Cited by 713Muscle metabolism and nutritionMuscle Physiology and DisordersCardiovascular and exercise physiology

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Increased rates of muscle protein turnover and amino acid transport after resistance exercise in humans

Biolo, G., Maggi, S. P., Williams, B. D., Tipton, K. D., Wolfe, R. R.·1995·American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.1995.268.3.e514

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Abstract

The rates of protein synthesis and degradation and of amino acid transport were determined in the leg muscle of untrained postabsorptive normal volunteers at rest and approximately 3 h after a resistance exercise routine. The methodology involved use of stable isotopic tracers of amino acids, arteriovenous catheterization of the femoral vessels, and biopsy of the vastus lateralis muscle. During postexercise recovery, the rate of intramuscular phenylalanine utilization for protein synthesis increased above the basal value by 108 +/- 18%, whereas the rate of release from proteolysis increased by 51 +/- 17%. Muscle protein balance improved (P < 0.05) after exercise but did not become positive (from -15 +/- 12 to -6 +/- 3 nmol phenylalanine.min-1.100 ml leg volume-1). After exercise, rates of inward transport of leucine, lysine, and alanine increased (P < 0.05) above the basal state from 132 +/- 16 to 208 +/- 29, from 122 +/- 8 to 260 +/- 8, and from 384 +/- 71 to 602 +/- 89 nmol.min-1.100 ml leg-1, respectively. Transport of phenylalanine did not change significantly. These results indicate that, during recovery after resistance exercise, muscle protein turnover is increased because of an acceleration of synthesis and degradation. A postexercise acceleration of amino acid transport may contribute to the relatively greater stimulation of protein synthesis.

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“A single bout of exercise transiently stimulates muscle protein synthesis rates and, to a lesser extent, muscle protein breakdown rates (239,240).”
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“Exercise has a direct stimulating effect on synthesizing speed of muscle proteins ad also disturbs the balance between synthesis and destruction in favor of destruction [43-45].”
Background
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“Therefore, the amplification of the anabolic environment within the muscle seen with the combination of both amino acid/protein ingestion and resistance exercise (Biolo et al., 1997; Tipton et al., 1999) suggests that RT with protein supplementation should confer greater gains in skeletal muscle size and strength than…”
Background
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“It is interesting to note that previous studies have concluded that acute protein synthesis following resistance training is similar in fed [ 18 ] and fasted [ 19 , 20 ] subjects.”
Result
Rehabilitation therapy for a severe case of coronavirus disease 2019: a case report
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“Previous studies [21] have shown that resistance exercise increases muscle protein turnover due to enhanced synthesis and degradation.”
Background
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Nutritional Status and Temporal Changes in the Walking Ability of Femoral Neck Fracture Patients
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“…by the interaction of FoxO, MuRF-1, and the UPS, ensuring that protein turnover supports hypertrophy without compromising cellular homeostasis [10–13 , Regarding endurance exercise, MuRF-1 mRNA expression typically peaks between 40 min and 4 h post-exercise, as observed at 40 min [54], 2 h…”
Influential
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Milk Protein Glycation Compromises Postprandial Lysine Bioavailability but does not Modulate Postprandial Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates In Vivo in Males: A Double-blind, Randomized Parallel Trial
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“A single session of exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis rates and, to a lesser extent, muscle protein breakdown rates [1,2].”
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Aussieker, T., KAISER, J., Hendriks, F. K., Janssen, T. A. H., Senden, J. M., van Kranenburg, J. M. X., Goessens, J. P. B., Zorenc, A. H. G., Moonen‐Kornips, E., Brinkhuizen, T., et al. (2025) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003788 · Cited by 2
Apports en Protéines et Exercices
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NECESIDADES PROTEICAS EN INDIVIDUOS FÍSICAMENTE ACTIVOS
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Protein Metabolism in Critical Illness: Methodologies and Their Problems Underlying in Kinetic Studies Using Isotope Tracers In Vivo.
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Effects of strength training on the structural and functional properties of human muscle: A review
Marks, R. (1996) · Sports medicine, training, and rehabilitation/Sports medicine, training and rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/15438629609512070 · Cited by 2
Protein Requirements for Strength Training
Szedlak, C., & Robins, A. (2012) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0b013e31826dc3c4 · Cited by 2
“RE stimulates repair and remodeling of structural proteins (4), but for this to occur, there must be a net positive protein balance which means synthesis must exceed breakdown (Figure 2).”
Background
Adaptation to resistance training
Wackerhage, H., & Atherton, P. J. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-10077-2.50009-2 · Cited by 2
Protein Metabolism in the Elderly
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The effects of nutritional supplementation on regeneration of muscle function after damage
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Interorgan protein and glutamine metabolism in the tumor bearing rat
de Blaauw, I. (1996) · doi:10.26481/dis.19961220ib · Cited by 2
Nutritional Aspects of Proteins
Trottier, N. L., & Walker, R. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118860588.ch8 · Cited by 2
O.47 Mechanisms of post-prandial protein accretion inhuman skeletal muscle: insight from leucine and phenylalanine forearm kinetics
Zanetti, M., Barazzoni, R., Vettore, M., Michielan, F., & Tessari, P. (1996) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0261-5614(96)80094-x · Cited by 2
“It has been recently suggested that the enhancement of muscle protein synthesis in the recovery phase after exercise might be mediated by increased blood flow (61).”
Background
Building Muscle Mass: Physiology, Nutrition, and Supplementation
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“This affects BMR, which is measured at rest, because repair takes time (Biolo et al., 1995).”
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The Endocrinology of Resistance Exercise and Training
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Sarcopenia
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The effect of nighttime macronutrient choice and exercise training on body composition, strength, cardiovascular health, resting metabolism, and appetite in overweight and obese adults
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Effect Of Carbohydrate-Protein Supplementation On Resistance Exercise Performance, Perceived Exertion, And Salivary Cortisol
Welikonich, M. J., Nagle, E. F., Goss, F. L., Robertson, R. J., & Crawford, K. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000401616.33013.0d · Cited by 1
“Resistance exercise alone has been 14 shown to increase muscle protein synthesis and degradation, such that net muscle protein balance remains negative (Biolo et al. 1995).”
Background
The Influence of Protein Supplementation on Muscle Hypertrophy
Fardi, A., & Welis, W. (2018) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/335/1/012061 · Cited by 1
“Muscle protein synthesis is stimulated in the recovery period after resistance exercise [5, 6].”
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Proteins and Amino Acids and Physical Exercise
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Authors: Biolo, G., Maggi, S. P., Williams, B. D., Tipton, K. D., & Wolfe, R. R.
Affiliations: The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
ORCID: Biolo, G.
Williams, B. D.
Tipton, K. D.
Wolfe, R. R.
Venue: American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Published: 1995-03-01
Volume: 268
Issue: 3
Pages: E514-E520
ISSN: 0193-1849 (ISSN-L)
1522-1555
DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1995.268.3.e514
OpenAlex: W2183437665
Cited by: 713
References: 28
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 36
FWCI: 2.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) (submittedVersion)
Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
Funders: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-38010, R01DK038010)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords: muscle protein turnover, resistance training, amino acid transport, protein synthesis, proteolysis, post-exercise recovery, leucine transport, lysine transport, alanine transport, vastus lateralis, lower limb muscles, muscle protein balance
MeSH terms: Adult, Alanine, Amino Acids, Biological Transport, Blood Flow Velocity, Humans, Kinetics, Leg, Leucine, Lysine, Male, Muscle Proteins, Phenylalanine, Weight Lifting, Exercise

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Increased rates of muscle protein turnover and amino acid transport after resistance exercise in humans

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