Fuel for the work required: A practical approach to amalgamating train-low paradigms for endurance athletes

Impey, Samuel G.; Hammond, Kelly M.; Shepherd, Sam O.; Sharples, Adam P.; Stewart, Claire; Limb, Marie; Smith, Kenneth; Philp, Andrew; Jeromson, Stewart; Hamilton, D. Lee; Close, Graeme L.; Morton, James P.

doi:10.14814/phy2.12803

Cited by 109Muscle metabolism and nutritionCardiovascular and exercise physiologySports Performance and Training

Fuel for the work required: A practical approach to amalgamating train-low paradigms for endurance athletes

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Impey, Samuel G., Hammond, Kelly M., Shepherd, Sam O., Sharples, Adam P., Stewart, Claire, Limb, Marie, Smith, Kenneth, Philp, Andrew +4 more·2016·Physiological Reports

DOI 10.14814/phy2.12803PMC PMC4886170

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Abstract

Using an amalgamation of previously studied "train-low" paradigms, we tested the effects of reduced carbohydrate (CHO) but high leucine availability on cell-signaling responses associated with exercise-induced regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle protein synthesis (MPS). In a repeated-measures crossover design, 11 males completed an exhaustive cycling protocol with high CHO availability before, during, and after exercise (HIGH) or alternatively, low CHO but high protein (leucine enriched) availability (LOW + LEU). Muscle glycogen was different (P < 0.05) pre-exercise (HIGH: 583 ± 158, LOW + LEU: 271 ± 85 mmol kg(-1) dw) but decreased (P < 0.05) to comparable levels at exhaustion (≈100 mmol kg(-1) dw). Despite differences (P < 0.05) in exercise capacity (HIGH: 158 ± 29, LOW + LEU: 100 ± 17 min), exercise induced (P < 0.05) comparable AMPKα2 (3-4-fold) activity, PGC-1α (13-fold), p53 (2-fold), Tfam (1.5-fold), SIRT1 (1.5-fold), Atrogin 1 (2-fold), and MuRF1 (5-fold) gene expression at 3 h post-exercise. Exhaustive exercise suppressed p70S6K activity to comparable levels immediately post-exercise (≈20 fmol min(-1) mg(-1)). Despite elevated leucine availability post-exercise, p70S6K activity remained suppressed (P < 0.05) 3 h post-exercise in LOW + LEU (28 ± 14 fmol min(-1) mg(-1)), whereas muscle glycogen resynthesis (40 mmol kg(-1) dw h(-1)) was associated with elevated (P < 0.05) p70S6K activity in HIGH (53 ± 30 fmol min(-1) mg(-1)). We conclude: (1) CHO restriction before and during exercise induces "work-efficient" mitochondrial-related cell signaling but; (2) post-exercise CHO and energy restriction maintains p70S6K activity at basal levels despite feeding leucine-enriched protein. Our data support the practical concept of "fuelling for the work required" as a potential strategy for which to amalgamate train-low paradigms into periodized training programs.

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Keeping glycogen (and energy) at critically low post-exercise levels (< 100 mmol/kg dw) may reduce the regulation of protein synthesis pathways.
“and keeping glycogen (and energy) at critically low post-exercise levels (i.e. < 100 mmol/kg dw) may reduce the regulation of protein synthesis pathways [48].”
From Fuel for the Work Required: A Theoretical Framework for Carbohydrate Periodization and the Glycogen Threshold Hypothesis (2018) · cites this paper as [48]
The Discussion (page unavailable) suggests that keeping glycogen and energy intake critically low may impair pathways regulating post-exercise muscle protein synthesis. But the paper does not establish the claimed <100 mmol/kg dw cutoff: the Results (page unavailable) describe post-exercise glycogen as <120 mmol/kg dw, and the Abstract reports approximately 100 mmol/kg dw. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
All participants cycled for longer in the high pre-exercise muscle glycogen trial versus the low trial, with average exercise capacity increased by 60 min.
“All participants cycled for longer in the high trial versus the low trial, with average exercise capacity increased by 60 min.”
From Fuel for the Work Required: A Theoretical Framework for Carbohydrate Periodization and the Glycogen Threshold Hypothesis (2018) · cites this paper as [48]
Identical cell signalling and post-exercise gene responses (e.g. AMPK-PGC-1α) were observed between high and low pre-exercise muscle glycogen trials despite less work performed in the low glycogen trial.
“We observed identical cell signalling and post-exercise gene responses between trials (e.g. AMPK-PGC-1α) despite the completion of less work performed in the low glycogen trial.”
From Fuel for the Work Required: A Theoretical Framework for Carbohydrate Periodization and the Glycogen Threshold Hypothesis (2018) · cites this paper as [48]
During periods in which CHO availability was strategically reduced ('training low') there was an increase of molecular markers related to endurance training-induced adaptation.
“Several studies demonstrated that during periods in which CHO availability was strategically reduced (known as “training low”) there was an increase of molecular markers related to endurance training-induced adaptation [31,32].”
From Carbohydrate Availability and Physical Performance: Physiological Overview and Practical Recommendations (2019) · cites this paper as [32]
It could be important to differentiate between the optimal nutrition to compete and to train.
“Considering these responses, it could be important to differentiate between the optimal nutrition to compete and to train [32].”
From Carbohydrate Availability and Physical Performance: Physiological Overview and Practical Recommendations (2019) · cites this paper as [32]

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Kimball, S., Ravi, S., Gordon, B. S., Dennis, M. D., & Jefferson, L. (2015) · Journal of NutriLife · doi:10.3945/jn.115.215491 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Starving for Ghrelin
Sleeman, M. W., & Spanswick, D. C. (2014) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.06.006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

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Metabolism of ketone bodies during exercise and training: physiological basis for exogenous supplementation
Evans, M., Cogan, K. E., & Egan, B. (2017) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp273185 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Periodized Nutrition for Athletes
Jeukendrup, A. E. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0694-2 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Regulation of Muscle Glycogen Metabolism during Exercise: Implications for Endurance Performance and Training Adaptations
Hearris, M., Hammond, K., Fell, J., & Morton, J. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10030298 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citation
Fuel for the Work Required: A Theoretical Framework for Carbohydrate Periodization and the Glycogen Threshold Hypothesis
Impey, S. G., Hearris, M. A., Hammond, K. M., Bartlett, J. D., Louis, J., Close, G. L., & Morton, J. P. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0867-7 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Energy Intake and Expenditure of Professional Soccer Players of the English Premier League: Evidence of Carbohydrate Periodization
Anderson, L. J., Orme, P., Naughton, R. J., Close, G. L., Milsom, J., Rydings, D., O’Boyle, A., Michele, R. D., Louis, J., Hambly, C., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0259 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Dietary Intakes of Professional and Semi-Professional Team Sport Athletes Do Not Meet Sport Nutrition Recommendations—A Systematic Literature Review
Jenner, S., Buckley, G., Belski, R., Devlin, B. L., & Forsyth, A. K. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11051160 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Toward a Common Understanding of Diet–Exercise Strategies to Manipulate Fuel Availability for Training and Competition Preparation in Endurance Sport
Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., Jeukendrup, A., Morton, J. P., Stellingwerff, T., & Maughan, R. J. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0289 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citation
Nutrition for Ultramarathon Running: Trail, Track, and Road
Costa, R. J. S., Knechtle, B., Tarnopolsky, M., & Hoffman, M. D. (2019) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0255 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Carbohydrate Availability and Physical Performance: Physiological Overview and Practical Recommendations
Mata, F., Valenzuela, P. L., Gimenez, J., Tur, C., Ferreria, D., Domínguez, R., Sanchez-Oliver, A. J., & Martínez Sanz, J. M. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11051084 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
New Horizons in Carbohydrate Research and Application for Endurance Athletes
Podlogar, T., & Wallis, G. A. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01757-1 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Intake of a Ketone Ester Drink during Recovery from Exercise Promotes mTORC1 Signaling but Not Glycogen Resynthesis in Human Muscle
Vandoorne, T., Smet, S. D., Ramaekers, M., Thienen, R. V., Bock, K. D., Clarke, K., & Hespel, P. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00310 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Non-targeted metabolomics in sport and exercise science
Heaney, L. M., Deighton, K., & Suzuki, T. (2017) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2017.1305122 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Considerations for ultra-endurance activities: part 1- nutrition
Costa, R. J. S., Hoffman, M. D., & Stellingwerff, T. (2019) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2018.1502188 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Considerations for ultra-endurance activities: part 2 – hydration
Hoffman, M. D., Stellingwerff, T., & Costa, R. J. S. (2018) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2018.1502189 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Exogenous Ketone Supplements in Athletic Contexts: Past, Present, and Future
Evans, M., McClure, T. S., Koutnik, A. P., & Egan, B. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01756-2 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Periodization of carbohydrate intake: short-term effect on performance
Marquet, L.-A., Hausswirth, C., Molle, O., Hawley, J., Burke, L., Tiollier, E., & Brisswalter, J. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8120755 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Post-exercise carbohydrate and energy availability induce independent effects on Skeletal muscle cell signalling and bone turnover: implications for training adaptation
Hammond, K. M., Sale, C., Fraser, W., Tang, J., Shepherd, S. O., Strauss, J. A., Close, G. L., Cocks, M., Louis, J., Pugh, J., et al. (2019) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp278209 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
What Should I Eat before Exercise? Pre-Exercise Nutrition and the Response to Endurance Exercise: Current Prospective and Future Directions
Rothschild, J. A., Kilding, A. E., & Plews, D. J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12113473 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
From Paper to Podium: Quantifying the Translational Potential of Performance Nutrition Research
Close, G. L., Kasper, A. M., & Morton, J. P. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-1005-2 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Preexercise breakfast ingestion versus extended overnight fasting increases postprandial glucose flux after exercise in healthy men
Edinburgh, R. M., Hengist, A., Smith, H., Travers, R. L., Koumanov, F., Betts, J. A., Thompson, D., Walhin, J., Wallis, G. A., Hamilton, D. L., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00163.2018 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Daily Distribution of Macronutrient Intakes of Professional Soccer Players From the English Premier League
Anderson, L. J., Naughton, R. J., Close, G. L., Michele, R. D., Morgans, R., Drust, B., & Morton, J. P. (2017) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0265 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Graded reductions in preexercise muscle glycogen impair exercise capacity but do not augment skeletal muscle cell signaling: implications for CHO periodization
Hearris, M. A., Hammond, K. M., Seaborne, R. A. E., Stocks, B., Shepherd, S. O., Philp, A., Sharples, A. P., Morton, J. P., & Louis, J. B. (2019) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00913.2018 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Collision activity during training increases total energy expenditure measured via doubly labelled water
Costello, N. B., Deighton, K., Preston, T., Matu, J., Rowe, J., Sawczuk, T., Halkier, M., Read, D. B., Weaving, D., & Jones, B. (2018) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-018-3846-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Protein intake and amino acid supplementation regulate exercise recovery and performance through the modulation of mTOR, AMPK, FGF21, and immunity
Torre-Villalvazo, I., Alemán, G., Valle‐Rios, R., & Noriega, L. G. (2019) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2019.06.006 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Dietary Fuels in Athletic Performance
Fritzen, A. M., Lundsgaard, A., & Kiens, B. (2019) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124337 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Energy and Macronutrient Considerations for Young Athletes
Hannon, M. P., Close, G. L., & Morton, J. P. (2020) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000570 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Carbohydrate improves exercise capacity but does not affect subcellular lipid droplet morphology, AMPK and p53 signalling in human skeletal muscle
Fell, J. M., Hearris, M. A., Ellis, D. G., Moran, J. E. P., Jevons, E. F. P., Owens, D. J., Strauss, J. A., Cocks, M. S., Louis, J. B., Shepherd, S. O., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp281127 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Fluid Balance, Sweat Na+ Losses, and Carbohydrate Intake of Elite Male Soccer Players in Response to Low and High Training Intensities in Cool and Hot Environments
Rollo, I., Randell, R. K., Baker, L. B., Yanguas, J., Leal, D. M., Lizarraga, A., Mesalles, J., Jeukendrup, A. E., James, L. J., & Carter, J. M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020401 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Postexercise cold water immersion modulates skeletal muscle PGC-1α mRNA expression in immersed and nonimmersed limbs: evidence of systemic regulation
Allan, R., Sharples, A. P., Close, G. L., Drust, B., Shepherd, S. O., Dutton, J. J., Morton, J. P., & Gregson, W. A. (2017) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00096.2017 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Low-Carbohydrate Training Increases Protein Requirements of Endurance Athletes
Gillen, J. B., West, D. W. D., Williamson, E., Fung, H. J. W., & Moore, D. R. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002036 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Carbohydrate Consumption and Periodization Strategies Applied to Elite Soccer Players
Fernandes, H. S. (2020) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-020-00338-w · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Performance effects of periodized carbohydrate restriction in endurance trained athletes – a systematic review and meta-analysis
Gejl, K. D., & Nybo, L. (2021) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-021-00435-3 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Evolution of the use of sports supplements
Alonso, M. R., & Fernández‐Garcia, B. (2020) · PharmaNutrition · doi:10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100239 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Factors Influencing AMPK Activation During Cycling Exercise: A Pooled Analysis and Meta-Regression
Rothschild, J. A., Islam, H., Bishop, D. J., Kilding, A. E., Stewart, T. I., & Plews, D. J. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01610-x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Postexercise High-Fat Feeding Suppresses p70S6K1 Activity in Human Skeletal Muscle
HAMMOND, K. M., IMPEY, S. G., CURRELL, K., MITCHELL, N., SHEPHERD, S. O., JEROMSON, S., HAWLEY, J. A., CLOSE, G. L., HAMILTON, L. D., SHARPLES, A. P., et al. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001009 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Fibre: The Forgotten Carbohydrate in Sports Nutrition Recommendations
Mancin, L., Burke, L. M., & Rollo, I. (2025) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02167-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Serum Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolites Increase in Males When Aerobic Exercise Is Initiated with Low Muscle Glycogen
Margolis, L. M., Karl, J. P., Wilson, M. A., Coleman, J. L., Whitney, C. C., & Pasiakos, S. M. (2021) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo11120828 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Physical loading in professional soccer players: Implications for contemporary guidelines to encompass carbohydrate periodization
Anderson, L. J., Drust, B., Close, G. L., & Morton, J. P. (2022) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2022.2044135 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Nutritional Considerations for Female Athletes in Weight Category Sports
Langan‐Evans, C., Reale, R., Sullivan, J., & Martin, D. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1936655 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The impact of sleeping with reduced glycogen stores on immunity and sleep in triathletes
Louis, J., Marquet, L.-A., Tiollier, E., Bermon, S., Hausswirth, C., & Brisswalter, J. (2016) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3446-3 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Twice-a-day training improves mitochondrial efficiency, but not mitochondrial biogenesis, compared with once-daily training
Ghiarone, T., Andrade‐Souza, V. A., LEARSI, S. K., Tomazini, F., Ataide‐Silva, T., Sansonio, A., Fernandes, M. P., Saraiva, K., de Figueiredo, R. C. B. Q., Tourneur, Y., et al. (2019) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00060.2019 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Glycogen Utilization during Running: Intensity, Sex, and Muscle-Specific Responses
Impey, S. G., Jevons, E. F. P., MEES, G., Cocks, M. S., Strauss, J. A., Chester, N. J., Laurie, I., TARGET, D., Hodgson, A. B., Shepherd, S. O., et al. (2020) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002332 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Dietary intakes of professional Australian football league women’s (AFLW) athletes during a preseason training week
Jenner, S., Devlin, B. L., Forsyth, A. K., & Belski, R. (2019) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2019.06.014 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Effects of an Acute “Train-Low” Nutritional Protocol on Markers of Recovery Optimization in Endurance-Trained Male Athletes
Russo, I., Gatta, P. A. D., GARNHAM, A. P., Porter, J. A., Burke, L. M., & Costa, R. J. S. (2021) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2020-0847 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Divergent serum metabolomic, skeletal muscle signaling, transcriptomic, and performance adaptations to fasted versus whey protein-fed sprint interval training
Aird, T. P., Farquharson, A. J., Bermingham, K. M., O’Sullivan, A. M., Drew, J. E., & Carson, B. P. (2021) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00265.2021 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Achieving energy balance with a high‐fat meal does not enhance skeletal muscle adaptation and impairs glycaemic response in a sleep‐low training model
Areta, J. L., Iraki, J., Owens, D. J., Joanisse, S., Philp, A., Morton, J. P., & Hallén, J. (2020) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep088795 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Repeated muscle glycogen supercompensation with four days’ recovery between exhaustive exercise
Doering, T. M., Cox, G. R., Areta, J. L., & Coffey, V. G. (2019) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2019.03.009 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ultrasound Does Not Detect Acute Changes in Glycogen in Vastus Lateralis of Man
Routledge, H. E., Bradley, W. J., Shepherd, S. O., Cocks, M. S., Erskine, R. M., Close, G. L., & Morton, J. P. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002052 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Graded reductions in pre‐exercise glycogen concentration do not augment exercise‐induced nuclear AMPK and PGC‐1α protein content in human muscle
Hearris, M. A., Owens, D. J., Strauss, J. A., Shepherd, S. O., Sharples, A. P., Morton, J. P., & Louis, J. B. (2020) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep088866 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Human skeletal muscle methylome after low-carbohydrate energy-balanced exercise
Gorski, P. P., Turner, D. C., Iraki, J., Morton, J. P., Sharples, A. P., & Areta, J. L. (2023) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00029.2023 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Fatigue Resistance Is Altered during the High-Hormone Phase of Eumenorrheic Females but Not Oral Contraceptive Users
Lee, S. J. L., Sim, M., van Rens, F. E. C. A., & Peiffer, J. J. (2023) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003289 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The guardian of the genome p53 regulates exercise‐induced mitochondrial plasticity beyond organelle biogenesis
Smiles, W. J., & CAMERA, D. M. (2017) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.13004 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
UCI Sports Nutrition Project: Nutritional Periodization: Strategies to Enhance Training Adaptation and Recovery
Morton, J. P., Hearris, M. A., Fell, M. J., Owens, D. J., Halson, S. L., & Trommelen, J. (2025) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0073 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Training Load and Carbohydrate Periodization Practices of Elite Male Australian Football Players: Evidence of Fueling for the Work Required
Routledge, H. E., Graham, S. R., Michele, R. D., Burgess, D. J., Erskine, R. M., Close, G. L., & Morton, J. P. (2020) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0311 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Nutrition and Physical Activity in British Army Officer Cadet Training Part 2—Daily Distribution of Energy and Macronutrient Intake
Edwards, V. C., Myers, S., Wardle, S. L., Siddall, A. G., Powell, S. D., Needham‐Beck, S. C., Jackson, S., Greeves, J. P., & Blacker, S. D. (2022) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0191 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Changes in metabolism but not myocellular signaling by training with CHO-restriction in endurance athletes
Gejl, K. D., Vissing, K., Hansen, M., Thams, L., Rokkedal-Lausch, T., Plomgaard, P., Lundby, A.-K. M., Nybo, L., Jensen, K., Holmberg, H., et al. (2018) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.13847 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Validity of Ultrasound Technology in Providing an Indirect Estimate of Muscle Glycogen Concentrations Is Equivocal
Bone, J. L., ROSS, M. L. R., TOMCIK, K. A., JEACOCKE, N. A., McKay, A. K. A., & Burke, L. M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13072371 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
An online exploratory survey of Australian athletes’ and exercisers’ use of and attitudes towards ultra-processed sports foods
Forsyth, A. K., & Mantzioris, E. (2023) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114523000648 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
High rates of fat oxidation are maintained after the sleep low approach despite delayed carbohydrate feeding during exercise
Podlogar, T., Free, B. G., & Wallis, G. A. (2020) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2020.1730447 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Eat like an athlete: insights of sports nutrition science to support active aging in healthy older adults
Oikawa, S. Y., Brisbois, T. D., van Loon, L. J. C., & Rollo, I. (2021) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-021-00419-w · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Whey Protein Augments Leucinemia and Postexercise p70S6K1 Activity Compared With a Hydrolyzed Collagen Blend When in Recovery From Training With Low Carbohydrate Availability
Impey, S. G., Hammond, K. M., Naughton, R. J., Langan‐Evans, C., Shepherd, S. O., Sharples, A. P., Cegielski, J., Smith, K., Jeromson, S., Hamilton, D. L., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0054 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Select Skeletal Muscle mRNAs Related to Exercise Adaptation Are Minimally Affected by Different Pre-exercise Meals that Differ in Macronutrient Profile
Knuiman, P., Hopman, M. T. E., Wouters, J. A., & Mensink, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00028 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Features of the diet of athletes playing sports
Lobanov, V. G., Kasyanov, G. I., & Mazurenko, E. A. (2019) · Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies · doi:10.20914/2310-1202-2019-1-160-167 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A pilot sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART) protocol for developing an adaptive coaching intervention around a mobile application for athletes to improve carbohydrate periodization behavior
Yan, X., Dunne, D. M., Impey, S. G., Cunniffe, B., Lefevre, C. E., Mazorra, R., Morton, J. P., Tod, D., Close, G. L., Murphy, R., et al. (2022) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2022.100899 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Perceptual and Physiological Responses to Carbohydrate and Menthol Mouth-Swilling Solutions: A Repeated Measures Cross-Over Preliminary Trial
Best, R., Maulder, P. S., & BERGER, N. J. A. (2021) · Beverages · doi:10.3390/beverages7010009 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Three weeks of a home-based “sleep low-train low” intervention improves functional threshold power in trained cyclists: A feasibility study
Bennett, S. E., Tiollier, E., Brocherie, F., Owens, D. J., Morton, J. P., & Louis, J. B. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260959 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Dietary Manipulations Concurrent to Endurance Training
Rothschild, J. A., & Earnest, C. P. (2018) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk3030041 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Low pre‐exercise muscle glycogen availability offsets the effect of post‐exercise cold water immersion in augmenting PGC‐1α gene expression
Allan, R., Sharples, A. P., Cocks, M. S., Drust, B., Dutton, J. J., Dugdale, H. F., Mawhinney, C., Clucas, A., Hawkins, W. C., Morton, J. P., et al. (2019) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14082 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Initiating aerobic exercise with low glycogen content reduces markers of myogenesis but not mTORC1 signaling
Margolis, L. M., Wilson, M. A., Whitney, C. C., Carrigan, C. T., Murphy, N. E., Hatch‐McChesney, A., & Pasiakos, S. M. (2021) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-021-00455-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Training with reduced carbohydrate availability affects markers of bone resorption and formation in male academy soccer players from the English Premier League
Stables, R. G., Anderson, L. J., Sale, C., Hannon, M. P., Dunn, R. K., TANG, J. C. Y., Fraser, W. D., Costello, N. B., Close, G. L., & Morton, J. P. (2024) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-024-05574-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The effect of acute manipulation of carbohydrate availability on high intensity running performance, running economy, critical speed, and substrate metabolism in trained Male runners
Ramonas, A., Laursen, P. B., Williden, M., & Kilding, A. E. (2022) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2022.2130097 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Carbohydrate intake before and during high intensity exercise with reduced muscle glycogen availability affects the speed of muscle reoxygenation and performance
Ramonas, A., Laursen, P. B., Williden, M., Chang, W., & Kilding, A. E. (2023) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-023-05162-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Fuelling gold medals: developing a ‘periodised nutrition system’ for elite athletes and applying it in practice
Turner, O., Chessor, R. J., & Mitchell, N. (2025) · Performance Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s44410-025-00001-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
New Zealand blackcurrant extract augments muscle glycogen storage at rest and enhances intramuscular triglyceride degradation during prolonged exercise
Jones, L. A., Leung, L., Barrett, J. S., Fortis, H. O., Strauss, J. A., & Shepherd, S. O. (2025) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-025-05995-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Reposición del Glucógeno Muscular en la Recuperación del Deportista
Ordóñez, F. M., Grimaldi-Puyana, M., & Sánchez-Oliver, A. J. (2019) · SPORT TK-Revista EuroAmericana de Ciencias del Deporte · doi:10.6018/sportk.362071 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Perception of Carbohydrate Availability Augments High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise Capacity Under Sleep-Low, Train-Low Conditions
Waterworth, S., Spencer, C. C., Porter, A. L., & Morton, J. P. (2020) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0275 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Energy intake, hydration status, and sleep of world-class male archers during competition
Esen, Ö., Walshe, I. H., & Goodall, S. (2024) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2024.2345358 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sucrose-Sweetened Drinks Reduce the Physical Performance and Increase the Cardiovascular Risk in Physically Active Males
Baleeiro, R. D. S., Guimarães, A. P., de Souza, P. M., Andrade, R. D. S., de Queiroz, K. B., Coelho, D. B., de Oliveira, E. C., & Becker, L. K. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2021/6683657 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Exercise and Muscle Glycogen Metabolism
Ørtenblad, N., Nielsen, J., Morton, J. P., & Areta, J. L. (2022) · Physiology in health and disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9_5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Nutritional Strategies for Endurance Cyclists — Periodized Nutrition, Ketogenic Diets, and Other Considerations
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Insulin, glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate responses to a medium-chain triglyceride-based sports supplement: A pilot study
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Authors: Impey, S. G., Hammond, K. M., Shepherd, S. O., Sharples, A. P., Stewart, C., Limb, M., Smith, K., Philp, A., Jeromson, S., Hamilton, D. L., Close, G. L., & Morton, J. P.
Affiliations: Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
University of Nottingham (GB)
University of Birmingham (GB)
University of Stirling (GB)
Corresponding author: Morton, James P.
ORCID: Shepherd, Sam O.
Sharples, Adam P.
Stewart, Claire
Smith, Kenneth
Philp, Andrew
Jeromson, Stewart
Hamilton, D. Lee
Close, Graeme L.
Morton, James P.
Venue: Physiological Reports
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2016-05
Volume: 4
Issue: 10
Pages: e12803
ISSN: 2051-817X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12803
PMC: PMC4886170
OpenAlex: W2403601928
Cited by: 109
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 4
FWCI: 10.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 23 d)
Locations: Physiological Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Keele Research Repository (Keele University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Liverpool John Moores University (submittedVersion)
Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Science in Sport (plc)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Keywords: carbohydrate restriction, endurance exercise, muscle glycogen, mitochondrial biogenesis, muscle protein synthesis, p70S6K, AMPK, PGC-1α, muscle atrophy, muscle hypertrophy, exercise capacity, glycogen resynthesis, protein supplementation, endurance athletes, signal transduction, gene expression
MeSH terms: Adult, Bicycling, Dietary Carbohydrates, Glycogen, Humans, Male, Physical Endurance, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Cross-Over Studies, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted, Young Adult, Athletes

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