Structural changes in skeletal muscle tissue with heavy-resistance exercise
Abstract
Muscle strength, muscle cross-sectional area, fiber size, fiber type distribution, capillarity, and mitochondrial volume were estimated before and after 6 weeks of heavy-resistance exercise. Isokinetic torque production of the knee extensor muscles increased by a total of 17.6%, mainly during the first half of the training period. The cross-sectional area of the vastus lateralis muscle increased by 8.4%, mainly during the second half of the training period. Morphometrically determined fiber size, fiber type distribution, and capillarity from biopsies of vastus lateralis did not change significantly with training. Likewise, the surface densities of inner and outer mitochondrial membranes as well as the volume density of myofibrils remained unchanged. In contrast, the volume density of mitochondria decreased by 9.6%. However, due to the increase in total muscle volume, the calculated absolute volume of mitochondria remained constant, whereas the absolute volume of myofibrils increased by 10%. It is concluded that strength training of short duration in previously untrained young male subjects does not change the ultrastructural composition of mitochondria and that the apparent dilution of mitochondria can quantitatively be accounted for by the increase in myofibrillar volume.
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Resistance training does not alter or decreases mitochondrial volume as measured by citrate synthase activity assays or transmission electron microscopy.
“Separate reports have also shown that resistance training does not alter or decreases mitochondrial volume (as measured by citrate synthase activity assays or transmission electron microscopy; Macdougall et al., 1982; Luthi et al., 1986; Tesch et al., 1987; Parise et al., 2005; Porter et al., 2015)”
From Skeletal Muscle Ribosome and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Response to Different Exercise Training Modalities (2021) · cites this paper as Luthi et al., 1986
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“Furthermore the increase in skeletal muscle size with resistance exercise training represents a fundamental biologic adaptation to an increased workload (16, 17).”
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“The samples stem from various published and unpublished studies for which data on muscle composition, age, gender, and aerobic characteristics of performance, and the level of athletic specialization were available (Supplemental Table S1; Hoppeler, 1986; Luthi et al., 1986; Hochli et al., 1995; Suter et al., 1995; Bil…”
BackgroundMuscle filament spacing and short‐term heavy‐resistance exercise in humans.
Claassen, H., Gerber, C., Hoppeler, H., Lüthi, J.-M., & Vock, P. (1989) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017509 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationBurich, R., Teljigović, S., Boyle, E., & Sjøgaard, G. (2015) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2015.1060262 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Therefore, in particular, when substituting part of the time to be used for aerobic training by strength training, this may limit the increase in aerobic performance, e.g. by decreasing mitochondrial density due to the diluting effect caused by an increased myofibrillar volume (Lüthi et al., 1986).”
BackgroundThe Effects of Strength Training on Muscle Architecture in Humans
Kawakami, Y. (2005) · International Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.5432/ijshs.3.208 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Ruple, B. A., Godwin, J. S., Mesquita, P. H. C., Osburn, S. C., Sexton, C. L., Smith, M. A., Ogletree, J. C., Goodlett, M. D., Edison, J. L., Ferrando, A. A., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.728683 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“In this regard, some studies suggest mitochondrial volume increases in proportion with hypertrophy [13-15], while other studies have reported that a dilution in mitochondrial volume occurs with training [8,9,16-18].”
BackgroundZoll, J., Steiner, R., Meyer, K., Vogt, M., Hoppeler, H., & Flück, M. (2005) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-005-0082-8 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“The drop of mitochondrial volume density does therefore not simply result from dilution of a constant mitochondrial volume in larger muscle fibers (MacDougall et al. 1979; Luthi et al. 1986).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAlvehus, M., Boman, N., Söderlund, K., Svensson, M., & Burén, J. (2014) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-014-2879-9 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Morphologic and Metabolic Response to Chronic Hypoxia: the Muscle System
Cerretelli, P., & Hoppeler, H. H. (1996) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp040250 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationBishop, D. J., Lee, M. J.-C., & Picard, M. A. (2024) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-022724-104836 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Hooren, B. V., Aagaard, P., & Blazevich, A. J. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02110-4 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Increased mitochondrial surface area and cristae density in the skeletal muscle of strength athletes
Botella, J., Schytz, C. T., Pehrson, T. F., Hokken, R., Laugesen, S., Aagaard, P., Suetta, C., Christensen, B., Ørtenblad, N., & Nielsen, J. (2023) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp284394 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“It has been suggested that the increases in fibre cross-sectional area (fCSA) observed following resistance training may dilute, and therefore mask, the magnitude of mitochondrial volumetric adaptations (Lüthi et al., 1986; MacDougall et al., 1979; Parry et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRuegsegger, G. N., Pataky, M. W., Simha, S., Robinson, M. M., Klaus, K. A., & Nair, K. S. (2023) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00405.2023 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The Olympic textbook of medicine in sport
Schwellnus, M. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444300635 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Authors Training protocol Change MacDougall et al. (1979) 6 months RT triceps brachii ↔ Myofibrillar density* ↑ Myofibrillar volume Luthi et al. (1986) 6 weeks RT quadriceps ↔ Myofibrillar density* ↑ Myofibrillar volume Claassen et al. (1989) 6 weeks RT quadriceps ↔ Space between myosin filaments…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMechanisms Modulating Skeletal Muscle Phenotype
Blaauw, B., Schiaffino, S., & Reggiani, C. (2013) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2013.tb00534.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Responses of Musculoskeletal Tissues to Disuse and Remobilization
Millis, D. L. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7216-9555-6.50011-5 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Wood, R. J., & O’Neill, E. (2012) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2012/268197 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Rehabilitation and Conditioning of Sporting Dogs
Marcellin‐Little, D. J., Levine, D. F., & Taylor, R. (2005) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.08.002 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Health maintenance and management in childhood disability
Ayyangar, R. N. (2002) · Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1047-9651(02)00046-3 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Table 3 summarizes these changes [53–70].”
- Authors
- Lüthi, J., Howald*, H., Claassen, H., Rösler, K., Vock**, P., & Hoppeler, H.
- Venue
- International Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 1986-06
- Volume
- 07
- Issue
- 03
- Pages
- 123-127
- ISSN
- 0172-4622 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-3964
- OpenAlex
- W2077181738
- Cited by
- 221
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 10.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- heavy resistance exercise, skeletal muscle ultrastructure, resistance training, vastus lateralis, muscle cross-sectional area, fiber type distribution, capillarity, mitochondrial volume, isokinetic torque, knee extensors, muscle hypertrophy
- MeSH terms
- Adenosine Triphosphatases, Adolescent, Adult, Biopsy, Physical Exertion, Histocytochemistry, Humans, Isotonic Contraction, Male, Mitochondria, Muscle, Muscles, Myofibrils, Physical Education and Training, Time Factors, Tomography, X-Ray Computed
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