Cited by 796Sports Performance and TrainingMuscle metabolism and nutritionCardiovascular and exercise physiology

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Skeletal muscle adaptations during early phase of heavy-resistance training in men and women.

Staron, R. S., Karapondo, D. L., Kraemer, W. J., Fry, A. C., Gordon, S. E., Falkel, J. E., Hagerman, F. C., Hikida, R. S.·1994·Journal of Applied Physiology

DOI 10.1152/jappl.1994.76.3.1247

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Abstract

An 8-wk progressive resistance training program for the lower extremity was performed twice a week to investigate the time course for skeletal muscle adaptations in men and women. Maximal dynamic strength was tested biweekly. Muscle biopsies were extracted at the beginning and every 2 wk of the study from resistance-trained and from nontrained (control) subjects. The muscle samples were analyzed for fiber type composition, cross-sectional area, and myosin heavy chain content. In addition, fasting blood samples were measured for resting serum levels of testosterone, cortisol, and growth hormone. With the exception of the leg press for women (after 2 wk of training) and leg extension for men (after 6 wk of training), absolute and relative maximal dynamic strength was significantly increased after 4 wk of training for all three exercises (squat, leg press, and leg extension) in both sexes. Resistance training also caused a significant decrease in the percentage of type IIb fibers after 2 wk in women and 4 wk in men, an increase in the resting levels of serum testosterone after 4 wk in men, and a decrease in cortisol after 6 wk in men. No significant changes occurred over time for any of the other measured parameters for either sex. These data suggest that skeletal muscle adaptations that may contribute to strength gains of the lower extremity are similar for men and women during the early phase of resistance training and, with the exception of changes in the fast fiber type composition, that they occur gradually.

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“However, gains in strength in the long term are generally attributed to an increase in the cross-sectional area of the muscle fiber [55,56] and the accumulation of metabolites [57].”
Background
Supplementation Strategies for Strength and Power Athletes: Carbohydrate, Protein, and Amino Acid Ingestion
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Training-Induced Muscle Adaptations During Competitive Preparation in Elite Female Rowers
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Untitled work
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Changes in muscle activity after performing the FIFA 11+ programme part 2 for 4 weeks
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Authors: Staron, R. S., Karapondo, D. L., Kraemer, W. J., Fry, A. C., Gordon, S. E., Falkel, J. E., Hagerman, F. C., & Hikida, R. S.
Affiliations: Ohio University (US)
ORCID: Kraemer, W. J.
Fry, A. C.
Venue: Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Published: 1994-03-01
Volume: 76
Issue: 3
Pages: 1247-1255
ISSN: 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
8750-7587
1522-1601
DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1994.76.3.1247
OpenAlex: W1923391821
Cited by: 796
References: 23
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 11.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords: resistance training, skeletal muscle adaptation, sex differences, lower extremity, muscle fiber composition, type IIb muscle fibers, myosin heavy chain, cross-sectional area, testosterone, cortisol, growth hormone, muscle hypertrophy
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Adenosine Triphosphatases, Adult, Body Composition, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Leg, Male, Muscles, Physical Education and Training, Sex Characteristics, Growth Hormone, Testosterone, Weight Lifting, Myosin Subfragments

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Skeletal muscle adaptations during early phase of heavy-resistance training in men and women.

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