Economic, Ecological, Food Safety, and Social Consequences of the Deployment of Bt Transgenic Plants
Abstract
▪ Abstract Transgenic plants expressing insecticidal proteins from the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), are revolutionizing agriculture. Bt, which had limited use as a foliar insecticide, has become a major insecticide because genes that produce Bt toxins have been engineered into major crops grown on 11.4 million ha worldwide in 2000. Based on the data collected to date, generally these crops have shown positive economic benefits to growers and reduced the use of other insecticides. The potential ecological and human health consequences of Bt plants, including effects on nontarget organisms, food safety, and the development of resistant insect populations, are being compared for Bt plants and alternative insect management strategies. Scientists do not have full knowledge of the risks and benefits of any insect management strategies. Bt plants were deployed with the expectation that the risks would be lower than current or alternative technologies and that the benefits would be greater. Based on the data to date, these expectations seem valid.
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Whenever measures are taken to reduce target pests, e.g., by biological control, pesticides, or Bt crops, an impact on the natural enemy community of those pests is expected [46].
“Whenever measures are taken to reduce target pests, e.g., by biological control, pesticides, or Bt crops, an impact on the natural enemy community of those pests is expected [46].”
From Does the growing of Bt maize change abundance or ecological function of non-target animals compared to the growing of non-GM maize? A systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [46]
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- Authors
- Shelton, A. M., Zhao, J.-Z., & Roush, R. T.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York 14456;
- ORCID
- Shelton, A. M.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Entomology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2002-01
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 845-881
- ISSN
- 0066-4170 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4487
- OpenAlex
- W2118167953
- Cited by
- 794
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 4.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Entomology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Genetically Modified Organisms Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Insect Resistance and Genetics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Insect-Plant Interactions and Control
- Keywords
- Bacillus thuringiensis toxin, insecticidal proteins, insecticide reduction, non-target organisms, food safety, insecticide resistance, ecological risk, human health risk, risk-benefit assessment
- MeSH terms
- Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins, Animals, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Toxins, Consumer Product Safety, Ecology, Endotoxins, Environment, Food, Hemolysin Proteins, Humans, Insecticide Resistance, Insecticides, Insecta, Pest Control, Biological, Crops, Agricultural, Plants, Genetically Modified
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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