Cited by 798Cardiovascular and exercise physiologySports Performance and TrainingExercise and Physiological Responses

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Maximal oxygen uptake in athletes

Saltin, B, Astrand, P O·1967·Journal of Applied Physiology

DOI 10.1152/jappl.1967.23.3.353

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Physiologic Effects of Distance Running Training on Teenage Females1
Burkett, L. N., Fernhall, B., & Walters, S. C. (1985) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.1985.10605365 · Cited by 11
Women Upward—Sex Differences in Uphill Performance in Speed Climbing, Ski Mountaineering, Trail Running, Cross-Country Skiing, and Cycling
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Running efficiency and long-distance performance prediction: Influence of allometric scaling
Tartaruga, M. P., Mota, C. B., Peyré‐Tartaruga, L. A., Kruel, L. F. M., Vallier, J., & Brisswalter, J. (2013) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2013.02.007 · Cited by 10
“With the aim of trying to better understand the relationship between REff and performance, several studies have used allometric models, mainly to compare the morphologically of different individuals [66,67] and/or subjects with different types of locomotion [12,68].”
Method
Sport-Specific Tests for Endurance in Taekwondo: A Narrative Review With Guidelines for the Assessment
Apollaro, G., Franchini, É., Falcó, C., Detanico, D., & Kons, R. L. (2023) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000828 · Cited by 12
Applied Physiology of Water-Skiing
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12-17 YAŞ ARASI SPOR YAPAN VE SPOR YAPMAYAN ÖĞRENCİLERİN FİZİKSEL UYGUNLUKLARININ İNCELENMESİ
BİLİM, A. S., Çetinkaya, C., & Dayı, A. (2016) · Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.17155/spd.74209 · Cited by 10
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Universidad Santo Tomás. Santiago, C., Cofré-Bolados, C., de Santiago, U., Sánchez-Aguilera, P., Universidad Santo Tomás. Santiago, C., Zafra-Santos, E., Universidad Santo Tomás. Santiago, C., Espinoza-Salinas, A., & Universidad Santo Tomás. Santiago, C. (2016) · Salud UIS · doi:10.18273/revsal.v48n3-2016001 · Cited by 24
Aerobic interval training improves maximal oxygen uptake and reduces body fat in grapplers
Øvretveit, K. (2020) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09584-7 · Cited by 10
Development of Performance, Physiological and Technical Capacities During a Six-Month Cross-Country Skiing Talent Transfer Program in Endurance Athletes
Talsnes, R. K., Hetland, T.-A., Cai, X., & Sandbakk, Ø. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2020.00103 · Cited by 10
“Traditionally, world-class XC skiers have been tested in running for physiological capacities and have demonstrated maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) values among the highest ever reported in the scientific literature, with values of 80– 90 and 70–80 mL·kg−1·min−1 reported for men and women, respectively (Saltin and Astr…”
Background
Avaliação funcional multivariada em jogadores de futebol profissional - uma metanálise
Silva, P. R. S., Visconti, A. M., Roldan, A., Teixeira, A. A. A., Seman, A. P., Lolla, J. C. C. R., Godoy, R., Lepéra, C., Pardini, F. O., Firmino, M. T., et al. (1997) · Acta Fisiátrica · doi:10.5935/0104-7795.19970001 · Cited by 10
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Left ventricular size and performance during graded supine exercise in normal subjects.
Furukawa, K., Nishida, K., Yamada, C., et al. (1983) · Japanese Heart Journal · doi:10.1536/ihj.24.503 · Cited by 10
A Further Analysis of the 12-Minute Run Prediction of Maximal Aerobic Power
McCutcheon, M. C., Sticha, S. A., Giese, M. D., & NAGLE, F. J. (1990) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.1990.10608692 · Cited by 11
Changes in maximal aerobic power, aerobic capacity, and muscle enzyme activities at two stages of the annual training cycle in ski-runners
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Physiological and Training Profiles of Ultramarathoners
Thompson, W. R., Nequin, N. D., Lesmes, G. R., et al. (1982) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1982.11947223 · Cited by 10
ENERGY NEED, DELIVERY, AND UTILIZATION IN MUSCULAR EXERCISE
Rosell, S., & Saltin, B. (1973) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-119103-0.50011-3 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Arm and leg cycle cross-training effect on anaerobic threshold and heart rate in patients with coronary heart disease.
Keyser, R. E., DeLaFuente, K., & McGee, J. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 10
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Seliger, V. (1968) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00698307 · Cited by 10
Physiological factors affecting performance in elite distance runners
Tjelta, L. I., & Shalfawi, S. A. I. (2016) · Acta Kinesiologiae Universitatis Tartuensis · doi:10.12697/akut.2016.22.01 · Cited by 9
Effect of Carbohydrate Content in a Pre-event Meal on Endurance Performance-Determining Factors: A Randomized Controlled Crossover-Trial
Aandahl, M. H., Noordhof, D. A., Tjønna, A. E., & Sandbakk, Ø. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.664270 · Cited by 9
“V̇O2max reflects the body’s ability to supply and utilize O2 at maximal exercise intensity and is a strong predictor of aerobic endurance performance (Saltin and Astrand, 1967; di Prampero et al., 1986).”
Background
Physiological and morphological factors associated with successful fencing performance.
Stewart, K. J., Peredo, A. R., & Williams, C. M. (1977) · PubMed · Cited by 9
A new method to estimate energy expenditure from abdominal and rib cage distances
Gastinger, S., Sefati, H., Nicolas, G., Sorel, A., Gratas‐Delamarche, A., & Prioux, J. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-1900-9 · Cited by 9
“Values of _ VE estimated from the two pairs of electromagnetic coils during sitting and standing positions and during walking at 4, 5 and 6 km h correspond to the values commonly found in related literature (Dwyer et al. 2009; Saltin and Astrand 1967; St-Onge et al. 2007; Wasserman et al. 1986) and are not significant…”
Result
Preliminary report: mitochondrial DNA 5178 polymorphism in male elite Japanese endurance runners
Tamura, Y., Watada, H., Tanaka, Y., Daimaru, N., Nomiyama, T., Sakuraba, K., Sawaki, K., & Kawamori, R. (2009) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.07.005 · Cited by 9
“It is well known that endurance runners have higher VO2max levels than normal subjects and other types of athletes [1,2], and genetic factors have been implicated in determining the potential VO2max of an individual [3].”
Background
Impact of concurrent inspiratory muscle and aerobic exercise training on pulmonary function and cardiopulmonary responses.
정현진, & Lee, D. (2012) · Exercise Science · doi:10.15857/ksep.2012.21.3.373 · Cited by 9
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Echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in Chinese endurance athletes.
Lo, Y. S., & Chin, M.-K. (1990) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.24.4.274 · Cited by 9
Leistung und Leistungsbegrenzung des menschlichen Organismus, interpretiert am Modell thermodynamisch offener Systeme. Ein Beitrag zur Diskussion biologischer Leistungsgrenzen im Hochleistungssport
Mader, A., Heck, H., & Hollmann, W. (1981) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-68117-2_6 · Cited by 9
Relation of running distance to plasma HDL‐cholesterol level in middle‐aged male runners
Higuchi, M., Iwaoka, K., Fuchi, T., et al. (1989) · Clinical Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1475-097x.1989.tb00963.x · Cited by 9
Effect of kinesiologic recreation on plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in fertile women
Sučić, M., & Orešković, I. (1995) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(95)90180-9 · Cited by 9
Laddermill and Ergometry: A Comparative Summary
Kamon, E. (1973) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/001872087301500109 · Cited by 9
Physiological response to sport-specific aerobic interval training in high school male basketball players
Stone, N. (2007) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology) · Cited by 9
Pacing Demands in Competitive Nordic Skiing
Losnegard, T., Kocbach, J., & Sandbakk, Ø. B. (2024) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2024-0135 · Cited by 9
Relation entre le seuil d'accumulation du lactate et le seuil de l'inadaptation ventilatoire à la production de CO2 au cours d'une épreuve d'exercice musculaire chez le sportif
Ahmaı̈di, S., Hardy, J. M., Varray, A. L., Collomp, K., Mercier, J. G., & Prefaut, C. (1992) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/s0765-1597(05)80193-5 · Cited by 7
INVESTIGATION OF THE PERFORMANCE RESPONSES OF YO-YO AND SHUTTLE RUN TESTS WITH THE TREADMILL RUN TEST IN YOUNG SOCCER PLAYERS
Alemdaroğlu, U. B. (2012) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 8
Changes in fitness profiles during a season of track and field training and competition.
Thomas, V., & Reilly, T. (1976) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.10.4.217 · Cited by 8
“Maximum heart rates at T1 were higher than the figures of Saltin and Astrand (1967) for Swedish international male and female athletes, or the figures given by Shephard (1971) for young men and women.”
Background
Physiologische Anpassungen des Herz-Kreislauf-Systems an körperliche Belastung
Kindermann, W. (2008) · Steinkopff eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7985-1707-3_1 · Cited by 10
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Physiological and Hematological Changes among Basketball Players during Preseason
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Plasma lipid and lipoprotein profile in elderly male long‐distance runners
Higuchi, M., Fuchi, T., Iwaoka, K., et al. (1988) · Clinical Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1475-097x.1988.tb00202.x · Cited by 8
Leisure-time cross-country skiing is associated with lower incidence of hypertension
Kunutsor, S. K., Mäkikallio, T. H., Kauhanen, J., Voutilainen, A., Jae, S. Y., Kurl, S., & Laukkanen, J. A. (2019) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000002110 · Cited by 8
“Peak oxygen uptake (VO2) which was used as a measure of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), was assessed by using a respiratory gas exchange analyzer during a cycle ergometer exercise test, described in detail previously [28].”
BackgroundInfluential
Design and development of a climatic wind tunnel for physiological sports experimentation
Ainegren, M., Tuplin, S., Carlsson, P., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part P Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology · doi:10.1177/1754337118801729 · Cited by 7
“The flow separates at the transition to the moving ground plane (2) increasing the non-uniformity at the test subject’s position (3).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Features of Metabolic Support of Physical Performance in Highly Trained Cross-Country Skiers of Different Qualifications during Physical Activity at Maximum Load
Паршукова, О. И., Геннадьевна, В. Н., Потолицына, Н. Н., Lyudinina, A. Y., & Bojko, E. R. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11010039 · Cited by 8
“Cross-country skiers have a very high maximal oxygen uptake, and they are able to perform submaximal exercise at a rather high metabolic rate, and with cardiac output levels similar to or higher than the cardiac output levels achieved by untrained humans at maximal exercise [4].”
Background
Physical work capacity and lung function in competitive swimmers.
McKay, E., Braund, R. W., Chalmers, R. J., et al. (1983) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.17.1.27 · Cited by 7
Training and Testing
Muntz, W. R. A. (1971) · Nature · doi:10.1038/233625c0 · Cited by 7
Fitness test profiles and trainng intensities in skilled race-walkers.
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Training effects of cross-country skiing and running on maximal aerobic cycle performance and on blood lipids
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Maximum Oxygen Intake in Himalayan Mountaineers
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Applications of multivariate analysis to the fitness assessment of soccer players [proceedings]
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“…OF MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS TO THE FITNESS ASSESSMENT OF SOCCER PLAYERS T. REILLY and V. THOMAS Liverpool Polytechnic Fitness studies have usually been limited to a few variables, for example, aerobic power by oxygen uptake (Saltin and Astrand, 1967) and anaerobic power (Margaria et al, 1966).”
Background
Chemical control of breathing in identical twin athletes
Leitch, A. G. (1976) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.1080/03014467600001711 · Cited by 7
Oxygen deficit during incremental exercise
Davis, H. A., Gass, G. C., Eager, D. M., & Bassett, J. R. (1981) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00421665 · Cited by 7
Fractional Utilization of Maximal Aerobic Capacity in Children 6 to 8 Years of Age
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Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise
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Effects of block periodization training versus traditional periodization training in trained cross country skiers
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OVERVIEW
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The physiological impact of soccer on elite female players and the effects of active recovery training
Andersson, H. (2010) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 7
Quantifying metabolic energy contributions in sprint running: a novel bioenergetic model
Briand, J., di Prampero, P. E., Osgnach, C., Thibault, G., & Tremblay, J. (2025) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-025-05831-0 · Cited by 11
“Available experimental data on elite sprinters indicate that the highest VO 2 max values measured are approximately 70 mL O 2 ·kg ⁻ 1 ·min ⁻ 1 for men and 60 mL O 2 ·kg ⁻ 1 ·min ⁻ 1 for women (Legaz-Arrese et al. 2007; Saltin and Åstrand 1967).”
Strength Training for Cross-Country Skiers
Losnegard, T. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75547-2_24 · Cited by 7
Influence of mid and low paraplegia on cardiorespiratory fitness and energy expenditure
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Sport und Lebensalter
Jokl, E. E., Åstrand, P., Letunow, S. P., et al. (1973) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-13018-6_11 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Physiologische Anpassungen des Herz-Kreislauf-Systems an körperliche Belastung
Kindermann, W. (2003) · Steinkopff eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-13020-9_1 · Cited by 6
Characteristics of well-trained athletes in prolonged exercise from the viewpoint of aerobic power.
Shibayama, H., & Ebashi, H. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 6
Marked Increase in Urinary Bicarbonate and pH Caused by Heavy Muscular Exercise wih Dynamic Knee Extension.
Moriguchi, T., Shimomitsu, T., Odagiri, Y., FUKUDA, J., HAMANO, K., Kawai, T., & Tomoda, A. (2002) · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1620/tjem.198.31 · Cited by 6
Coronary Heart Disease: Risk Profiles of College Football Players
Millard-Stafford, M. L., Rosskopf, L. B., & Sparling, P. B. (1989) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1989.11709872 · Cited by 6
Profiling Swimmers
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Physiological Characteristics of Older Champion Track Athletes
Pollock, M. L. (1974) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/10671315.1974.10615284 · Cited by 6
Cross‐Country Skiing
Ekblom, B. T., & Bergh, U. (2000) · doi:10.1002/9780470693766.ch51 · Cited by 6
Avaliação funcional multivariada em jogadores de futebol profissional: uma metanálise
Silva, P. R. S., Visconti, A. M., Roldan, A., Teixeira, A. A. A., Seman, A. P., Lolla, J. C. C. R., Godoy, R., Lepéra, C., Pardini, F. O., Firmino, M. T., et al. (1997) · Acta Fisiátrica · doi:10.11606/issn.2317-0190.v4i2a102075 · Cited by 6
Loss of Cardiovascular Adaptations after Cessation of Training
Ehsani, A. A. (1992) · Cardiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/s0733-8651(18)30242-x · Cited by 6
Comparison of the Gauntlet Test With Standard Laboratory Measures of Aerobic Fitness
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“Although the values obtained for V̇O2max and LT are considered the “gold standard” for the measurement of aerobic endurance performance (1,5,23), the procedures require laboratory time, expensive equipment, and trained personnel.”
Competitive Cross-Country Skiers Have Longer Time to Exhaustion Than Recreational Cross-Country Skiers During Intermittent Work Intervals Normalized to Their Maximal Aerobic Power
Holsbrekken, E., Gløersen, Ø. N., Lund-Hansen, M., & Losnegard, T. (2023) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2022-0487 · Cited by 5
Significance of Post-Exercise Increment of Urinary Bicarbonate and pH in Subjects Loaded with Submaximal Cycling Exercise
Moriguchi, T., Tomoda, A., Ichimura, S., et al. (2004) · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1620/tjem.202.203 · Cited by 5
Yo-Yo aralıklı toparlanma testleri ve sportif performans üzerine genel bir değerlendirme
CİHAN, C. İ. (2013) · Ankara Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.1501/sporm_0000000242 · Cited by 5
Effects of muscle morphological characteristics on long-distance running performance
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COMPARISON OF CARDIOPULMONARY CHANGES DURING CYCLE AND TREADMILL TESTS
Nagy, D., Horváth, Z., Melczer, C., Derkács, E., Ács, P., & Olah, A. (2020) · Health Problems of Civilization · doi:10.5114/hpc.2020.98087 · Cited by 5
“O2 pulse, which is considered to be an indicator of stroke volume [16], was significantly higher in skiers.”
Background
Effects of a 12-Week Recreational Skiing Program on Cardio-Pulmonary Fitness in the Elderly: Results from the Salzburg Skiing in the Elderly Study (SASES)
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Effects of two months training on blood lactate levels in adolescent swimmers
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Some physical efficiency tests on Bengalese football goalkeepers.
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Cardiovascular and metabolic responses of trained and untrained middle-aged men to a graded treadmill walking test.
Williams, D. H., & Williams, C. (1983) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.17.2.110 · Cited by 5
It's all in the genes, so pick your parents wisely
Hawley, J. A., & Spargo, F. J. (2006) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00150.2006 · Cited by 5
“While a high maximum oxygen uptake is a prerequisite for successful endurance performance (10), low aerobic power (4) and coordinated defects in oxidative metabolism (7, 9) have been linked to the pathogenesis of several metabolic disorders.”
Background
Concordancia en la estimación del consumo máximo de oxígeno entre una prueba de esfuerzo y el Polar s810®
Cortés-Reyes, É., Raad, J. E., Mancera-Soto, É. M., et al. (2009) · Revista de Salud Pública · doi:10.1590/s0124-00642009000500015 · Cited by 5
Changes in Endurance Performance in Young Athletes During Two Training Seasons
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Central Circulatory Adaptations to Exercise Training in Health and Disease
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Physiologic Testing: Does It Help the Athlete?
Foster, C. (1989) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1989.11709893 · Cited by 5
Comparing VO2max Improvement in Five Training Methods
Moxnes, J. F., & Hausken, K. (2012) · Cited by 5
Breathing resistance in automated metabolic systems is high in comparison with the Douglas Bag method and previous recommendations
Ainegren, M., Jensen, K., & Rosdahl, H. G. (2017) · Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part P Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology · doi:10.1177/1754337117715946 · Cited by 5
“For example, before large treadmills entered the market, cross-country skier and biathletes’ maximal oxygen uptake were measured while exercising on a bicycle ergometer or running on a small treadmill.(19) Nowadays, this is done more sport specifically by roller skiing in the classical and free-style techniques on a l…”
Background
Aerobic work capacity in young sedentary men and active athletes in India
Verma, S. K., Sidhu, L. S., & Kansal, D. K. (1979) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.13.3.98 · Cited by 5
Aptitude physique de jeunes adultes sportifs
de Bisschop, C., Darot, D., & Ferry, A. (1998) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/s0765-1597(99)80002-1 · Cited by 5
Padronização de teste incremental de esforço máximo a campo para cavalos que pratiquem "Hipismo Clássico"
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�ber die Zuverl�ssigkeit des Leistungspulsindex (LPI) nach E. A. M�ller als Kriterium der k�rperlichen Leistungsf�higkeit
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“AST~AND [15] an sehwedisehen und internationalen Spitzensportlern erreiehten nur 2 dieser 95 Hochleistungssportler eine 02-Aufnahme fiber 6 l/rain.”
Background
World-Record Rope Skipping Performance
Foster, C., Anholm, J. D., Guten, G. N., et al. (1980) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1980.11948562 · Cited by 5
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“…Londeree, LaFontaine, & Volek, 1989; Lehmann, Berg, Kapp, Wessinghage, & Keul, 1983; Maughan & Leiper, 1983; Midgley, McNaughton, & Wilkinson, 2006; Saltin & Astrand, 1967), the effectiveness of lactate supplementation on direct aerobic capacity markers (i.e., V̇O2peak and the onset blood lactate…”

Authors: Saltin, B., & Astrand, P. O.
Venue: Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Published: 1967-09
Volume: 23
Issue: 3
Pages: 353-358
ISSN: 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
8750-7587
1522-1601
DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1967.23.3.353
OpenAlex: W2125646886
Cited by: 798
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 13.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Keywords: VO2max, athletes, cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise physiology
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Physical Exertion, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Lactates, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen Consumption, Respiration

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