Effects of heavy resistance/power training on maximal strength, muscle morphology, and hormonal response patterns in 60-75-year-old men and women
Abstract
Eleven women (TRW; 64 +/- 4 yrs) and ten men (TRM; 65 +/- 5 yrs) participated in the strength/power training twice a week for 24 weeks. Basal concentrations of serum total and free testosterone, growth hormone (GH), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), cortisol and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) as well as acute responses of serum total and free testosterone, growth hormone (GH) were measured. Maximal 1RM strength in the squat, chair rise time and muscle fibre distribution and areas of type I and IIa and IIb of the vastus lateralis were also examined. 1RM squat increased in TRW by 26 (SD10)% (p < .001), and in TRM by 35 (7)% (p < .001) and chair rise time improved in both groups (p < .001). Fibre areas increased in type I, (p < .01), IIa (p < .01) and IIb (p < .01) in TRM and type I (p < .05) and IIa (p < .05) in TRW. The proportion of type IIa increased from 31% to 43% (p < .05) in TRW and that of type IIb decreased from 27% to 17% (p < .05) in TRW and from 25% to 17% (p < .05) in TRM. Individual concentrations of testosterone/cortisol ratios correlated (r = 0.63; p < .05) with the individual increases in 1RM strength in TRW. The exercise sessions resulted in acute increases in serum GH in both groups (p < .05) with a further increase (p < .01) up to 10 minutes post-loading in TRM at post-training.
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Resistance exercise training does not raise basal testosterone levels in middle-aged or old men.
“However, RET, which increases muscle strength, does not result in elevated basal levels of T in middle-aged or old men.249, 256, 261-263”
From Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications (2021) · cites this paper as [261]
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Efeitos de 24 semanas de treinamento resistido sobre índices da aptidão aeróbia de mulheres idosas
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Nys, L. D., Ofosu, E. F., Ryde, G. C., Connelly, J., & Phillips, A. C. (2022) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2021-0501 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Rehabilitation and supportive therapy in elderly patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Crisafulli, E., Morandi, A., Olivini, A., Malerba, M., & Clini, E. M. (2014) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2014.01.003 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Esmaeilzadeh, S., Kumpulainen, S., & Pesola, A. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.855703 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“, 2012), physical performance (Häkkinen et al., 2002; Fragala et al., 2019), sarcopenia and lower-back pain (Winett and Carpinelli, 2001), psychological well-being (Fisher et al.”
Koundourakis, N. E., & Margioris, A. N. (2019) · HORMONES · doi:10.1007/s42000-019-00115-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Urizar, G. G., Miller, K., Saldaña, K., Garovoy, N. D., Castro, C. M., & King, A. C. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-021-09957-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Of the few existing randomized controlled studies with midlife and older adults, results suggest that aerobic exercise programs may be more effective in reducing cortisol responses to experimentally-induced stressors [27] and result in a steeper decline in cortisol levels throughout the day [28, 29] when compared with…”
BackgroundCoelho‐Júnior, H. J., Aguiar, S. D. S., Calvani, R., Picca, A., Carvalho, D. D. A., Zwarg-Sá, J. D. C., Audiffren, M. F., Marzetti, E., & Uchida, M. C. (2021) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.1155/2021/9912339 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Vargas-Molina, S., García-Sillero, M., Romance, R., Petro, J. L., Jiménez‐García, J. D., Bonilla, D. A., Kreider, R. B., & Benítez‐Porres, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19084522 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Finally, the use of muscle biopsy has revealed significant increases in the vastus lateralis of the quadriceps after 24 [41] or 26 weeks [42] of exercise training.”
MethodAnabolic Hormones in Aging Women: Effects of Supplementation vs. Physical Activity
Copeland, J. L. (2004) · Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1139/h04-007 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Hakkinen et al. (2000) found no change in sex-hormone binding globulin in older women after 6 months of resistance training.”
BackgroundExercise training to preserve vitality capacity in ageing
Jones, R., Taylor, T. L., Mankowski, R. T., Dodds, F. T., Hankes, M. J., Hobson, J. M., Lin, Y., Saffold, K. S., Jago, S. S., Tharpe, M. A., et al. (2024) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep091731 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…turnover and quantity, which directly improves mitochondrial function and effectively reduces the age-related decline in mitochondrial function and quantity (Barbieri et al., 2015; Hakkinen et al., 2002; Parise et al., 2005; Philp et al., 2021; Romanello & Sandri, 2015; Tarnopolsky, 2009).”
Creatine and Cognition in Aging: A Systematic Review of Evidence in Older Adults
Marshall, S. D., Kitzan, A., Wright, J., Bocicariu, L., & Nagamatsu, L. S. (2025) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaf135 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Villada, J. F. R., & Ariza, H. H. L. (2012) · Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología · doi:10.1016/j.regg.2012.04.005 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Grundlagen gesundheitsorientierten Krafttrainings im Alter: Ziele und Umsetzung
Donath, L., Faude, O., Bopp, M., & Zahner, L. (2015) · Therapeutische Umschau · doi:10.1024/0040-5930/a000684 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Loads and Movement Speeds Dictate Differences in Power Output During Circuit Training
Roberson, K. B., Chowdhari, S., White, M. J., & Signorile, J. (2017) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001731 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Finally, the use of pneumatic machines has been quite common when examining high-speed power training techniques; however, this work has concentrated on improving physical function in independently living (13,16,33) and frail older persons (19), persons with sarcopenic obesity (6), and individuals with mental illness…”
BackgroundGalvao, D. A., Newton, R. U., & Taaffe, D. R. (2006) · International Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.5432/ijshs.4.36 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationWeber‐Rajek, M., Radzimińska, A., Strączyńska, A., Strojek, K., Piekorz, Z., Pilarska, B., Kozakiewicz, M., Styczyńska, H., & Goch, A. (2019) · Menopause Review/Przegląd Menopauzalny · doi:10.5114/pm.2019.90376 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Even though the influence of intensive training on cortisol concentration has been widely studied in various age groups [40-45], it remains unclear how low-intensity exercise impacts cortisol concentration in the elderly population [46, 47].”
BackgroundHuman and African ape myosin heavy chain content and the evolution of hominin skeletal muscle
Queeno, S. R., Reiser, P. J., Orr, C. M., Capellini, T. D., Sterner, K. N., & O’Neill, M. C. (2023) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111415 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Tsumiyama, W., Oki, S., Takamiya, N., et al. (2015) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.27.1083 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Domingues, L. B., Payano, C. E., Peres, M. D. S., Sant’Anna, V. H., Cadore, E. L., Rodrigues-Krause, J. D. C., & Ferrari, R. (2023) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2023-0010 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Slow versus traditional strength training in obese female participants: preliminary results
Scarin, S., Aspesi, V., Albedi, G. M., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Rehabilitation Research · doi:10.1097/mrr.0000000000000335 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Resistance Training for Better Health in Older Adults
McGuigan, M. R., Newton, R. U., & Kraemer, W. J. (2006) · International Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.5432/ijshs.4.19 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationCadore, E. L. (2012) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Pleiotropic Effect of Physical Exercise on Mitochondrial Dynamics in Aging Skeletal Muscle
Barbieri, E., Agostini, D., Polidori, E., Potenza, L., Guescini, M., Lucertini, F., Annibalini, G., Stocchi, L., Santi, M. D., & Stocchi, V. (2016) · Apple Academic Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b19985-11 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Häkkinen, K., Kraemer, W. J., Pakarinen, A., Tripleltt-Mcbride, T., Mcbride, J. M., Häkkinen, A., Alen, M., Mcguigan, M. R., Bronks, R., & Newton, R. U.
- Affiliations
- University of Jyväskylä (FI)
- Venue
- Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2002-06-01
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 213-231
- ISSN
- 1066-7814 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1997887687
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 5.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- resistance training, power training, maximal strength, muscle fiber type distribution, muscle morphology, sex hormones, testosterone, growth hormone, cortisol, sex hormone-binding globulin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, older adults, aging, 1RM squat, chair rise time, testosterone/cortisol ratio
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Female, Hormones, Humans, Hypertrophy, Male, Middle Aged, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Growth Hormone, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal
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