Modification of circadian body temperature rhythm during the luteal menstrual phase: role of melatonin
Open accessAbstract
In women during early follicular phase (FP), the rise of melatonin at night accounts for 40% of the nocturnal core body temperature (Tc) decline. In seven normal-cycling women, the circadian rhythms of Tc and melatonin of the FP were compared with those of the luteal phase (LP). In addition, in both phases the Tc response to daytime melatonin administration was investigated. Melatonin levels were comparable during the two menstrual phases, but the nocturnal melatonin onset was delayed by 90 min in the LP (P < 0.01). This was accompanied by a delay of the nadir of the Tc circadian rhythm (P < 0.002), a 0.3 degrees C elevation (P < 0.005) of the mean 24-h value, and a 40% blunting (P < 0.002) of the amplitude. This attenuation of circadian Tc in LP women was replicated in two estrogen-treated hypogonadal women by the administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate. The daytime administration of melatonin (2.5 mg) decreased Tc during the FP (P < 0.01) but was ineffective in the LP. Present data indicate that in LP, in association with high progesterone levels, an attenuated and phase-delayed circadian Tc rhythm may, in part, be due to a reduced effect of melatonin.
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Human pineal physiology and functional significance of melatonin
Macchi, M. M., & Bruce, J. N. (2004) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2004.08.001 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
“There are also reports that in healthy men and women the suppression of nocturnal melatonin levels by exposure to bright light is accompanied by an elevation of core body temperature, and that this eVect is reversed by administration of exogenous melatonin [37,38,40,214].”
BackgroundCircadian rhythms, sleep, and the menstrual cycle
Baker, F. C., & Driver, H. S. (2007) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2006.09.011 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
“Some investigators [14,15,22,23] have reported a phase delay in the temperature rhythm (sometimes by as much as 90 min) in the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase, but others have found no difference [16,17,19,24,25].”
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Sleep, rhythms, and the endocrine brain: influence of sex and gonadal hormones
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“However, circadian amplitude of body temperature is blunted in the luteal phase, which may reflect actions of progesterone on the SCN or on thermosensitive neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus (Shechter and Boivin, 2010), or inhibition of the nocturnal hypothermic action of melatonin (Cagnacci et al., 1996…”
BackgroundTemperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle
Baker, F. C., Siboza, F., & Fuller, A. (2020) · Temperature · doi:10.1080/23328940.2020.1735927 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
“The authors reasoned that progesterone may inhibit the nocturnal hypothermic action of melatonin in the luteal phase, reducing the nocturnal fall in core body temperature [66].”
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“Generally, circadian hormone rhythms are not significantly altered across the menstrual cycle (see Table 2), though variable results including both increases [58, 59] and decreases [37] in melatonin as well as changes in the timing of hormones [35] have been described.”
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BackgroundBurgess, H. J., Crowley, S. J., Gazda, C. J., Fogg, L., & Eastman, C. I. (2003) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730403253585 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“Several studies have shown that the average interval between the DLMO and the Tmin is 7 h (e.g., Cagnacci et al., 1996; Brown et al., 1997; Eastman et al., 2000).”
BackgroundHomeostatic versus Circadian Effects of Melatonin on Core Body Temperature in Humans
Cagnacci, A., Kräuchi, K., Wirz-Justice, A., & Volpe, A. (1997) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/074873049701200604 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
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“At this circadian phase position, the Tmin, an estimate for the sleepiest circadian time, which occurs about 7 h after the DLMO (Cagnacci et al., 1996; Goel, 2005, 2006), will fall at about 10:00 am.”
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Race and gender variation in response to evoked inflammation
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“All female subjects were in the follicular stage of the menstrual cycle (4—14 days after menstruation begins) on the experimental days as a reduced effect of melatonin has been observed during the luteal phase of this cycle (Cagnacci et al. 1996).”
BackgroundBambaeichi, E., Reilly, T., Cable, N. T., & Giacomoni, M. (2004) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1081/cbi-120039206 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“Cagnacci et al. (1996) reported a decrease in melatonin levels in the luteal compared to the follicular phase and suggested that progesterone secretion during the luteal phase inhibits the hypothermic effect of melatonin at night.”
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Boivin, D. B., Shechter, A., Boudreau, P., Begum, E. A., & Ying-Kin, N. M. K. N. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1524484113 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
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Driver, H. S., Werth, E., Dijk, D.-J., & Borbély, A. A. (2008) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2007.10.003 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Interventions to Minimize Jet Lag After Westward and Eastward Flight
Roach, G. D., & Sargent, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00927 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
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BackgroundDifferent effects of heat exposure upon exercise performance in the morning and afternoon
Racinais, S. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01212.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
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BackgroundInfluentialInfluence of melatonin and photoperiod on animal and human reproduction
Cagnacci, A., & Volpe, A. (1996) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03344974 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationBright light therapy for winter depression-is phase advancing beneficial?
Burgess, H. J., Fogg, L. F., Young, M. A., & Eastman, C. I. (2004) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1081/cbi-200025979 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“As the Tmin occurs 7 h after the DLMO (Brown et al., 1997; Cagnacci et al., 1996; Eastman et al., 2000; Sharkey and Eastman, 2002), the therapeutic Tmin to wake interval should be about 3 h.”
Griefahn, B. (2002) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1081/cbi-120004226 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“(34) reported a delay in the luteal phase, most studies revealed no alterations (33,35,36).”
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Cagnacci, A., Volpe, A., Paoletti, A. M., & Melis, G. B. (1997) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(97)00242-2 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationShaping the light/dark pattern for circadian adaptation to night shift work
Smith, M. R., Cullnan, E. E., & Eastman, C. I. (2008) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.07.012 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
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Effects of daytime ingestion of melatonin on short-term athletic performance
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“Females were not recruited for the study, since there may be interactions between melatonin and the menstrual cycle (Cagnacci et al. 1996) and control of the stages of this biological rhythm could not be guaranteed during the experiment.”
BackgroundChanges in sleeping energy metabolism and thermoregulation during menstrual cycle
Zhang, S., Osumi, H., Uchizawa, A., Hamada, H., Park, I., Suzuki, Y., Tanaka, Y., Ishihara, A., Yajima, K., Seol, J., et al. (2020) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14353 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
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Influences of Melatonin on Human Orcadian Rhythms
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“In women, cross-over studies on the circadian rhythm of body temperature during the menstrual cycle have shown that the follicular phase is characterized by a 0.38C lower mesor, a 40% increase in the amplitude and a 90 min advance in the nadir compared with the luteal phase (Cagnacci et al. 1996).”
BackgroundEffects of the Melatonin MT-1/MT-2 Agonist Ramelteon on Daytime Body Temperature and Sleep
Markwald, R. R., Lee-Chiong, T. L., Burke, T. M., Snider, J. A., & Wright, K. P. (2010) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/33.6.825 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Late-night presentation of an auditory stimulus phase delays human circadian rhythms
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THE DIURNAL RHYTHM IN ISOMETRIC MUSCULAR PERFORMANCE DIFFERS WITH EUMENORRHEIC MENSTRUAL CYCLE PHASE
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Cagnacci, A., Arangino, S., Baldassari, F. V. M., Alessandrini, C., Landi, S., & Volpe, A. (2003) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2003.10.003 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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BackgroundSelf-citationPredominance of Distal Skin Temperature Changes at Sleep Onset across Menstrual and Circadian Phases
Shechter, A., Boudreau, P., Varin, F., & Boivin, D. B. (2011) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730411404677 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Findings on the timing of the circadian CBT curve have been less consistent, with some indicating phase delays (Cagnacci et al., 1996) or unchanged phase (Baker et al.”
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“In women during the luteal phase, circadian phase delays were not observed in some cross sectional([6]) and longitudinal studies,([7,33,34]) but documented in other longitudinal studies([1,2]) and in the present investigation.”
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“2°C within 2 h after the ingestion of a single 1-mg dose of melatonin, and these authors and others (6) have suggested that core temperature responds to a threshold concentration of melatonin rather than following a dose response.”
BackgroundModelling female physiology from head to Toe: impact of sex hormones, menstrual cycle, and pregnancy
Abo, S., Smith, D., Stadt, M., & Layton, A. (2022) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111074 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Chuma, S., Kiyosue, K., Akiyama, T., Kinoshita, M., Shimazaki, Y., Uchiyama, S., Sotoma, S., Okabe, K., & Harada, Y. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-47542-8 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“In particular, spontaneous temperature fl uc-tuations, which are larger than the changes in deep body temperature ( 1 °C)duetobiologicalrhythms(e.g.,circadianrhythm 30 ormenstrual cycle 31 ), occur in the brain 32,33 .”
Moderie, C., Boudreau, P., Shechter, A., Lespérance, P., & Boivin, D. B. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab171 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Short Nights Reduce Light-Induced Circadian Phase Delays in Humans
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Menstrual cycle, exercise and health
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“Cagnacci et al. (1996) reported a delayed melatonin phase in the luteal compared to the follicular phase and a blunting of the amplitude of the core temperature rhythm following its elevation at the time of ovulation.”
BackgroundVariation in Normal Ear Temperature
Sund‐Levander, M., & Grodzinsky, E. (2017) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2017.05.013 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Short Nights Attenuate Light-Induced Circadian Phase Advances in Humans
Burgess, H. J., & Eastman, C. I. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0536 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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“DLMO occurred a little over 7 h before CBT minimum, at baseline and after exposure, with a positive relationship between the two markers, as has been reported previously (7, 9, 14, 23).”
ResultEffects of daytime melatonin infusion in young adults
van den Heuvel, C. J., Kennaway, D. J., & Dawson, D. E. (1998) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1998.275.1.e19 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Altered thermoregulation in ambulatory schizophrenia patients: A naturalistic study
Shiloh, R., Weizman, A., Stryjer, R., Kahan, N. R., & Waitman, D. (2008) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622970701413833 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“2005)) and female participants’ time of menstrual cycle during their temperature assessment (menstrual cycle is associated with core temperature fluctuations (Devi and Reddy 1956; Abramson and Torghele 1961; Ishizuka et al. 1991; Cagnacci et al. 1996; Parry et al. 1997; Shinohara et al. 2000)) were not obtained, leadi…”
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MethodSex differences in sleep and sleep-dependent learning in abstinent cocaine users
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“…sleep characteristics during abstinence and across the menstrual cycle is a reasonable hypothesis given the evidence that progesterone affects circadian rhythms and sleep(Baker and Driver, 2007; Cagnacci et al., 1996; Moore-Ede et al., 1982), and is markedly elevated during the luteal phase.”
BackgroundMelatonin and zopiclone as pharmacologic aids to facilitate crew rest.
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“Receptors for melatonin are also modulated by gonadal steroids in animals (Vanecek et al., 1990; Seltzer et al., 1992), and some endocrine and biological responses to melatonin are modulated by gonadal steroids in women (Cagnacci et al., 1995b, 1996, 1997b).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMelatonin and the Regulation of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
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Cosinor Analysis for Temperature Time Series Data of Long Duration
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Measurement and evaluation of body temperature : Implications for clinical practice
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Analyzing potential correlations between light exposure and skin temperature in a climate chamber
Tamura, C. A., Krüger, E. L., Wagner, A., & Strauhs, F. D. R. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108242 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Assessment of circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle of female rhesus monkeys
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“For example, studies investigating human circadian rhythms generally measured only one variable (Tb) using rectal [Baker et al., 2002], vaginal [Cagnacci et al., 1996, 1997, 2002], or tympanic [Wright & Badia, 1999] probes or thermister pills that were swallowed [Coyne et al., 2000].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCircadian regulation of genetic and hormonal risk factors of cardiovascular disease in women
Rabinovich-Nikitin, I., Crandall, M., & Kirshenbaum, L. A. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/cjpp-2022-0222 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Reilly, T., & Waterhouse, J. M. (2009) · Medicina Sportiva · doi:10.2478/v10036-009-0010-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Tsukamoto, T., Shimono, T., Sai, A., Sakai, K., Yamamoto, A., Sakamoto, S., & Miki, Y. (2016) · Japanese Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1007/s11604-016-0519-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Power frequency electromagnetic fields, melatonin and the risk of breast cancer.
Swerdlow, A. J. (2006) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Goh, G. H., Vesterdorf, K., Fuller, A., Blache, D., & Maloney, S. K. (2024) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.11243 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The mesor and amplitude of T c decrease during pregnancy (Crew et al., 2018; Maloney et al., 2017; Trethowan et al., 2016) and are indicative of ovulation (Cagnacci et al., 1996; Crew et al., 2018; Lee, 2016) and the level of sex steroid hormones (Marrone et al., 1976).”
BackgroundDittmar, M., Möllgaard, L., & Engelhard, F. (2024) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2024.2342945 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“A further possible mechanism may be a progesterone-mediated alteration of the hypothermic action of melatonin in the luteal phase (Cagnacci et al. 1996).”
BackgroundImplementing a Circadian Adaptation Schedule after Eastward Flight in Young Male Athletes
Miller, D. J., Roach, G. D., Lastella, M., Scanlan, A. T., & Sargent, C. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11219962 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The human circadian rhythms of melatonin and core body temperature are strongly linked with the sleep/wake cycle [4,5].”
BackgroundBuckner, S. L., Dankel, S. J., Counts, B. R., Barnett, B. E., Jessee, M. B., Mouser, J. G., Halliday, T. M., & Loenneke, J. P. (2016) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.026 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Females were excluded given that the variables tested, particularly body temperature, change throughout themenstrual cycle [6].”
Time-of-Day Effects on Anaerobic Power and Concentration of Selected Hormones in Blind Men
Pałka, T., Pajor, P., Tyka, A. K., Pilch, W., Cebula, A., Teległów, A., Strzała, M., & Maciejczyk, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179353 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Madsen, M. T. (2015) · Journal of Sleep Disorders Treatment & Care · doi:10.4172/2325-9639.1000152 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Likewise, varying sleep inducing effect of melatonin has been shown throughout the menstrual cycle [38,39].”
BackgroundDavin, A., Chabardès, S., Torres-Martinez, N., & Piallat, B. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-79508-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Indeed, a decrease in core body temperature is necessary for sleep onset and maintenance, whereas an increase in core body temperature, a characteristic of arousal 22 , could make sleep onset more difficult.”
Management of Circadian Desynchrony (Jetlag and Shiftlag) in CF Air Operations
Paul, M. A., Gray, G. W., Lieberman, H. R., Love, R. J., Miller, J. C., & Arendt, J. (2010) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Drummer, C., König, J., Eildermann, K., Fuchs, E., Behr, R., & Hoffmann, K. (2014) · Primate Biology · doi:10.5194/pb-1-11-2014 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dudley, K. A., & Patel, S. R. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9527-7_3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sleep Deprivation and Pain Intensity
Larson, R. A. (2012) · doi:10.37099/mtu.dc.etds/465
“Evidence demonstrates that the menstrual cycle effects core body temperature resulting in a blunted nocturnal decline during the luteal phase (Lee, 1988; Cagnacci et al., 1992; Cagnacci et al., 1996; Shibui et al., 2000).”
BackgroundThe role of biological rhythms and blood glucose levels in maintaining a positive mood state.
Martino, O. I. (2008) · Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-Theses (University of Wolverhampton)
Sleeping to perform: examining sleep and exercise in elite female athletes
O’Donnell, S. (2018) · Research Commons (University of Waikato)
Incremento Ponderale e Modificazioni del Metabolismo Glucidico
Cagnacci, A., Zanin, R., Caretto, S., Toni, A. D., Cannoletta, M., & Volpe, A. (2008) · IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia)
Self-citation(1999) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/22.5.534
(1999) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/22.8.1094
- Authors
- Cagnacci, A., Soldani, R., Laughlin, G. A., & Yen, S. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- ORCID
- Cagnacci, A.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1996-01-01
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 25-29
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2169506473
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2024: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hd021198-09)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-12303-17)
- National Center for Research Resources (MO1 RR00827, M01RR000827)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD-21198-7)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- melatonin, luteal phase, menstrual cycle, melatonin onset, progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, follicular phase
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Temperature, Body Temperature Regulation, Circadian Rhythm, Estrogens, Female, Follicular Phase, Humans, Luteal Phase, Medroxyprogesterone, Melatonin, Middle Aged, Ovariectomy, Progesterone Congeners
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