Cited by 798Cardiovascular and exercise physiologySports Performance and TrainingExercise and Physiological Responses

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Maximal oxygen uptake in athletes

Saltin, B, Astrand, P O·1967·Journal of Applied Physiology

DOI 10.1152/jappl.1967.23.3.353

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“The ~O2 max achieved, 59 ml/kg/min, is far below that of champion endurance athletes [23].”
Background
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Gastinger, S., Sefati, H., Nicolas, G., Sorel, A., Gratas‐Delamarche, A., & Prioux, J. (2010) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1463-1 · Cited by 21
“Indeed, _ VE is a parameter directly related to oxygen consumption ( _ VO2 1⁄4 _ VE FiO2 FeO2 1⁄2 ; where FiO2 represents the fractional concentration of O2 in inspired air and FeO2 is the fractional concentration of O2 in expired air) and thus indirectly related to EE (Saltin and Astrand 1967).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Identification of a JOURNAL/jscr/04.03/00124278-200807000-00013/OV0312_4/v/2021-02-09T093601Z/r/image-png o2 Deflection Point Coinciding With the Heart Rate Deflection Point and Ventilatory Threshold in Cycling
Grazzi, G., Mazzoni, G., Casoni, I., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318173936c · Cited by 21
“A similar levelling off of _ Vo2, starting at submaximal exercise intensities, has been reported by several authors (1,2,5,19,27,32,39,43), most notably by Lucia et al.”
Background
Physiological Responses to Specific Maximal Exercise Tests for Cross-Country Skiing
Watts, P. B., Sulentic, J. E., Drobish, K., Gibbons, T., Newbury, V. S., Hoffman, M. D., Mittelstadt, S. W., O’Hagan, K. P., & Clifford, P. S. (1993) · Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1139/h93-030 · Cited by 20
“Expert cross-country ski racers have been shown to possess very high aerobic power scores when measured as maximal oxygen uptake (Bergh, 1982; Hanson, 1973; Ingjer, 1991; Saltin and Astrand, 1967).”
Background
Influence of running pace upon performance: Effects upon treadmill endurance time and oxygen cost
Ariyoshi, M., Yamaji, K., & Shephard, R. J. (1979) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00421655 · Cited by 21
“Numerous workers [2, 7, 23, 27] have stressed that success in track events depends upon both aerobic power and anaerobic capacity.”
Background
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Svensson, D. (2013) · The International Journal of the History of Sport · doi:10.1080/09523367.2013.784274 · Cited by 20
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“Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) is considered the gold standard for evaluating cardiorespiratory function (Mitchell et al., 1958; Saltin and Astrand, 1967).”
Background
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“ability (Åstrand 1952; Taylor et al. 1955; Mitchell et al. 1958; Åstrand and Saltin 1961; Saltin and Åstrand 1967; Åstrand and Rodahl 1986).”
Background
Estimation of Energy Expenditure during Treadmill Exercise via Thermal Imaging
Jensen, M. M., Poulsen, M. K., Alldieck, T., Larsen, R. G., Gade, R., Moeslund, T. B., & Franch, J. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001013 · Cited by 20
“Early investigations of oxygen uptake during exercise were performed using the Douglas bag method (1, 21, 37) and more recently metabolic carts have been validated and used for measurements of oxygen uptake (7, 10).”
Method
The Influence of Training on Physical Fitness in Healthy Children and Children with Chronic Diseases
Thorén, C., Seliger, V., Mácek, M., Vávra, J., & Rutenfranz, J. (1973) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-61956-4_6 · Cited by 20
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Lindstedt, S. L., Thomas, R., & Leith, D. E. (1994) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/0034-5687(94)90051-5 · Cited by 20
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Faria, I. E., Faria, E. W., Roberts, S. O., et al. (1989) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.1989.10607469 · Cited by 20
Exercise Physiology of Normal Development, Sex Differences, and Aging
Harms, C. A., Cooper, D. M., & Tanaka, H. (2011) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c100065 · Cited by 25
“For example, given fat-free leg volume, the peak oxygen deﬁcit during super-maximal cycling remained signiﬁcantly higher in men than in (328).”
Maximal Oxygen Uptake, Lung Volume and Ventilatory Response to Carbon Dioxide and Hypoxia in a Pair of Identical Twin Athletes
Leitch, A. G., Clancy, L., & Flenley, D. C. (1975) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0480235 · Cited by 20
Steady exercise removes VO2max difference between mitochondrial genomic variants
Marcuello, A., Martínez-Redondo, D., Dahmani, Y., Terreros, J. L., Aragonés, T., Casajús, J. A., de Echavarri, J. M. G., Quílez, J., Montoya, J., López-Pérez, M. J., et al. (2009) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2009.04.007 · Cited by 19
“Furthermore, in agreement with previous reports (Saltin and Astrand, 1967; Daniels, 1974), CON (48.”
ResultInfluential
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Øvretveit, K. (2018) · International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport · doi:10.1080/24748668.2018.1493634 · Cited by 22
“This, however, was not reflected in their V̇O2max, which was moderate compared to other athlete populations (Saltin & Astrand, 1967), despite regularly engaging in high-intensity sparring.”
Result
Creatine Monohydrate Use Among Elite Australian Power Lifters
Stanton, R., & Abt, G. (2000) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/1533-4287(2000)014 · Cited by 15
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Votion, D. M. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-4771-8.00033-8 · Cited by 20
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Schenau, G. J. V. I., & de Groot, G. (1983) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00429070 · Cited by 19
Physiologic Characteristics of Elite Body Builders
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Notley, S. R., Mitchell, D., & Taylor, N. A. S. (2023) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-023-05276-3 · Cited by 19
Comparison of net anaerobic energy utilisation estimated by plasma lactate accumulation rate and accumulated oxygen deficit in Thoroughbred horses
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“Specific VO max 2 of highly-trained Thoroughbred horses is more than twice as high as that of the most highly-trained human athlete (Saltin and Astrand 1967; Seeherman and Morris 1991) and Thoroughbreds also tolerate peak plasma lactate concentrations 1.”
Background
Increased serum adiponectin concentrations in amenorrheic physically active women are associated with impaired bone health but not with estrogen exposure
O’Donnell, E., & Souza, M. J. D. (2010) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2010.12.018 · Cited by 19
“to reflect exercising status consistent with published data of this parameter [22].”
Result
Anaerobic and aerobic performance of elite female and male snowboarders
Żebrowska, A., Żyła, D., Kania, D., et al. (2012) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/v10078-012-0066-9 · Cited by 18
“Wide ranges of laboratory tests have been used to optimize training loads for athletes (Carey and Richardson, 2003; Saltin and Ăstrand, 1967; Bouchard et al., 1991; Bangsbo, 1996; Bosco et al., 1982; Chimera et al., 2004; Higa et al., 2007; Coyle, 1995).”
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Banse, H. E., Sides, R. H., Ruby, B. C., & Bayly, W. M. (2007) · Equine and comparative exercise physiology · doi:10.1017/s1478061507811455 · Cited by 18
Upper and Lower Body Anaerobic Power: Comparison Between Biathletes and Control Subjects
Patton, J. F., & Duggan, A. (1987) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2008-1025648 · Cited by 18
Genetic limit of functional adaptability
Klissouras, V. (1972) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00704170 · Cited by 18
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Stine, G. A., RATLIFF, R. A., Shierman, G., et al. (1979) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1979.11948525 · Cited by 18
Body composition in male lifelong trained strength, sprint and endurance athletes and healthy age-matched controls
Walker, S., von Bonsdorff, M. B., Cheng, S., Häkkinen, K., Bondarev, D., Heinonen, A. O., & Korhonen, M. T. (2023) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2023.1295906 · Cited by 29
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Furst, B., & González‐Alonso, J. (2023) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep091387 · Cited by 17
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Bandyopadhyay, A., & Dalui, R. (2014) · Kathmandu University Medical Journal · doi:10.3126/kumj.v10i4.10990 · Cited by 17
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“In this perspective, VO2max is a variable that represents an individual's ability to consume the maximum amount of oxygen per unit of body mass and time (Robinson, Edwards, & Dill, 1937; Saltin & Astrand, 1967), and can be used as a measurement for cardiovascular health (Nes et al., 2011).”
Background
Aerobic fitness and running performance of male and female recreational runners
Ramsbottom, R., Williams, C., Boobis, L., & Freeman, W. (1989) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640418908729818 · Cited by 17
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Roby, F. B., Buono, M. J., Constable, S. H., et al. (1983) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1983.11708514 · Cited by 17
Consommation d'oxygène et consommation maximale d'oxygène : intérêts et limites de leur mesure
Vandewalle, H. (2004) · Annales de Réadaptation et de Médecine Physique · doi:10.1016/j.annrmp.2004.05.014 · Cited by 17
“Chez le sportif, VO2max varie de façon importante selon la discipline et le niveau de performance [5,22,32,33,45,53,74].”
BackgroundInfluential
Physiological profiles of young boys training in ballet.
Pekkarinen, H., Litmanen, H., & Mahlamäki, S. (1989) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.23.4.245 · Cited by 17
The assessment of and variation in aerobic power in world class athletes as related to specific sports
Wilmore, J. H. (1984) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/036354658401200206 · Cited by 17
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Lindemann, H., Rutenfranz, J., Mocellin, R., et al. (1973) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00422427 · Cited by 17
Physiological Characteristics of Female Athletes
Plowman, S. A. (1974) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/10671315.1974.10615283 · Cited by 17
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Blood lactate recovery and respiratory responses during diagonal skiing of variable intensity
Björklund, G., Laaksonen, M. S., & Holmberg, H. (2011) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2010.521580 · Cited by 16
“Although a high V̇O2max is required to perform at the highest standard of crosscountry skiing (Holmberg, Rosdahl, & Svedenhag, 2007; Saltin & Åstrand, 1967), the anaerobic component also plays a decisive role.”
Background
The ‘physiologization’ of skiing: the lab as an obligatory passage point for elite athletes?
Svensson, D., & Sörlin, S. (2018) · Sport in Society · doi:10.1080/17430437.2018.1435031 · Cited by 16
“There were scientific facts suggesting that a high VO 2 max was a key factor to becoming a successful endurance athlete (Saltin and Åstrand 1967, 353).”
Physiological Comparisons of Elite Male Visma Ski Classics and National Level Cross-Country Skiers During Uphill Treadmill Roller Skiing
Sagelv, E. H., Engseth, T. P., Pedersen, S., Pettersen, S. A., Mathisen, G. E., Heitmann, K. A., Welde, B., Thomassen, T. O., & STÖGGL, T. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01523 · Cited by 16
“It has been demonstrated that XC skiers display outstandingly high maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) (Åstrand, 1955; Saltin and Åstrand, 1967; Ekblom and Hermansen, 1968; Strømme et al., 1977; Bergh et al., 1978; Ingjer, 1991; Rusko, 1992; Holmberg et al., 2007; Tønnessen et al., 2015), and worldclass skiers usually sho…”
Background
A dynamic model of Nordic diagonal stride skiing, with a literature review of cross country skiing
Moxnes, J. F., & Hausken, K. (2009) · Computer Methods in Biomechanics & Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1080/10255840902788561 · Cited by 19
Physiological profiles of representative women softball, hockey and netball players
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Effect of habitual exercise on left ventricular response to exercise
Anholm, J. D., Foster, C., Carpenter, J. G., et al. (1982) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1982.52.6.1648 · Cited by 16
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Self-citation
Phototherapy during treadmill training improves quadriceps performance in postmenopausal women
Paolillo, F. R., Corazza, A. V., Paolillo, A. R., Borghi‐Silva, A., Arena, R. A., Kurachi, C., & Bagnato, V. S. (2013) · Climacteric · doi:10.3109/13697137.2013.828196 · Cited by 15
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Mitchell, J. H., & Saltin, B. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7543-9_6 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
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Lloyd, K. L. P., Wasmund, W. L., Smith, L., et al. (2001) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/109662001753165738 · Cited by 15
“16,17 18–20 The Rating Scale of Perceived Exertion (RPE, from 6 to 20) was initially described by G. V. Borg in 1970, and thereafter numerous studies showed that this scale was a good indicator of physical stress and physical working capacity.”
Pulmonary blood volume and interventricular circulation time in physically trained and untrained subjects
Falch, D., & Str�mme, S. B. (1979) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00426943 · Cited by 15
“The high maximal aerobic power of the trained subjects, and especially of the crosscountry skiers, is in agreement with previous observations of Saltln and /kstrand [20].”
Relationship of ergometer-specific VO2 max and muscle enzymes to blood lactate during submaximal exercise.
Jacobs, I. A., & Sjödin, B. (1985) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.19.2.77 · Cited by 15
Creatine kinase isoenzyme MB may be elevated in healthy young women after submaximal eccentric exercise.
Miles, M. P., & Schneider, C. M. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 15
Maximal oxygen consumption, pulmonary function, body composition, and anthropometry of adolescent female athletes
Novâk, L. P., Bierbaum, M., & Mellerowicz, H. (1973) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00693730 · Cited by 15
Effectiveness of Condoms in Preventing V.D.
Sharrock, N., Kalkhoff, R. K., & Ferrou, C. A. (1971) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197110212851718 · Cited by 15
Cardiovascular Responses to Strength Training
Fleck, S. J. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470757215.ch20 · Cited by 15
EFFECTS OF ACUTE EXERCISE AND TRAINING ON INSULIN BINDING TO MONOCYTES AND INSULIN SENSITIVITY IN VIVO
Koivisto, V. A., Soman, V., DeFronzo, R. A., & Felig, P. (1980) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1980.tb15319.x · Cited by 15
A importância do limiar anaeróbio e do consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2 máx.) em jogadores de futebol
Silva, P. R. S., Romano, A., Teixeira, A. A. A., Visconti, A. M., Roxo, C. D. M. N., Machado, G. S., Vidal, J. R. R., & Inarra, L. A. (1999) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/s1517-86921999000600005 · Cited by 14
Application of the allometric scale for the submaximal oxygen uptake in runners and rowers
Tartaruga, M. P., de Medeiros, M. H., Alberton, C. L., Cadore, E. L., Peyré‐Tartaruga, L. A., Baptista, R. R., Coertjens, M., & Kruel, L. F. M. (2010) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5604/20831862.927496 · Cited by 15
Physiological effects of exercise on the cardiopulmonary system
Booher, M. A., & Smith, B. W. (2003) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0278-5919(02)00034-0 · Cited by 14
“Maximal oxygen consumption is unchanged during static exercise, because a large component involves anaerobic metabolism [28,29].”
Background
Force, speed, and oxygen consumption in Thoroughbred and draft horses
Potard, U. S. B., Leith, D. E., & Fedde, M. R. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.6.2052 · Cited by 14
“Even the latter departure is greater than that of elite human athletes who achieve a V̇O2max of ,80 ml·kg21 ·min21 (31).”
Background
Strength and Conditioning (Michael Stone Sub‐editor
Marais, G., & Pelayo, P. (2003) · Sports Biomechanics · doi:10.1080/14763140308522811 · Cited by 14
Tissue Capacity for Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation and its Adaptation to Stress
Rumsey, W. L., & Wilson, D. F. (1996) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp040247 · Cited by 16
Muscle Fibre Composition, Short Term β1- + β2- and β1-Blockade and Endurance Exercise Performance in Healthy Young Men
Karlsson, J. (1983) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-198300252-00069 · Cited by 14
Comparison of Physiological and Perceptual Responses to Upper-, Lower-, and Whole-Body Exercise in Elite Cross-Country Skiers
Undebakke, V., Berg, J., Tjønna, A. E., & Sandbakk, Ø. B. (2019) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003078 · Cited by 13
Association between laboratory capacities and world-cup performance in Nordic combined
Rasdal, V., Fudel, R., Kocbach, J., Moen, F., Ettema, G. J. C., & Sandbakk, Ø. B. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180388 · Cited by 13
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Xavier, R., Sanchez, C. A., Paulucio, D., da Silva, I. M., Velasque, R., Nogueira, F. S., Ferrini, L. S. G., Dornelas-Ribeiro, M., Serrato, M., Alvarenga, R., et al. (2019) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usz003 · Cited by 13
A simulation of cross-country skiing on varying terrain by using a mathematical power balance model
Hausken, K., Moxnes, & Sandbakk (2013) · Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.2147/oajsm.s39843 · Cited by 13
Comparison of Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Anaerobic Threshold in Soccer and Handball Players
Soyal, M., Eryılmaz, S. K., Polat, M., et al. (2017) · Physical Education of Students · doi:10.15561/20755279.2017.0404 · Cited by 13
“VO2max is regarded as the best determinant of aerobic capacity and important criterion affecting aerobic endurance performance [4, 18].”
Background
Physiological Characteristics of World Class White-Water Slalom Paddlers
Vaccaro, P., Gray, P. R., Clarke, D. H., et al. (1984) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.1984.10608404 · Cited by 13
Nutritional Assessment of Athletes
(2010) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b10203 · Cited by 13
Future research on the quantifying of endurance training.
Shephard, R. J. (1974) · PubMed · Cited by 13
Dynamic regulation of metabolic efficiency explains tolerance to acute hypoxia in humans
Schiffer, T. A., Ekblom, B. T., Lundberg, J. O., Weitzberg, E., & Larsen, F. J. (2014) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.14-251710 · Cited by 11
“These adaptations increase the metabolic power input, which can be more than twice as high during maximal exercise in elite athletes as in sedentary subjects (4).”
Background
Sex Differences in Marathon Running: Physiology and Participation
Nesburg, R. A., Mason, A. P., Fitzsimmons, B., & Hunter, S. K. (2023) · Exercise Sport and Movement · doi:10.1249/esm.0000000000000010 · Cited by 15
Exercise Responses and Adaptations in Rowers and Spinal Cord Injury Individuals
Hagerman, F. C., Jacobs, P. L., Backus, D. A., & Dudley, G. A. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000218131.32162.ce · Cited by 12
Sport Science: Progress, Hubris, and Humility
Foster, C. (2019) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0982 · Cited by 12
“At a certain point in my career, the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was everything.(2) Athletes with big values for VO2max were destined for success; athletes with lower values were supposedly doomed to be second-tier performers.”
Background
Exercise and Training in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
Cox, N. J. M., van Herwaarden, C. L. A., Folgering, H. T. M., et al. (1988) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-198806030-00005 · Cited by 12
Hormone response of diabetic patients to exercise at cool and warm temperatures
R�nnemaa, J., Marniemi, J., Leino, A. E., Karanko, H., Puukka, P. J., & Koivisto, V. A. (1991) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00626765 · Cited by 11
Carbohydrate metabolism in exercising horses
José‐Cunilleras, E. L. V., & Hinchcliff, K. W. (2004) · Equine and comparative exercise physiology · doi:10.1079/ecp20031 · Cited by 12
Assessment of Long-distance Running Performance in Elite Male Runners Using Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation.
Abe, D., Sakaguchi, Y., Tsuchimochi, H., Endo, M. Y., 三宅, 勝., Miyahiro, S., Kanamaru, K., & Niihara, S. (1999) · Applied Human Science Journal of Physiological Anthropology · doi:10.2114/jpa.18.25 · Cited by 12
“It has been widely accepted that the maximal aerobic power, that is, the maximal oxygen uptake per body mass • (VO2max), is the most critical factor for success in longdistance running (e.g. Saltin and Åstrand, 1967).”
Background
Enzyme activity patterns of energy metabolism in skiers of different performance levels (M. quadriceps femoris)
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Effect of water-training in the maintenance of cardiorespiratory endurance of athletes.
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Authors: Saltin, B., & Astrand, P. O.
Venue: Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Published: 1967-09
Volume: 23
Issue: 3
Pages: 353-358
ISSN: 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
8750-7587
1522-1601
DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1967.23.3.353
OpenAlex: W2125646886
Cited by: 798
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 13.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Keywords: VO2max, athletes, cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise physiology
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Physical Exertion, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Lactates, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen Consumption, Respiration

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