Studies on Charging Lithium-Ion Cells at Low Temperatures
Open accessAbstract
The charge and discharge voltage profiles obtained with the conventional constant current–constant voltage charging and pulse charging protocols at low temperatures were studied. There are two peaks in the charge and subsequent discharge voltage profiles, which suggests that lithium plating can occur in two stages during the low-temperature charging. The first stage may occur shortly after the charging at while the second stage occurs in the later part of charging. The lithium deposited on the negative surface during the low-temperature charging can rapidly diffuse into the graphite negative at room temperature while it cannot diffuse into the graphite negative at . It appears that the lithium solid diffusion in the graphite negative is the ultimate rate-limiting factor for charging lithium-ion cells at low temperatures. The effects on cell properties such as cell capacity, rate capability, impedance, and cycle life from low-temperature charging with different charging protocols were also studied. Directions for improving the low-temperature charge capability of the lithium-ion cells and designing low-temperature charging protocols are discussed.
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Low-temperature effects on charging and discharging are asymmetric: charge transfer resistance at low temperatures in the discharged state is substantially higher, making charging a discharged lithium-ion battery at low temperatures more challenging.
“The LT effects on charging and discharging are asymmetric: the charge transfer resistance at LTs in the discharged state is substantially higher, making it much more challenging when charging a discharged LIB at LTs [14,15].”
From Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries (2023) · cites this paper as [15]
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Analysis of the Implications of Rapid Charging on Lithium-Ion Battery Performance
Hasan, M., Chen, C.-F., Shaffer, C., & Mukherjee, P. (2015) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.0871507jes · Cited by 72 · see citing works
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Effects of the LiPO2F2 additive on unwanted lithium plating in lithium-ion cells
Liu, Q.-Q., Ma, L., Du, C.-Y., & Dahn, J. (2018) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.058 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“low temperatures) [4], thick electrodes [5], low Li-ion diffusion constant or large graphite particle size [6,7] and a highly-resistive solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) [8,9].”
BackgroundRechargeable LiNi0.65Co0.15Mn0.2O2||Graphite Batteries Operating at −60 °C
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The Dilemma of C-Rate and Cycle Life for Lithium-Ion Batteries under Low Temperature Fast Charging
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“Jiang Fan et al. [20] found that under charging conditions, lithium, which can rapidly enter the anode at room temperature, could not enter the graphite at − 20 ◦ C. Ming-gao Ouyang et al. [21] found that at − 10 ◦ C, when the charging current reached 0.25C or the cut-off voltage reached 3.55 V, a…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGas Evolution during Unwanted Lithium Plating in Li-Ion Cells with EC-Based or EC-Free Electrolytes
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Temperature-driven path dependence in Li-ion battery cyclic aging
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“For example, lithium plating can occur at low temperatures; see [2, 3, 4, 5].”
BackgroundWang, X., Li, J., Chen, S., Zhang, G., Jiang, B., Wei, X., & Dai, H. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification · doi:10.1109/tte.2022.3224965 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“3224965 [5], [6], [7], [8] or with a large charging rate [9], [10], [11].”
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Localized lithium plating under mild cycling conditions in high-energy lithium-ion batteries
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Energy-Conscious Warm-Up of Li-Ion Cells From Subzero Temperatures
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“in increased polarization and a drop in electrode overpotential [14], [15].”
BackgroundAnalysis of Low Temperature Preheating Effect Based on Battery Temperature-Rise Model
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“Although pulsed heating can effectively heat batteries, alleviating the impact of low temperatures, larger charge pulse amplitudes result in stronger polarization of the anode surface, leading to the formation of lithium dendrites [15].”
BackgroundLow temperature performance of LiFePO4 cathode material for Li-ion batteries
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“To establish a satisfactory thermal management strategy and increase LiB efficiency and lifespan, monitoring and management of both internal and external temperature is essential [16,17].”
BackgroundLow temperature electrochemical performance of β-LixV2O5 cathode for lithium-ion batteries
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Carbonaceous Materials as Anodes for Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries
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Prediction of Reversible Lithium Plating with a Pseudo-3D Lithium-Ion Battery Model
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Suppression of lithium deposition at sub-zero temperatures on graphite by surface modification
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PTC Self-Heating Experiments and Thermal Modeling of Lithium-Ion Battery Pack in Electric Vehicles
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- Authors
- Fan, J., & Tan, S.
- ORCID
- Fan, Jiang
- Venue
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society
- Publisher
- The Electrochemical Society
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 153
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- A1081
- ISSN
- 0013-4651 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2047172256
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 5.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Advanced Battery Technologies Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies
- Keywords
- lithium-ion cells, low-temperature charging, lithium plating, graphite anode, lithium ion diffusion, constant current constant voltage charging, pulse charging, voltage profile, rate capability, cycle life, cell impedance, capacity retention
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