Orthologs, Paralogs, and Evolutionary Genomics
Abstract
Orthologs and paralogs are two fundamentally different types of homologous genes that evolved, respectively, by vertical descent from a single ancestral gene and by duplication. Orthology and paralogy are key concepts of evolutionary genomics. A clear distinction between orthologs and paralogs is critical for the construction of a robust evolutionary classification of genes and reliable functional annotation of newly sequenced genomes. Genome comparisons show that orthologous relationships with genes from taxonomically distant species can be established for the majority of the genes from each sequenced genome. This review examines in depth the definitions and subtypes of orthologs and paralogs, outlines the principal methodological approaches employed for identification of orthology and paralogy, and considers evolutionary and functional implications of these concepts.
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One main consequence of evolution is the diversification of protein functions by producing paralogs.
“one main consequence of evolution is the diversification of protein functions by producing paralogs30.”
From AF2Complex predicts direct physical interactions in multimeric proteins with deep learning (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
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Evolution of diverse cell division and vesicle formation systems in Archaea
Makarova, K. S., Yutin, N., Bell, S. D., & Koonin, E. V. (2010) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2406 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Self-citationComparative Functional Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster Proteomes
Schrimpf, S. P., Weiss, M., Reiter, L., Ahrens, C. H., Jovanovic, M., Malmström, J., Brunner, E., Mohanty, S., Lercher, M. J., Hunziker, P. E., et al. (2009) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000048 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Evolutionary origin and diversification of epidermal barrier proteins in amniotes
Strasser, B., Mlitz, V., Hermann, M., Rice, R. H., Eigenheer, R. A., Alibardi, L., Tschachler, E., & Eckhart, L. (2014) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msu251 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Genome-Wide Survey and Developmental Expression Mapping of Zebrafish SET Domain-Containing Genes
Sun, X.-J., Xu, P.-F., Zhou, T., Hu, M., Fu, C.-T., Zhang, Y., Jin, Y., Chen, Y., Chen, S.-J., Huang, Q.-H., et al. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001499 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Berkemer, S. J., & McGlynn, S. E. (2020) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa089 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics
Dewar, A. E., Belcher, L. J., & West, S. A. (2025) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-024-00803-0 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Orthrus: toward evolutionary and functional RNA foundation models
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InpherNet accelerates monogenic disease diagnosis using patients’ candidate genes’ neighbors
Yoo, B., Birgmeier, J., Bernstein, J. A., & Bejerano, G. (2021) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41436-021-01238-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Arnoux, J. (2026) · Thèse de doctorat, Université Paris-Saclay / PPanGGOLiN · doi:10.70675/eee354d9zf63dz48ebz9444zd1809f8fb74d
- Authors
- Koonin, E. V.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Koonin, Eugene V.
- ORCID
- Koonin, Eugene V.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Genetics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2005-12-01
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 309-338
- ISSN
- 0066-4197 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2948
- OpenAlex
- W2145100181
- Cited by
- 1,323
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 76 · 2012: 69
- FWCI
- 3.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genome Rearrangement Algorithms
- Keywords
- orthologs, paralogs, homologous genes, gene duplication, gene evolution, comparative genomics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Conserved Sequence, Evolution, Molecular, Computational Biology, Genomics
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