Cited by 670Advanced Battery Technologies ResearchAdvancements in Battery MaterialsExtraction and Separation Processes

Calendar Aging of Lithium-Ion Batteries: I. Impact of the Graphite Anode on Capacity Fade

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Keil, Peter, Schuster, Simon F., Wilhelm, Jörn, Travi, Julian, Hauser, Andreas, Karl, Ralph C., Jossen, Andreas·2016·Journal of The Electrochemical Society

Abstract

In this study, the calendar aging of lithium-ion batteries is investigated at different temperatures for 16 states of charge (SoCs) from 0 to 100%. Three types of 18650 lithium-ion cells, containing different cathode materials, have been examined. Our study demonstrates that calendar aging does not increase steadily with the SoC. Instead, plateau regions, covering SoC intervals of more than 20%–30% of the cell capacity, are observed wherein the capacity fade is similar. Differential voltage analyses confirm that the capacity fade is mainly caused by a shift in the electrode balancing. Furthermore, our study reveals the high impact of the graphite electrode on calendar aging. Lower anode potentials, which aggravate electrolyte reduction and thus promote solid electrolyte interphase growth, have been identified as the main driver of capacity fade during storage. In the high SoC regime where the graphite anode is lithiated more than 50%, the low anode potential accelerates the loss of cyclable lithium, which in turn distorts the electrode balancing. Aging mechanisms induced by high cell potential, such as electrolyte oxidation or transition-metal dissolution, seem to play only a minor role. To maximize battery life, high storage SoCs corresponding to low anode potential should be avoided.

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Crossref · 10.1149/2.0411609jes

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  • Through progression of each peak in IC/DV curves throughout ageing, and observing change of active materials over time, degradation mechanism can be distinguished.

    “Through the progression of each peak in IC/DV curves throughout ageing, and observing the change of the active materials over time, degradation mechanism can be distinguished [52].”

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Authors
Keil, P., Schuster, S. F., Wilhelm, J., Travi, J., Hauser, A., Karl, R. C., & Jossen, A.
Affiliations
  • Technical University of Munich (DE)
  • TUM CREATE (SG)
Venue
Journal of The Electrochemical Society
Published
2016
Volume
163
Issue
9
Pages
A1872-A1880
ISSN
  • 0013-4651 (ISSN-L)
  • 1945-7111
OpenAlex
W2464273419
Cited by
669
References
55
Citations by year
2026: 83 · 2025: 113 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 1
Type
paratext
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Journal of The Electrochemical Society (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Advanced Battery Technologies Research
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Extraction and Separation Processes
Keywords
calendar aging, lithium-ion batteries, storage temperature, state of charge, capacity fade, 18650 cells, cathode materials, graphite anode, solid electrolyte interphase, electrolyte reduction, anode potential, electrolyte oxidation, transition metal dissolution, battery energy storage

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