Effect of heat stress on muscle energy metabolism during exercise
Open accessAbstract
To examine the effect of heat stress on muscle energy metabolism during submaximal exercise, 12 endurance-trained men cycled on two occasions for approximately 40 min at 70% maximal O2 uptake in an environmental chamber at either 20 degrees C and 20% relative humidity (T20) or 40 degrees C and 20% relative humidity (T40). Trials were conducted > or = 1 wk apart in random order. No difference in mean O2 uptake was observed when exercise in T40 was compared with that in T20. In contrast, exercise in T40 resulted in a higher mean heart rate (P < 0.01) and respiratory exchange ratio (P < 0.05) compared with that in T20. Postexercise rectal and muscle temperatures were also higher (P < 0.01) in T40 than in T20. Lower (P < 0.01) postexercise creatine phosphate and higher creatine (P < 0.01) and ammonia (P < 0.05) were observed in muscle after exercise in T40 compared with T20. In addition, an increased (P < 0.01) muscle glycogenolysis and higher (P < 0.01) postexercise muscle lactate accumulation were observed during exercise in T40 compared with T20. In contrast, no differences were observed in postexercise concentrations of total adenine nucleotide pool (ATP+ADP+AMP), ATP/ADP ratio, or inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) when T40 was compared with T20. These results indicate that the rate of ATP utilization may be increased during exercise in the heat but that this increased energy demand is predominantly met by an increase in anaerobic glycolysis and creatine phosphate hydrolysis, preventing a reduction in total adenine nucleotide pool.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Other factors may impact the degradation of muscle glycogen, such as dehydration and hyperthermia.
“Other factors may impact the degradation of muscle glycogen, such as dehydration and hyperthermia [36,95,96,97].”
From Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
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“Furthermore, as hyperthermia is known to increase ATP utilization (17, 18), it is possible that carbohydrate supplementation may be more beneficial during exercise in hot compared with temperate conditions.”
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Rhoads, R. P., Baumgard, L. H., & Suagee, J. K. (2013) · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Is There an Optimal Speed for Economical Running?
Black, M. I., Handsaker, J. C., Allen, S. J., Forrester, S., & Folland, J. P. (2017) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2017-0015 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Kirby, N. V., Lucas, S. J. E., Armstrong, O. J., Weaver, S. R., & Lucas, R. A. I. (2020) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04541-z · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The influence of a hot environment on physiological stress responses in exercise until exhaustion
Silva, R. P. M., de Barros, C. L. M., Mendes, T. T., Garcia, E. S., Valenti, V. E., de Abreu, L. C., Garner, D. M., Espíndola, F. S., & Penha‐Silva, N. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209510 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Prolonged exercise commenced in a hot environment can impair the subject’s performance [19], as higher plasma concentrations of epinephrine during exercise elicited by heat induces higher sympathetic activity [20].”
Effect of temperature on muscle metabolism during submaximal exercise in humans
Starkie, R. L., Hargreaves, M., Lambert, D. L., Proietto, J., & Febbraio, M. A. (1999) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-445x.1999.01815.x · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationDucrocq, G. P., Estrada, J. A., Kim, J. S., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00174.2019 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Hyperthermia, but not muscle water deficit, increases glycogen use during intense exercise
Fernández-Elías, V. E., Hamouti, N., ORTEGA, J. F., & Mora‐Rodríguez, R. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12368 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Furthermore, muscle glycogen use decreases when exercising in the cold (i.e., 3 °C; Febbraio et al., 1994) or when cooling the exercising muscles by applying cold water or ice to the skin (Kozlowski et al., 1985; Starkie et al., 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialStrategies to mitigate acute kidney injury risk during physical work in the heat
Masoud, A. A., McKenna, Z. J., Li, Z., Deyhle, M. R., Mermier, C. M., Schlader, Z. J., & Amorim, F. T. (2024) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00350.2023 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Watson, P., Nichols, D. S., & Cordery, P. (2013) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2013-0413 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Pullinger, S. A., Oksa, J., Clark, L. F., et al. (2018) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2018.1454938 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Such elevations in core temperature have previously been shown to alter and have a detrimental effect on cardiovascular (González-Alonso et al. 2005), metabolic (Brooks et al. 1971; Nybo et al. 2002) and physiological (Febbraio et al. 1994; Hancock and Vasmatzidis 2003) responses to exercise.”
BackgroundExercise intensity regulates the effect of heat stress on substrate oxidation rates during exercise
Maunder, E., Plews, D. J., Mérien, F., & Kilding, A. E. (2019) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2019.1674928 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Functional drinks for athletes
Brouns, F. J. P. H., & Kovacs, E. M. R. (1997) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/s0924-2244(97)01098-4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
López-Torres, O., Rodríguez-Longobardo, C., Escribano-Tabernero, R., & Fernández-Elías, V. E. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15204442 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Heat stress redistributes blood flow in arteries of the brain during dynamic exercise
Sato, K., Oue, A., Yoneya, M., Sadamoto, T., & Ogoh, S. (2016) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00353.2015 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Gough, L. A., Williams, J. J., Newbury, J. W., & Gurton, W. H. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1998644 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Maunder, E., Plews, D. J., Wallis, G. A., Brick, M. J., Leigh, W. B., Chang, W., Watkins, C. M., & Kilding, A. E. (2021) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14849 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“, 1994), and muscle and plasma lactate accumulation (Febbraio et al., 1994; Maunder, Plews, et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialHeat Stress‐Mediated Multi‐Organ Injury: Pathophysiology and Treatment Strategies
Ding, X., & Gao, B. (2025) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cph4.70012 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Potential Role of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Exertional Heat Stroke
Li, Z., McKenna, Z. J., Kuennen, M. R., Magalhães, F. D. C., Mermier, C. M., & Amorim, F. T. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01427-8 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“It has been well documented that during exercise in the heat, internal skeletal muscle temperature may exceed 40 °C [72, 73].”
BackgroundCerebral Vascular Control and Metabolism in Heat Stress
Bain, A. R., Nybo, L., & Ainslie, P. N. (2015) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2015.tb00645.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“A series of seminal studies by Febbraio and colleagues have established that increased muscle temperature is associated with an increased anaerobic metabolism (143-147).”
Park, S., Tokura, H., & Sobajima, M. (2006) · Textile Research Journal · doi:10.1177/0040517506063388 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Moreover, it has been suggested that a higher core temperature could cause a greater increase in blood lactic acid concentration during daytime exercise [2, 6, 23].”
BackgroundThe limitations of the constant load and self-paced exercise models of exercise physiology
Marino, F. E. (2012) · Comparative Exercise Physiology · doi:10.3920/cep11012 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Impact of Hyperthermia on Receptor-Mediated Interleukin-6 Regulation in Mouse Skeletal Muscle
Welc, S. S., Morse, D. A., Mattingly, A. J., Laitano, O., King, M. A., & Clanton, T. L. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148927 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“5–1°C above core temperature [24], reaching values of 41°C in humans [24] and higher (44°C) in rodents [25].”
BackgroundDoes high muscle temperature accentuate skeletal muscle injury from eccentric exercise?
Castellani, J. W., Zambraski, E. J., Sawka, M. N., & Urso, M. L. (2016) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.12777 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“However, it has been well documented that during intermittent (Drust et al. 2005; Morris et al. 2005) or continuous (Febbraio et al. 1994a,b) exercise in 33–40°C ambient temperatures, internal muscle temperature may exceed 40°C.”
BackgroundInfluentialYamaguchi, K., Kasai, N., Hayashi, N., Yatsutani, H., Girard, O., & Goto, K. (2020) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14466 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hayashi, K., Honda, Y., Ogawa, T., et al. (2004) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-004-1145-y · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In addition, the rise in muscle temperature increases intramuscular glycogen breakdown (Febbraio et al. 1994, 1996; Kozlowski et al. 1985), which shortens exercise time.”
Background
- Authors
- Febbraio, M. A., Snow, R. J., Stathis, C. G., Hargreaves, M., & Carey, M. F.
- Affiliations
- Victoria University (AU)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1994-12-01
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2827-2831
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2282077497
- Cited by
- 219
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- heat stress, muscle energy metabolism, submaximal exercise, endurance-trained men, anaerobic glycolysis, phosphocreatine, adenine nucleotide pool, ATP/ADP ratio, inosine 5'-monophosphate, muscle glycogenolysis, ammonia, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate, muscle temperature, rectal temperature, oxygen absorption
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anaerobiosis, Energy Metabolism, Physical Exertion, Glycogen, Hot Temperature, Humans, Humidity, Male, Muscles, Phosphates, Stress, Physiological, Temperature
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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