The cardiovascular system after exercise
Open accessAbstract
Recovery from exercise refers to the time period between the end of a bout of exercise and the subsequent return to a resting or recovered state. It also refers to specific physiological processes or states occurring after exercise that are distinct from the physiology of either the exercising or the resting states. In this context, recovery of the cardiovascular system after exercise occurs across a period of minutes to hours, during which many characteristics of the system, even how it is controlled, change over time. Some of these changes may be necessary for long-term adaptation to exercise training, yet some can lead to cardiovascular instability during recovery. Furthermore, some of these changes may provide insight into when the cardiovascular system has recovered from prior training and is physiologically ready for additional training stress. This review focuses on the most consistently observed hemodynamic adjustments and the underlying causes that drive cardiovascular recovery and will highlight how they differ following resistance and aerobic exercise. Primary emphasis will be placed on the hypotensive effect of aerobic and resistance exercise and associated mechanisms that have clinical relevance, but if left unchecked, can progress to symptomatic hypotension and syncope. Finally, we focus on the practical application of this information to strategies to maximize the benefits of cardiovascular recovery, or minimize the vulnerabilities of this state. We will explore appropriate field measures, and discuss to what extent these can guide an athlete’s training.
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Strenuous aerobic exercise places the cardiovascular system in a distinct recovery state characterised by postexercise hypotension and sustained vasodilation, mediated by central autonomic adjustments and local vascular mechanisms, along with reduced cardiac preload, fluid shifts, and thermoregulatory demands.
“Strenuous aerobic exercise places the cardiovascular system in a distinct recovery state, characterised by postexercise hypotension and sustained vasodilation, mediated by central autonomic adjustments and local vascular mechanisms, along with reduced cardiac preload, fluid shifts, and thermoregulatory demands (Romero et al. 2017).”
From Effects of caffeine and acute exercise on the validity of a submaximal cycle ergometer test: a randomised, placebo-controlled crossover study (2026) · cites this paper as Romero et al. 2017
Factors such as elevated core temperature, circulating catecholamines, and incomplete cardiovascular recovery prolong autonomic activation, delaying the return of HR to baseline.
“Factors such as elevated core temperature, circulating catecholamines, and incomplete cardiovascular recovery prolong autonomic activation, delaying the return of HR to baseline (Romero et al. 2017).”
From Effects of caffeine and acute exercise on the validity of a submaximal cycle ergometer test: a randomised, placebo-controlled crossover study (2026) · cites this paper as Romero et al. 2017
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“Sustained post-exercise vasodilation in the first hours following exercise, found primarily in the previously exercised musculature, is proposed to be mediated by combined central neural mechanisms (altered arterial baroreflex settings reducing sympathetic activity despite a lower arterial pressure) and local vasodila…”
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Physical activity and exercise recommendations for people receiving dialysis: A scoping review
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Influence of Slow-Paced Breathing on Inhibition After Physical Exertion
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Neural basis of attentional focus during endurance exercise
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Plasma Proteomic Kinetics in Response to Acute Exercise
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Hemodynamics of postexercise versus post-hot water immersion recovery
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Neural control of blood pressure is altered following isolated leg heating in aged humans
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Exercise to Reduce Anthracycline-Mediated Cardiovascular Complications in Breast Cancer Survivors
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Impact of environmental stressors on tolerance to hemorrhage in humans
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Exercise protects the heart against myocardial infarction through upregulation of miR-1192
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Does work engagement physiologically deplete? Results from a daily diary study
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How chest press-based exercises can alleviate the burden of cardiovascular diseases
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Time-course recovery of cerebral blood velocity metrics post aerobic exercise: a systematic review
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Vascular Function Is Differentially Altered by Distance after Prolonged Running
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Exploring the Use of Meditation as a Valuable Tool to Counteract Sedentariness
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Central and peripheral mechanisms underlying postexercise hypotension: a scoping review
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Salt Loading Blunts Central and Peripheral Postexercise Hypotension
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Cardiac Autonomic and Physiological Responses to Moderate- intensity Exercise in Hypoxia
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Consistency of hemodynamic and autonomic mechanisms underlying post-exercise hypotension
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Accelerometer‐based heart rate adjustment for ambulatory stress research
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Exercise and Blood Pressure Control in Hypertension
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Urinary Metabolomics in Young Soccer Players after Winter Training Season
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BIOMECHANICS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION OF TEENAGERS IN DIFFERENT MEDICAL GROUPS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
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Athlete’s Heart and Left Heart Disease
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Replace, restore, revive: the keys to recovery after exercise
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On the Relation Between Leg Motion Rate and Speech Tempo During Submaximal Cycling Exercise
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Active recovery is better than passive recovery to optimizing post-exercise body recovery
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Circadian mechanisms underlying post-exercise blood pressure responses in healthy adults
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- Authors
- Romero, S. A., Minson, C. T., & Halliwill, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Texas Health Dallas (US)
- University of Oregon (US)
- Corresponding author
- Halliwill, John R.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2017-04-01
- Volume
- 122
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 925-932
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- PMC
- PMC5407206
- OpenAlex
- W2584182382
- Cited by
- 194
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 3.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHBLI) (HL115027)
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) (GM117693)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cardiovascular Syncope and Autonomic Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Keywords
- post-exercise recovery, cardiovascular recovery, exercise-induced hypotension, syncope, resistance training, aerobic exercise, training effects, cardiovascular instability, sports training
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular System, Hemodynamics, Humans, Hypotension, Exercise, Resistance Training
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