Dose-response effects of dietary protein on muscle protein synthesis during recovery from endurance exercise in young men: a double-blind randomized trial
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Protein ingestion increases skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates during recovery from endurance exercise. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the effect of graded doses of dietary protein co-ingested with carbohydrate on whole-body protein metabolism, and skeletal muscle myofibrillar (MyoPS) and mitochondrial (MitoPS) protein synthesis rates during recovery from endurance exercise. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group design, 48 healthy, young, endurance-trained men (mean ± SEM age: 27 ± 1 y) received a primed continuous infusion of l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine, l-[ring-3,5-2H2]-tyrosine, and l-[1-13C]-leucine and ingested 45 g carbohydrate with either 0 (0 g PRO), 15 (15 g PRO), 30 (30 g PRO), or 45 (45 g PRO) g intrinsically l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine and l-[1-13C]-leucine labeled milk protein after endurance exercise. Blood and muscle biopsy samples were collected over 360 min of postexercise recovery to assess whole-body protein metabolism and both MyoPS and MitoPS rates. RESULTS: Protein intake resulted in ∼70%-74% of the ingested protein-derived phenylalanine appearing in the circulation. Whole-body net protein balance increased dose-dependently after ingestion of 0, 15, 30, or 45 g protein (mean ± SEM: -0.31± 0.16, 5.08 ± 0.21, 10.04 ± 0.30, and 13.49 ± 0.55 μmol phenylalanine · kg-1 · h-1, respectively; P < 0.001). 30 g PRO stimulated a ∼46% increase in MyoPS rates (%/h) compared with 0 g PRO and was sufficient to maximize MyoPS rates after endurance exercise. MitoPS rates were not increased after protein ingestion; however, incorporation of dietary protein-derived l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine into de novo mitochondrial protein increased dose-dependently after ingestion of 15, 30, and 45 g protein at 360 min postexercise (0.018 ± 0.002, 0.034 ± 0.002, and 0.046 ± 0.003 mole percentage excess, respectively; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Protein ingested after endurance exercise is efficiently digested and absorbed into the circulation. Whole-body net protein balance and dietary protein-derived amino acid incorporation into mitochondrial protein respond to increasing protein intake in a dose-dependent manner. Ingestion of 30 g protein is sufficient to maximize MyoPS rates during recovery from a single bout of endurance exercise.This trial was registered at trialregister.nl as NTR5111.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Co-ingestion of carbohydrates and protein during post-exercise may confer additional benefits, including positive nitrogen balance leading to increased whole-body muscle protein synthesis, increased protein content related to mitochondrial biogenesis, reduced muscle damage markers, and accelerated post-exercise rehydration.
“it may confer additional benefits, including positive nitrogen balance leading to increased whole-body muscle protein synthesis [93], increased protein content related to mitochondrial biogenesis [94], reduced muscle damage markers [95], and accelerated post-exercise rehydration [96]”
From Nutritional Strategies to Improve Post-exercise Recovery and Subsequent Exercise Performance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [93]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that whole-body net protein balance was negative with carbohydrate alone but positive after protein co-ingestion. The Results also report higher myofibrillar protein synthesis with 30 or 45 g of protein. The paper does not establish that positive whole-body balance leads to increased muscle protein synthesis; its Discussion cautions that whole-body protein metabolism is not necessarily reflective of the skeletal-muscle response. The other benefits in the sentence have separate citations and are not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMuscle contraction in the form of resistance- or endurance-type exercise provides additional stimulus to upregulate MPS in both an additive and independent manner.
“Muscle contraction in the form of resistance- or endurance-type exercise provides additional stimulus to upregulate MPS in both an additive and independent manner [[51], [52], [53]].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [52]
Marathon runners who consume moderate amounts of protein post-exercise can have recovery benefits.
“Similarly, recent findings have provided evidence that marathon runners that consume moderate amounts of protein post-exercise can have recovery benefits [97,98].”
From The 4R’s Framework of Nutritional Strategies for Post-Exercise Recovery: A Review with Emphasis on New Generation of Carbohydrates (2020) · cites this paper as [98]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Biochemical Adaptations in Muscle
Holloszy, J. O. (1967) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)96046-1 · Cited by 1,517 · see citing works
Nutrition and Athletic Performance
(2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000852 · Cited by 1,305 · see citing works
Morton, R. W., Murphy, K. T., McKellar, S. R., Schoenfeld, B. J., Henselmans, M., Helms, E., Aragon, A. A., Devries, M. C., Banfield, L., Krieger, J. W., et al. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608 · Cited by 1,154 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Protein ingestion during recovery from resistance exercise further increases skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates (10) and augments exerciseinduced increases in muscle mass and strength (11, 12).”
BackgroundMoore, D. R., Robinson, M. J., Fry, J. L., Tang, J. E., Glover, E. I., Wilkinson, S. B., Prior, T., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26401 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
Cermak, N. M., Res, P. T., de Groot, L. C., Saris, W. H., & van Loon, L. J. (2012) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.037556 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
Self-citationAbumrad, N. N., Rabin, D. D., Diamond, M. P., & LACY, W. W. (1981) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(81)90074-3 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Witard, O. C., Jackman, S. R., Breen, L., Smith, K., Selby, A., & Tipton, K. D. (2014) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.055517 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Bohé, J., Low, A., Wolfe, R. R., & Rennie, M. J. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.050674 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Bohé (2001) · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0575f.x · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Pennings, B., Groen, B., de Lange, A., Gijsen, A. P., Zorenc, A. H., Senden, J. M. G., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00517.2011 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Self-citationGender differences in leucine kinetics and nitrogen balance in endurance athletes
Phillips, S. M., Atkinson, S. A., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & MacDougall, J. D. (1993) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1993.75.5.2134 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Effect of exercise and recovery on muscle protein synthesis in human subjects
Carraro, F., Stuart, C. A., Hartl, W. H., Rosenblatt, J., & Wolfe, R. R. (1990) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1990.259.4.e470 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Protein requirements for endurance athletes
Tarnopolsky, M. (2004) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.008 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
McKenzie, S., Phillips, S. M., Carter, S. L., Lowther, S., Gibala, M. J., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.4.e580 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Howarth, K. R., Moreau, N. A., Phillips, S. M., & Gibala, M. J. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90333.2008 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Sheffield-Moore, M., Yeckel, C. W., Volpi, E., Wolf, S. E., Morio, B., Chinkes, D. L., Paddon-Jones, D., & Wolfe, R. R. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00334.2003 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Protein Requirements for Endurance Athletes
Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2004) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461390400074102 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Postexercise protein intake enhances whole-body and leg protein accretion in humans
Levenhagen, D. K., CARR, C., Carlson, M. G., Maron, D. J., Borel, M. J., & Flakoll, P. J. (2002) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200205000-00016 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Leucine incorporation into mixed skeletal muscle protein in humans
Nair, K. S., Halliday, D., & Griggs, R. C. (1988) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1988.254.2.e208 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Koopman, R., Pannemans, D. L. E., Jeukendrup, A. E., Gijsen, A. P., Senden, J. M. G., Halliday, D., Saris, W. H. M., van Loon, L. J. C., & Wagenmakers, A. J. M. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00543.2003 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationNygren, J., & Nair, K. S. (2003) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.6.1377 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Breen, L., Philp, A., Witard, O. C., Jackman, S. R., Selby, A., Smith, K., Baar, K., & Tipton, K. D. (2011) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.211888 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Donato, D. M. D., West, D. W. D., Churchward‐Venne, T. A., Breen, L., Baker, S. K., & Phillips, S. M. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00487.2013 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationGorissen, S., Burd, N., Hamer, H., Gijsen, A., Groen, B. B. L., & van Loon, L. V. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-3970 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationHowarth, K. R., Phillips, S. M., MacDonald, M. J., Richards, D. L., Moreau, N. A., & Gibala, M. J. (2010) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00108.2009 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Reidy, P. T., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2016) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.114.203208 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Harber, M. P., Konopka, A. R., Jemioło, B., Trappe, S. W., Trappe, T. A., & Reidy, P. T. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00348.2010 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Kim, I.-Y., Schutzler, S., Schrader, A., Spencer, H. J., Azhar, G., Ferrando, A. A., & Wolfe, R. R. (2016) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00365.2015 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Chocolate Milk and Endurance Exercise Recovery: Protein Balance, Glycogen, and Performance
LUNN, W. R., PASIAKOS, S. M., COLLETTO, M. R., KARFONTA, K. E., CARBONE, J. W., ANDERSON, J. M., & RODRIGUEZ, N. R. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182364162 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Kouw, I. W. K., Holwerda, A. M., Trommelen, J., Kramer, I. F., Bastiaanse, J., Halson, S. L., Wodzig, W. K. W. H., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2017) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.117.254532 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationGender differences in leucine, but not lysine, kinetics
Lamont, L. S., McCullough, A. J., & Kalhan, S. C. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.1.357 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Maximizing Post-exercise Anabolism: The Case for Relative Protein Intakes
Moore, D. R. (2019) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2019.00147 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Coffey, V. G., Moore, D. R., Burd, N. A., Rerecich, T., Stellingwerff, T., Garnham, A. P., Phillips, S. M., & Hawley, J. A. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1768-0 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Holwerda, A. M., Paulussen, K. J. M., Overkamp, M., Goessens, J. P. B., Kramer, I. F., Wodzig, W. K. W. H., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2019) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxy263 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Loon, L. J. C., Boirie, Y., Gijsen, A. P., Fauquant, J., de Roos, A. L., Kies, A. K., Lemosquet, S., Saris, W. H. M., & Koopman, R. (2009) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2009-2317 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationTrommelen, J., Kouw, I. W. K., Holwerda, A. M., Snijders, T., Halson, S. L., Rollo, I., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2018) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00273.2016 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationMascher, H., Ekblom, B., Rooyackers, O., & Blomstrand, E. (2011) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02274.x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Resistance Exercise Augments Postprandial Overnight Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates
TROMMELEN, J., HOLWERDA, A. M., KOUW, I. W. K., LANGER, H., HALSON, S. L., ROLLO, I., VERDIJK, L. B., & VAN LOON, L. J. C. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001045 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationProtein Ingestion Increases Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis after Concurrent Exercise
CAMERA, D. M., West, D. W. D., Phillips, S. M., Rerecich, T., Stellingwerff, T., Hawley, J. A., & Coffey, V. G. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000390 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Protein–Leucine Fed Dose Effects on Muscle Protein Synthesis after Endurance Exercise
ROWLANDS, D. S., Nelson, A. R., Phillips, S. M., Faulkner, J., CLARKE, J., Burd, N. A., Moore, D. R., & Stellingwerff, T. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000447 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Churchward‐Venne, T. A., Snijders, T., Linkens, A. M. A., Hamer, H. M., van Kranenburg, J. M. X., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2015) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.115.213710 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationPennings, B., Pellikaan, W. F., Senden, J. M., van Vuuren, A. M., Sikkema, J., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2011) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2011-4451 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationChurchward-Venne, T. A., Pinckaers, P. J. M., Smeets, J. S. J., Peeters, W. M., Zorenc, A. H., Schierbeek, H., Rollo, I., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2019) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxy251 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationGorissen, S. H. M., Burd, N. A., Kramer, I. F., van Kranenburg, J. M. X., Gijsen, A. P., Rooyackers, O., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2015) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2015.12.011 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationSawan, S. A., van Vliet, S., Parel, J. T., Beals, J. W., Mazzulla, M., West, D. W. D., Philp, A., Li, Z., Paluska, S. A., Burd, N. A., et al. (2018) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.13628 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Protein-Leucine Fed Dose Effects on Muscle Protein Synthesis after Endurance Exercise
ROWLANDS, D. S., Nelson, A. R., Phillips, S. M., et al. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000493466.37730.42 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Bowtell, J. L., Leese, G. P., Smith, K., Watt, P., Nevill, A. M., Rooyackers, O., Wagenmakers, A. J. M., & Rennie, M. J. (2000) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00271.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Mazzulla, M., Volterman, K. A., Packer, J. E., Wooding, D. J., Brooks, J., Kato, H., & Moore, D. R. (2018) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-018-0301-z · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Churchward-Venne, T. A., Pinckaers, P. J., Smeets, J. S., Peeters, W. M., Zorenc, A. H., Schierbeek, H., Rollo, I., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. (2019) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxy244 · Cited by 31 · cited 1× · see citing works
“recent work demonstrating no differences in postprandial MyoPS or MitoPS rates between the ingestion of milk protein, whey, and micellar casein (24), or whey, soy, and leucine-enriched soy protein (23) with carbohydrate during recovery from concurrent exercise, the current findings may extend to the use of other high-…”
ResultBeals, J. W., Mackenzie, R. W. A., van Vliet, S., Skinner, S. K., Pagni, B. A., Niemiro, G. M., Ulanov, A. V., Li, Z., Dilger, A. C., Paluska, S. A., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2017-00360 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Egan, B., & Sharples, A. P. (2023) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00054.2021 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
The anabolic response to plant-based protein ingestion
Pinckaers, P. J. M., Trommelen, J., Snijders, T., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01540-8 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Trommelen, J., van Lieshout, G. A. A., Nyakayiru, J., Holwerda, A. M., Smeets, J. S. J., Hendriks, F. K., van Kranenburg, J. M. X., Zorenc, A. H., Senden, J. M., Goessens, J. P. B., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101324 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationBonilla, D. A., Pérez-Idárraga, A., Odriozola-Martínez, A., & Kreider, R. B. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18010103 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Similarly, recent findings have provided evidence that marathon runners that consume moderate amounts of protein post-exercise can have recovery benefits [97,98].”
BackgroundFuelling the female athlete: Carbohydrate and protein recommendations
Moore, D. R., Sygo, J., & Morton, J. P. (2022) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1922508 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Liao, C.-D., Huang, S.-W., Chen, H.-C., Huang, M.-H., Liou, T.-H., & Lin, C.-L. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16070941 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Naderi, A., Rothschild, J. A., Santos, H. O., Hamidvand, A., Koozehchian, M. S., Ghazzagh, A., Berjisian, E., & Podlogar, T. (2025) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-025-02213-6 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“…be recommended as it may confer additional benefits, including positive nitrogen balance leading to increased whole-body muscle protein synthesis [93], increased protein content related to mitochondrial biogenesis [94], reduced muscle damage markers [95], and accelerated post-exercise…”
Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete
West, S., Monteyne, A. J., van der Heijden, I., Stephens, F. B., & Wall, B. T. (2023) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.012 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Protein Requirements of Pre-Menopausal Female Athletes: Systematic Literature Review
Mercer, D., Convit, L., Condo, D., Carr, A. J., Hamilton, D. L., Slater, G., & Snipe, R. M. J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12113527 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hansen, M., Oxfeldt, M., Larsen, A. E., Thomsen, L. S., Rokkedal-Lausch, T., Christensen, B., Rittig, N., De Paoli, F. V., Bangsbo, J., Ørtenblad, N., et al. (2020) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00376-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Churchward-Venne, T. A., Pinckaers, P. J., Smeets, J. S., Betz, M. W., Senden, J. M., Goessens, J. P., Gijsen, A. P., Rollo, I., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 303-317
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7398777
- OpenAlex
- W3023379271
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 7.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- PepsiCo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- dietary protein, muscle protein synthesis, myofibrillar protein synthesis, mitochondrial translation, whole body protein metabolism, net protein balance, milk protein, phenylalanine incorporation, skeletal muscle, young men, endurance athletes, muscle hypertrophy, muscle atrophy
- MeSH terms
- Endurance Training, Adult, Amino Acids, Dietary Proteins, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Male, Muscle Proteins, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
