The DOI matches its Crossref record; 219 of the 219 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Motivational and Emotional Aspects of the Self
Abstract
Abstract Recent theory and research are reviewed regarding self-related motives (self-enhancement, self-verification, and self-expansion) and self-conscious emotions (guilt, shame, pride, social anxiety, and embarrassment), with an emphasis on how these motivational and emotional aspects of the self might be related. Specifically, these motives and emotions appear to function to protect people's social well-being. The motives to self-enhance, self-verify, and self-expand are partly rooted in people's concerns with social approval and acceptance, and self-conscious emotions arise in response to events that have real or imagined implications for others' judgments of the individual. Thus, these motives and emotions do not operate to maintain certain states of the self, as some have suggested, but rather to facilitate people's social interactions and relationships.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A drop in self-esteem serves as a warning signal of potential social exclusion and motivates the individual to take steps to avoid rejection and improve one's standing in the social hierarchy”
From Why do people use Facebook? (2012) · cites this paper as Leary, 2007
In the citing paper
“It has been proposed that self-esteem may act as a sociometer – a monitor of one's acceptability to the group.”
From Why do people use Facebook? (2012) · cites this paper as Leary, 2007
Citations
Cites
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195069945.001.0001 · Cited by 12,691
Mead, G. H., Joas, H., Huebner, D. R., & Morris, C. W. (2015) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226112879.001.0001 · Cited by 12,419
Illusion and well‐being: A social psychological perspective on mental health
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193 · Cited by 7,814
Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4 · Cited by 6,682
Self-schemata and processing information about the self.
Markus, H. R. (1977) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.2.63 · Cited by 3,911
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/1529-1006.01431 · Cited by 3,893
Moral Emotions and Moral Behavior
Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. J. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070145 · Cited by 3,222
Experimental Tests of the Endowment Effect and the Coase Theorem
Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. H. (1990) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261737 · Cited by 3,194 · cited 1×
“For example, research on the endowment effect shows that people come to evaluate things they own more positively than they did prior to owning them (Beggan 1992, Kahneman et al. 1990).”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 29
- Alicke MD, 2006, The Self in Social Judgment
- Aron A, 1996, Knowledge Structures in Close Relationships: A Social Psychological Approach, 325
- Aron A, 1997, Handbook of Personal Relationships, 1, 251
- Aron A, 2002, Attraction to others with similar interests as moderated by perceived opportunity for a relationship.
- Baldwin MW, 2004, Psychol. Inq., 15, 139
- Brendl M, 2004, The Name Letter Effect in Choice.
- 10.1037/0022-3514.70.4.661 · DOI
- 10.1037/0022-3514.68.6.1152 · DOI
- 10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.574 · DOI
- 10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.35 · DOI
- 10.1037/0021-843X.104.4.644 · DOI
- Leary MR, 1995, Social Anxiety.
- Lewis M, 1992, Shame: The Exposed Self.
- Olson ET, 1999, Models of the Self, 49
- Schmader T, 2006, Stigma and Group Inequality: Social Psychological Approaches
- 10.1037/0003-066X.48.11.1117 · DOI
- Stipek D, 1995, Self-Conscious Emotions: The Psychology of Shame, Guilt, Embarrassment, and Pride, 237
- Swann WB, 1990, Handbook of Motivation and Cognition, 2, 408
- 10.1037/0022-3514.62.3.392 · DOI
- Tangney JP, 2003, Handbook of Self and Identity, 384
- Tangney JP, 1995, Self-Conscious Emotions: The Psychology of Shame, Guilt, Embarrassment, and Pride, 343
- Tangney JP, 1994, Children and adults' autobiographical accounts of shame, guilt, and pride experiences: a qualitative analysis of situational determinants and interpersonal concerns.
- 10.1037/0022-3514.70.4.797 · DOI
- Tangney JP, 2007, Annu. Rev. Psychol., 57
- 10.1037/0022-3514.70.4.797 · DOI
- Tracy JL, 2003, Psychol. Inq., 14, 57
- Tracy JL, 2006, J. Personal. Soc. Psychol.
- Trope Y, 1986, Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: Foundations of Social Behavior, 1, 350
- Wright SC, 2002, The Social Self: Cognitive, Interpersonal, and Intergroup Perspectives, 343
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Making Things Happen: A Model of Proactive Motivation
Parker, S. K., Bindl, U. K., & Strauss, K. (2010) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206310363732 · Cited by 2,096
Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Batts Allen, A., & Hancock, J. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887 · Cited by 1,728
Self-citationNadkarni, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.007 · Cited by 1,276
The Relationship Between Self‐Compassion and Well‐Being: A Meta‐Analysis
Zessin, U., Dickhäuser, O., & Garbade, S. (2015) · Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12051 · Cited by 1,237
Sensemaking in Crisis and Change: Inspiration and Insights From Weick (1988)
Maitlis, S., & Sonenshein, S. B. (2010) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00908.x · Cited by 1,185
Metadata
- Authors
- Leary, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leary, Mark R.
- ORCID
- Leary, Mark R.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2007-01-01
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 317-344
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- OpenAlex
- W2119994416
- Semantic Scholar
- 91b1dc0423e12afdddd50aadb5735daea2403768
- Cited by
- 838
- References
- 216
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 1.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- self-enhancement, self-verification, self-expansion, self-conscious emotions, guilt, shame, pride, social anxiety, embarrassment, social approval, social acceptance, social well-being, social interaction, interpersonal relationships
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Awareness, Defense Mechanisms, Ego, Emotions, Guilt, Humans, Internal-External Control, Interpersonal Relations, Motivation, Self Concept, Shame, Social Desirability, Social Perception, Personal Construct Theory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
