The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effect of glycogen availability on human skeletal muscle protein turnover during exercise and recovery
Abstract
We examined the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) availability on whole body and skeletal muscle protein utilization at rest, during exercise, and during recovery in humans. Six men cycled at ∼75% peak O 2 uptake (V̇o 2peak) to exhaustion to reduce body CHO stores and then consumed either a high-CHO (H-CHO; 71 ± 3% CHO) or low-CHO (L-CHO; 11 ± 1% CHO) diet for 2 days before the trial in random order. After each dietary intervention, subjects received a primed constant infusion of [1-13 C]leucine and l-[ring-2 H 5]phenylalanine for measurements of the whole body net protein balance and skeletal muscle protein turnover. Muscle, breath, and arterial and venous blood samples were obtained at rest, during 2 h of two-legged kicking exercise at ∼45% of kicking V̇o 2peak, and during 1 h of recovery. Biopsy samples confirmed that the muscle glycogen concentration was lower in the L-CHO group versus the H-CHO group at rest, after exercise, and after recovery. The net leg protein balance was decreased in the L-CHO group compared with at rest and compared with the H-CHO condition, which was primarily due to an increase in protein degradation (area under the curve of the phenylalanine rate of appearance: 1,331 ± 162 μmol in the L-CHO group vs. 786 ± 51 μmol in the H-CHO group, P < 0.05) but also due to a decrease in protein synthesis late in exercise. There were no changes during exercise in the rate of appearance compared with rest in the H-CHO group. Whole body leucine oxidation increased above rest in the L-CHO group only and was higher than in the H-CHO group. The whole body net protein balance was reduced in the L-CHO group, largely due to a decrease in whole body protein synthesis. These data extend previous findings by others and demonstrate, using contemporary stable isotope methodology, that CHO availability influences the rates of skeletal muscle and whole body protein synthesis, degradation, and net balance during prolonged exercise in humans.
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“During recovery, carbohydrates spare protein from being used as an energy source, allowing essential amino acids (EAAs) to be used for muscle preservation and repair [65].”
From Youth and Adolescent Athlete Musculoskeletal Health: Dietary and Nutritional Strategies to Optimise Injury Prevention and Support Recovery (2024) · cites this paper as [65]
In the citing paper
“the relative difference (~ 0.2 g/kg) between this post-endurance exercise maximal effective dose and the previously estimated maximal dose for resistance exercise [78] is similar to the protein equivalent of what could be mobilized from exercise-induced muscle catabolism [117] and subsequently oxidized [31].”
From Protein Requirements for Master Athletes: Just Older Versions of Their Younger Selves (2021) · cites this paper as [117]
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Biolo, G., Maggi, S. P., Williams, B. D., Tipton, K. D., & Wolfe, R. R. (1995) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1995.268.3.e514 · Cited by 713 · cited 2×
“A two-pool model was used to calculate the muscle Ra and Rd of phenylalanine across the muscle as an estimate of muscle protein degradation and synthesis, respectively, as previously described (1, 3):”
MethodMoore, D. R., Phillips, S. M., Babraj, J. A., Smith, K., & Rennie, M. J. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00387.2004 · Cited by 268
Self-citationCarbohydrate supplementation, glycogen depletion, and amino acid metabolism during exercise
Wagenmakers, A. J., Beckers, E. J., Brouns, F., Kuipers, H., Soeters, P. B., van der Vusse, G. J., & Saris, W. H. (1991) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1991.260.6.e883 · Cited by 206 · cited 1×
“The increased oxidation of leucine during exercise is supported by studies (10, 20) that have shown an exaggerated increase in the activation of the branched-chain oxo-acid dehydrogenase complex, the limiting step in the oxidation of branched-chain amino acids in skeletal muscle, when glycogen availability is limited.”
BackgroundInfluence of muscle glycogen on glycogenolysis and glucose uptake during exercise in humans
Hargreaves, M., McConell, G., & Proietto, J. (1995) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1995.78.1.288 · Cited by 172 · cited 5×
“While others (4, 9, 17) have examined this topic, data are equivocal due in part to differences in study design and particularly the method used to reduce muscle glycogen stores, as a potential confounding factor is the residual effects of prior exercise.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
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Cited by
Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise
Hargreaves, M., & Spriet, L. L. (2020) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-020-0251-4 · Cited by 1,408
Hearris, M., Hammond, K., Fell, J., & Morton, J. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10030298 · Cited by 252
Carbohydrate availability and exercise training adaptation: Too much of a good thing?
Bartlett, J. D., Hawley, J. A., & Morton, J. P. (2015) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2014.920926 · Cited by 230
Beyond muscle hypertrophy: why dietary protein is important for endurance athletes
Moore, D. R., Camera, D. M., Areta, J. L., & Hawley, J. A. (2014) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2013-0591 · Cited by 138
Kato, H., Suzuki, K., Bannai, M., & Moore, D. R. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157406 · Cited by 128
Glycogen availability and skeletal muscle adaptations with endurance and resistance exercise
Knuiman, P., Hopman, M. T. E., & Mensink, M. (2015) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-015-0055-9 · Cited by 113
Impey, S. G., Hammond, K. M., Shepherd, S. O., Sharples, A. P., Stewart, C., Limb, M., Smith, K., Philp, A., Jeromson, S., Hamilton, D. L., et al. (2016) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.12803 · Cited by 109
Churchward-Venne, T. A., Pinckaers, P. J., Smeets, J. S., Betz, M. W., Senden, J. M., Goessens, J. P., Gijsen, A. P., Rollo, I., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. (2020) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa073 · Cited by 106
Chocolate Milk and Endurance Exercise Recovery: Protein Balance, Glycogen, and Performance
LUNN, W. R., PASIAKOS, S. M., COLLETTO, M. R., KARFONTA, K. E., CARBONE, J. W., ANDERSON, J. M., & RODRIGUEZ, N. R. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182364162 · Cited by 108
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Fuelling the female athlete: Carbohydrate and protein recommendations
Moore, D. R., Sygo, J., & Morton, J. P. (2022) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1922508 · Cited by 60
Rustad, P. I., Sailer, M., Cumming, K. T., Jeppesen, P. B., Kolnes, K. J., Sollie, O., Franch, J., Ivy, J. L., Daniel, H., & Jensen, J. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153229 · Cited by 58
Nutritional implications for ultra-endurance walking and running events
Williamson, E. (2016) · Extreme Physiology & Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13728-016-0054-0 · Cited by 53
“It is also important to note that in non-fat adapted athletes low CHO availability increases muscle protein breakdown [59] and if performed chronically can lead to a loss of skeletal muscle mass.”
BackgroundBrun, J.-F., Myzia, J., Varlet-Marie, E., Raynaud de Mauverger, E., & Mercier, J. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14081605 · Cited by 48
Taylor, C., Bartlett, J. D., van de Graaf, C. S., Louhelainen, J., Coyne, V., Iqbal, Z., MacLaren, D. P. M., Gregson, W., Close, G. L., & Morton, J. P. (2013) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2574-7 · Cited by 43
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Alcock, R., Hislop, M., Vidgen, H. A., & Desbrow, B. (2024) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk9040221 · Cited by 33
Protein Requirements for Master Athletes: Just Older Versions of Their Younger Selves
Moore, D. R. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01510-0 · Cited by 33
Howard, E. E., & Margolis, L. M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12092496 · Cited by 26
Brun, J.-F., Varlet-Marie, E., Jrme, A., & Mercier, J. (2012) · An International Perspective on Topics in Sports Medicine and Sports Injury · doi:10.5772/25451 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Howarth, K. R., Phillips, S. M., MacDonald, M. J., Richards, D., Moreau, N. A., & Gibala, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2010-08
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 431-438
- ISSN
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 4
- Language
- en
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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