticulaire chez Ephestia kuehniella (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae)
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Phytoecdysteroid C2‐hydroxylase is microsomal in spinach, Spinacia oleracea L.
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“Insect molting may be induced by this process [30] and regulate specific gene expression [31–33], such as five chitin synthesis”
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The Effect of EMF Radiation Emitted by Mobile Phone to Insect Population using Drosophila melanogaster as a Model Organism
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“…secretes a variety of neuropeptides and neurosecretory substances which play important roles in embryonic diapause, metamorphosis (Yamashita, 1996; Gilbert et al., 2002; Gu & Chow, 2005), ecdysis behavior (Miao et al., 1998; Kim et al., 2004) and orchestration of multiple developmental processes…”
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Identification of 20-Hydroxyecdysone-Inducible Genes from Larval Brain of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori, and Their Expression Analysis
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“PTTH signals the prothoracic glands (PGs) to trigger production and release of ecdysone, the precursor of its active metabolite 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) (Kawakami et al., 1990; Gilbert et al., 2002).”
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Characterization of a protein tyrosine phosphatase gene CvBV202 from Cotesia vestalis polydnavirus (CvBV)
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OsFK1 encodes C-14 sterol reductase, which is involved in sterol biosynthesis and affects premature aging of leaves in rice
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Lipid storage regulator CdsA is essential for Drosophila metamorphosis
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Authors: Gilbert, L. I., Rybczynski, R., & Warren, J. T.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
Venue: Annual Review of Entomology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2002-01
Volume: 47
Issue: 1
Pages: 883-916
ISSN: 0066-4170 (ISSN-L)
1545-4487
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145302
OpenAlex: W2157228103
Cited by: 532
References: 185
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 2.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Entomology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Steroid Chemistry and Biochemistry
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
Keywords: ecdysteroid biosynthesis, 20-hydroxyecdysone, ecdysone, prothoracic gland, prothoracicotropic hormone, molting, metamorphosis, cholesterol conversion, steroidogenesis, insect endocrinology
MeSH terms: Animals, Insecta, Down-Regulation, Ecdysteroids

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Control and Biochemical Nature of the Ecdysteroidogenic Pathway

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