The DOI matches its Crossref record; 180 of the 180 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
DNA Vaccines: Immunology, Application, and Optimization
Abstract
The development and widespread use of vaccines against infectious agents have been a great triumph of medical science. One reason for the success of currently available vaccines is that they are capable of inducing long-lived antibody responses, which are the principal agents of immune protection against most viruses and bacteria. Despite these successes, vaccination against intracellular organisms that require cell-mediated immunity, such as the agents of tuberculosis, malaria, leishmaniasis, and human immunodeficiency virus infection, are either not available or not uniformly effective. Owing to the substantial morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases worldwide, an understanding of the mechanisms involved in generating long-lived cellular immune responses has tremendous practical importance. For these reasons, a new form of vaccination, using DNA that contains the gene for the antigen of interest, is under intensive investigation, because it can engender both humoral and cellular immune responses. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which DNA vaccines elicit immune responses. In addition, a list of potential applications in a variety of preclinical models is provided.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Direct Gene Transfer into Mouse Muscle in Vivo
Wolff, J. A., Malone, R. W., Williams, P., Chong, W., Acsadi, G., Jani, A., & Felgner, P. L. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1690918 · Cited by 4,173
CpG motifs in bacterial DNA trigger direct B-cell activation
Krieg, A. M., Yi, A.-K., Matson, S., Waldschmidt, T. J., Bishop, G. A., Teasdale, R., Koretzky, G. A., & Klinman, D. M. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/374546a0 · Cited by 3,508
Self-citationLymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis
Watanabe-Fukunaga, R., Brannan, C. I., Copeland, N. G., Jenkins, N. A., & Nagata, S. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/356314a0 · Cited by 2,885
T-cell help for cytotoxic T lymphocytes is mediated by CD40–CD40L interactions
Schoenberger, S. P., Toes, R. E. M., van der Voort, E. I. H., Offringa, R., & Melief, C. J. M. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/31002 · Cited by 2,615
Dendritic cells acquire antigen from apoptotic cells and induce class I-restricted CTLs
Albert, M. L., Sauter, B., & Bhardwaj, N. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/32183 · Cited by 2,349
A conditioned dendritic cell can be a temporal bridge between a CD4+ T-helper and a T-killer cell
Ridge, J. P., Di Rosa, F., & Matzinger, P. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/30989 · Cited by 2,342
Heterologous Protection Against Influenza by Injection of DNA Encoding a Viral Protein
Ulmer, J. B., Donnelly, J. J., Parker, S. E., Rhodes, G. H., Felgner, P. L., Dwarki, V. J., Gromkowski, S. H., Deck, R. R., DeWitt, C. M., Friedman, A., et al. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8456302 · Cited by 2,318
Help for cytotoxic-T-cell responses is mediated by CD40 signalling
Bennett, S. R. M., Carbone, F. R., Karamalis, F., Flavell, R. A., Miller, J. F. A. P., & Heath, W. R. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/30996 · Cited by 2,092
Reciprocal Control of T Helper Cell and Dendritic Cell Differentiation
Rissoan, M.-C., Soumelis, V., Kadowaki, N., Grouard, G., Briere, F., Malefyt, R. D. W., & Liu, Y.-J. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.283.5405.1183 · Cited by 1,846
Acquisition of lymphokine-producing phenotype by CD4+ T cells
Seder, R. A., & Paul, W. E. (1994) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.iy.12.040194.003223 · Cited by 1,557
Self-citation
Cited by
Fleeton, M. N., Chen, M., Berglund, P., Rhodes, G., Parker, S. E., Murphy, M., Atkins, G. J., & Liljeström, P. (2001) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/319857 · Cited by 157
Feng, G., Jiang, Q., Xia, M., Lu, Y., Qiu, W., Zhao, D., Lu, L., Peng, G., & Wang, Y. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061135 · Cited by 108
RetractedAged murine hematopoietic stem cells drive aging-associated immune remodeling
Leins, H., Mulaw, M., Eiwen, K., Sakk, V., Liang, Y., Denkinger, M., Geiger, H., & Schirmbeck, R. (2018) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2018-02-831065 · Cited by 95
Samsa, M. M., Dupuy, L. C., Beard, C. W., Six, C. M., Schmaljohn, C. S., Mason, P. W., Geall, A. J., Ulmer, J. B., & Yu, D. (2019) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.12.013 · Cited by 63
Kim, H., Seo, E.-H., Lee, S.-H., & Kim, B.-J. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms17122054 · Cited by 48
Metadata
- Authors
- Gurunathan, S., Klinman, D. M., & Seder, R. A.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Immunology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2000-04
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 927-974
- ISSN
- 0732-0582 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-3278
- OpenAlex
- W2109352986
- Cited by
- 1,207
- References
- 180
- FWCI
- 4.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: DNA Vaccines: Immunology, Application, and Optimization. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.927
- The paper
- Gurunathan, S., Klinman, D. M., & Seder, R. A. (2000). DNA Vaccines: Immunology, Application, and Optimization. Annual Review of Immunology. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.927
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.