Creationism and intelligent design.

May combine two claims.

ID theorists have since turned to attacking methodological naturalism as well, and philosopher of science Michael Ruse defends it against criticisms from philosopher of religion and ID leader Alvin Plantinga.

“ID theorists have since turned to attacking methodological naturalism as well, and philosopher of science Michael Ruse, whose testimony about the naturalistic methods of science was critical when he was an expert witness at the Arkansas creationism trial in 1982, defends it against criticisms from philosopher of religion and ID leader Alvin Plantinga (68,74).”

• cites [68] Pigliucci M. 2002.Denying Evolution: Creationism, Scientism, and the Nature of Science: Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Assoc. 275 pp.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [74] Ruse M, ed. 1988.But Is It Science?.The Philosophical Question in the Creation/Evolution ControversyBuffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. 406 pp.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Philip Johnson has systematically promoted the charge that teaching evolution amounts to naturalist or materialist dogma, most notably in Darwin on Trial, which is the pivotal book that grounds the ID movement.

“Philip Johnson has systematically promoted this charge, most notably in Darwin on Trial (34), which is the pivotal book that grounds the ID movement.”

• cites [34] Johnson PE, 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Theologians also recognize the distinction between metaphysical and methodological naturalism; Nancey Murphy made a similar criticism of Johnson.

“Theologians also recognize the distinction; Nancey Murphy made a similar criticism of Johnson (49).”

• cites [49] Morris HM, 1982Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Little attention is paid to science and little basic research is funded by governments (or administrations) that do not value science as a way of knowing.

“However, little attention is paid to science and little basic research is funded by governments (or administrations) that do not value science as a way of knowing.”

May combine two claims.

Other Wedge members have since developed the viewpoint discrimination idea in a legal guidebook for ID proponents and a law review article.

“Other Wedge members have since developed the idea in a legal guidebook for ID proponents (17) and a law review article (18).”

• cites [17] DeWolf DK, 1999Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [18] DeWolf DK, 2000, Utah Law Rev. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Scientific reputations, salaries, and prime lab space are won and lost as a function of research grants and publications.

“Scientific reputations, not to mention salaries and prime lab space, are won and lost as a function of research grants and publications.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Some hot internal debates about the tempo of evolutionary change or the relative contribution of natural selection provided fodder for creationists who quoted extreme statements of scientists as indication that the whole field was in disarray.

“For instance, some hot internal debates about the tempo of evolutionary change or the relative contribution of natural selection to the same simply provided fodder for creationists who were only too happy to quote the sometimes extreme statements of scientists as indication that the whole field was in disarray.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In November 2002, the Raëlian Movement officially endorsed the ID movement's efforts and announced legal action to get its alternative theory taught in public schools under that heading.

“In November 2002, it officially endorsed the ID movement's efforts, announcing that it would pursue legal action to get its own alternative theory taught in the public schools under that heading (70).”

• cites [70] Provine WB. 1990. Response to Phillip Johnson. See Ref.33, pp. 19–22Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Creationism is not limited to Bible-based views because other religions have creation accounts that may conflict with evolution.

“Creationism is not limited to Bible-based views because other religions have their own creation accounts that may be in conflict with evolution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Creationism comes in many varieties besides the common young-earth Genesis version.

“Creationism, the rejection of evolution in favor of supernatural design, comes in many varieties besides the common young-earth Genesis version.”

May combine two claims.

Dembski's concept of CSI is not clearly defined or applicable to biological information in the manner he claims.

“Moreover, Dembski's concept of CSI is not clearly defined or applicable to biological information in the manner he claims”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Institute for Creation Research, founded by Henry Morris and now led by John Morris, remains the leading and probably largest organization promoting young-earth creationism.

“The Institute for Creation Research (ICR), founded by creationist pioneer Henry Morris but now led by his son John Morris, remains the leading and probably the largest organization promoting this view.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The ID organization hopes to renew a culture of Judeo-Christian theism in which man is again understood as created in God's image.

“The organization hopes to affect a renewal in our culture of Judeo-Christian theism, in which man is again understood as created in God's image.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The answer to the creationists' charge of dogmatic bias lies in the distinction between naturalism/materialism as a metaphysical view and as a methodological constraint.

“The answer to the creationists' charge of dogmatic bias lies in the distinction between naturalism/materialism as a metaphysical view and as a methodological constraint.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Creationist-sponsored bills along scientific creationism lines passed in Arkansas and Louisiana in the early 1980s but were struck down by courts as unconstitutional.

“Creationist-sponsored bills along these lines were passed in Arkansas and Louisiana in the early 1980s, but again the courts struck them down as unconstitutional.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The NCSE reported that in the same two-year period it became aware of a new problem more than once a week, totaling 143 cases at the state or local level from 34 states.

“The National Center for Science Education (NCSE), which tracks and helps defend against antievolutionism, reported that in that same two-year period it became aware of a new problem more than once a week, for a total of 143 different cases at the state or local level from 34 different states (52).”

• cites [52] NCSE Staff.2002.Evolving Banners at the Discovery Institute. http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/articles/4116_evolving_banners_at_the_discov_8_29_2002.aspNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In one case, a school superintendent had teachers glue together pages of an earth science textbook that discussed the big bang because the Genesis account was not also presented.

“In one amusing case, a school superintendent had teachers glue together pages of an earth science textbook that discussed the big bang because the Genesis account was not also presented (52).”

• cites [52] NCSE Staff.2002.Evolving Banners at the Discovery Institute. http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/articles/4116_evolving_banners_at_the_discov_8_29_2002.aspNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Catholic Church and most mainline Protestant denominations do not consider evolution to be in conflict with Christian faith, holding that God could have ordained the evolutionary mechanism.

“The Catholic Church and most mainline Protestant denominations, for instance, do not consider evolution to be in conflict with Christian faith, holding that God could have ordained the evolutionary mechanism as the process for creating the biological world.”

May combine two claims.

In its 1987 Edwards v. Aguillard decision, the U.S. Supreme Court held that creation science was religious because it implied human beings were created by a supernatural being, so teaching it in public schools violated the separation of church and state.

“The Louisiana case made its way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which in its 1987 Edwards versus Aguillard decision [Edwards versus Aguillard (1987) 482 U.S. 578] held that creation science was in fact religious because it implied that human beings were created by a supernatural being, so teaching it in public schools violated the separation of church and state.”

• cites Edwards versus Aguillard (1987) 482 U.S. 578Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The NCSE reports various other kinds of antievolution actions, such as attempts to adopt creationist books, reject texts that include evolution, bring in creationist speakers, and get a zoo to change signs discussing animal diversity in evolutionary terms.

“NCSE reports various other kinds of antievolution actions such as attempts to adopt creationist books for classroom or library use or to reject texts that include evolution, to bring in creationist speakers to classrooms or special assemblies, and even to get a zoo to change signs that discussed animal diversity in evolutionary terms.”

• cites [52] NCSE Staff.2002.Evolving Banners at the Discovery Institute. http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/articles/4116_evolving_banners_at_the_discov_8_29_2002.aspNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Old-earthers and young-earthers disagree with each other's views as much as they disagree with evolution.

“Old-earthers and young-earthers disagree with each other's views as much as they disagree with evolution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The most common form of creationism today rejects evolution and much of geology, cosmology, and other sciences, and affirms a Bible-based view of a six-day creation 6000 to 10,000 years ago.

“The most common form of creationism today rejects not just evolution but much of geology, cosmology, and other sciences, and it affirms a Bible-based view that takes the world and all its life to have been created in a six-day period 6000 to 10,000 years ago.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The ID movement coalesced in the late 1980s and early 1990s under Philip Johnson and is now unofficially led by members of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture.

“It coalesced in the late 1980s and early 1990s under the leadership of Philip Johnson, then a law professor at University of California, Berkeley, and now is unofficially led by members of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Most forms of creationism arise in fundamentalist or evangelical religious sects, which tend to hew to a literal or strongly traditional interpretation of the religion's creation story.

“Most forms of creationism arise in fundamentalist or evangelical religious sects, which tend to hew to a literal or at least a strongly traditional or conservative interpretation of the religion's creation story.”

May combine two claims.

Some scientists have inadvertently helped the ID cause by denying any distinction between methodological and metaphysical naturalism and claiming that supernatural creation can be treated (and rejected) like any other scientific hypothesis, thereby confirming atheism, without understanding how methodological naturalism is an evidential requirement.

“Indeed, some have inadvertently helped the ID cause by denying any distinction and claiming that supernatural creation can be treated (and rejected) like any other scientific hypothesis, thereby confirming atheism, without understanding how methodological naturalism is an evidential requirement (69).”

• cites [69] Plantinga A. 2001. Methodological naturalism? See Ref.61, pp. 339–61 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

All forms of creationism share certain characteristics, including rejecting evolution in favor of special creation and a standard reliance on arguments from ignorance.

“However, all forms of creationism share certain characteristics-not just the defining characteristics of rejecting evolution in favor of special creation, but also their standard reliance on arguments from ignorance, for example-so one may reasonably use the generic term when the claim is generally applicable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The legal idea behind the ID Wedge is to begin with a minimal position that can get into and pry open a legal crack.

“The legal idea behind the ID Wedge is to begin with a minimal position that can get into and pry open such a legal crack.”

May combine two claims.

In the 1999 Kansas Board of Education case, creationists rewrote science standards and initially tried to include a requirement that ID be taught.

“For instance, in the 1999 Kansas Board of Education case, when creationists rewrote the science standards they initially tried to include a requirement that ID be taught.”

• cites [60] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Until recently most scientists were unaware of developments in organized opposition to evolution, and even now few understand the extent of the movement's progress.

“Until recently, most scientists were unaware of the developments in organized opposition to evolution that led to the current state 144 PENNOCK of the creation/evolution controversy, and even now few understand the ways and the extent to which the movement has progressed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Creationists lost their majority in the next Kansas election and the new board voted in January 2001 to return to the original draft of the science standards.

“Fortunately, creationists lost their majority in the next election and the new board voted in January 2001 to return to the original draft of the science standards.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In keeping with the ID strategy, such proposals initially are introduced in vague, seemingly innocuous language and only later is the wedge driven deeper.

“In keeping with the ID strategy, such proposals initially are introduced in vague, seemingly innocuous language and only later is the wedge driven in deeper.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Science need only be committed to methodological naturalism, remaining neutral to metaphysical beliefs.

“Science need only be committed to the latter, remaining neutral to metaphysical beliefs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The relevant notion of intentional design is a pragmatic concept that is orthogonal to chance and necessity, not a syntactic or semantic concept.

“The relevant notion of intentional design that is at issue here is not a syntactic or even a semantic concept but a pragmatic concept that is orthogonal to chance and necessity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The ID movement is happy to promote the views of such scientists because it supports their claim that ID is a real scientific alternative.

“The ID movement is happy to promote the views of such scientists because it supports their claim that ID is a real scientific alternative.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The NFL theorems do not apply to evolution in nature because genomes do not search the same fixed fitness space, as NFL assumes, but coevolve.

“points out that the NFL theorems do not apply to the evolution in nature because genomes do not search the same fixed fitness space, as NFL assumes, but coevolve (95).”

• cites [95] Wexler JD, 2003, Vanderbilt Law Rev.Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The creationist attack on the Kansas State Board of Education in 1999 and 2000 was the most high-profile recent case, but dozens of others go unreported.

“The attack on evolution led by creationists on the Kansas State Board of Education that made international news in 1999 and 2000 was the most high-profile recent case, but dozens of others go unreported in the news media.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Many Native American tribal groups and various Pagan religions reject evolution in favor of their own creation accounts.

“Many Native American tribal groups do this as well, as do various Pagan religions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Most scientists are unfamiliar with the theoretical justification of scientific methods; by shifting the point of attack to these philosophical issues, Johnson and other ID theorists aim to put them at a disadvantage.

“Although scientists understand the practice of science, most are unfamiliar with the theoretical justification of scientific methods; by shifting the point of PENNOCK attack to these philosophical issues, Johnson and other ID theorists aim to put them at a disadvantage.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Most scientists are unfamiliar with the theoretical justification of scientific methods.

May combine two claims.

The AAAS resolution was meant to send a message to the Ohio State Board of Education, which seemed poised to include ID in science curriculum standards as an alternative to evolution.

“The resolution was meant to send a message to the Ohio State Board of Education, which seemed poised to include this new form of creationism in the state's science curriculum standards as an alternative to the scientific theory of biological evolution.”

• cites [1] AAAS Board.2002.AAAS Board Resolution on Intelligent Design Theory. http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2002/1106id2.shtmlNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Creation Society of Mid-America spearheaded the Kansas effort, and the Discovery Institute and local Intelligent Design Network provided speakers, editorial writers, and other support.

“The Creation Society of Mid-America spearheaded the effort in Kansas, and the Discovery Institute and the local Intelligent Design Network provided speakers, editorial writers, and other support.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Some fundamentalist Hindu sects, such as the Hare Krishnas, reject evolution in favor of their own specific theistic account.

“For instance, some fundamentalist Hindu sects, such as the Hare Krishnas, reject evolution in favor of their own specific theistic account.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Answers in Genesis, led by Ken Ham, rivals ICR in size and influence, and many smaller ministries take the same line.

“Answers in Genesis (AiG), led by Ken Ham, now rivals it in size and influence, and there are many other smaller ministries that take the same line.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

ID continues lobbying to teach the controversy from Kansas to Ohio to the U.S. Congress.

“Nevertheless, from Kansas to Ohio to the U.S. Congress, ID continues lobbying to teach the controversy”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Creationist attacks on science education have been evolving through an alliance of different creationist varieties.

“Creationist attacks on science education have been evolving in the last few years through the alliance of different varieties.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Creationists have begun to lobby to teach the controversy about evolution or to get alternative theories taught, purportedly to encourage critical thinking or respect academic freedom.

“Along similar lines, creationists have begun to lobby to simply teach the controversy about evolution or to get alternative theories taught, purportedly to encourage critical thinking or respect academic freedom.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Apathy toward creationism has led to unexpected creationist victories, which cause damage to the profession that is often difficult to fix and will likely have cumulative negative impact.

“Many scientists have found it easy to dismiss or ignore creationism, but they have done so at their own peril for apathy has led to unexpected creationist victories, if only temporary ones, which cause damage to the profession that is often difficult to fix and will likely have cumulative negative impact.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Scientific findings have a place in philosophical and theological arguments that may eventually lead one to draw a metaphysical conclusion, but such arguments lie outside of science.

“Scientific findings certainly have a place in philosophical and theological arguments that may eventually lead one to draw a metaphysical conclusion, but such arguments lie outside of science.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

A scientific culture depends on public support.

“A scientific culture depends on public support.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Teaching science as just a set of facts to be memorized obscures what is most distinctive about the nature of science, namely, that its conclusions are to be accepted or rejected on the basis of evidence, not authority.

“Teaching science as just a set of facts to be memorized obscures what is most distinctive about the nature of science, namely, that its conclusions are to be accepted or rejected on the basis of evidence, not authority.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

It is easy to integrate evolution in genetics courses, and there is no reason it couldn't also be done in courses on cell and molecular biology, plant and human biology, anatomy and physiology, and so on.

“This is easy to do in 158 PENNOCK genetics courses, and there is no reason that it couldn't also be done in courses on cell and molecular biology, plant and human biology, anatomy and physiology, and so on (8,53,76).”

• cites [8] Brewer S, 1996, BiosceneNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [53] NCSE Staff.2003. Press Roomhttp://www.natcenscied.org/pressroom.asp?branch=statementNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [76] Ruse M. 2001. Methodological naturalism under attack. See Ref.61, pp. 363–85Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Most scientific discoveries fit well within existing frameworks or lead to relatively minor modifications, and it misrepresents the nature of science to suggest that every finding is revolutionary.

“Most scientific discoveries fit well within existing frameworks or lead to relatively minor modifications, and it misrepresents the nature of science to suggest that every finding is revolutionary.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It is misleading to exaggerate the significance of new scientific findings.

“One can understand the journalistic desire to punch up a story, but it is misleading to exaggerate the significance of new scientific findings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

It is only within a culture that appreciates science that the necessary infrastructure can be sustained and research can flourish.

“It is only within a culture that appreciates science that the necessary infrastructure can be sustained and research can flourish.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Because the account of creation is of theological importance to fundamentalists and evangelicals, and because this religious movement is large and politically powerful in the United States, creationists will not likely give up anytime soon.

“Moreover, because the account of creation is of such theological importance to fundamentalists and evangelicals, and because this religious movement is so large and politically powerful in the United States, creationists will not likely give up anytime soon.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

All scientists understand that basic research is the raison d'etre of science, and incentive structures in the scientific community have historically reflected that priority.

“All scientists understand that basic research is the raison d'etre of science, and incentive structures in the scientific community have historically reflected that priority.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Science, by itself, is neutral with respect to metaphysical possibilities.

“By itself, science is neutral with respect to metaphysical possibilities.”

May combine two claims.

There is a political and religious controversy about evolution, but the Wedge strategy is to spin the term to suggest that evolution is scientifically controversial.

“Of course, there is a political and religious controversy about evolution, but the Wedge strategy is to spin the term to suggest that evolution is scientifically controversial (92).”

• cites [92] Walker K, 1998, Christianity TodayNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The generic argument that excluding ID theory violates academic freedom is a perversion of that concept; ID fails to meet minimal scientific standards.

“Similarly, the generic argument that excluding ID theory violates academic freedom is a perversion of that concept; with freedom comes responsibility, in this case the responsibility to maintain professional standards, and ID fails to meet minimal scientific standards.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Systematic incorporation of evolution into all biology courses would do more than anything to help students understand that evolutionary theory is biology's unifying explanatory framework.

“Such a systematic incorporation would do more than anything to help students understand Dobzhansky's point that evolutionary theory is biology's unifying explanatory framework.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Many misunderstandings about the creation/evolution controversy could be avoided if more attention were paid to the nature of science.

“With regard to the creation/evolution controversy, many misunderstandings could be avoided if more attention were paid to the nature of science.”