The Importance of Fatty Acids as Nutrients during Post-Exercise Recovery
Open accessAbstract
It is well recognized that whole-body fatty acid (FA) oxidation remains increased for several hours following aerobic endurance exercise, even despite carbohydrate intake. However, the mechanisms involved herein have hitherto not been subject to a thorough evaluation. In immediate and early recovery (0–4 h), plasma FA availability is high, which seems mainly to be a result of hormonal factors and increased adipose tissue blood flow. The increased circulating availability of adipose-derived FA, coupled with FA from lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-derived very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triacylglycerol (TG) hydrolysis in skeletal muscle capillaries and hydrolysis of TG within the muscle together act as substrates for the increased mitochondrial FA oxidation post-exercise. Within the skeletal muscle cells, increased reliance on FA oxidation likely results from enhanced FA uptake into the mitochondria through the carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) 1 reaction, and concomitant AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) inhibition of glucose oxidation. Together this allows glucose taken up by the skeletal muscles to be directed towards the resynthesis of glycogen. Besides being oxidized, FAs also seem to be crucial signaling molecules for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling post-exercise, and thus for induction of the exercise-induced FA oxidative gene adaptation program in skeletal muscle following exercise. Collectively, a high FA turnover in recovery seems essential to regain whole-body substrate homeostasis.
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Continued fatty acid oxidation takes place during the post-exercise early recovery period (4 h) and continues at a lesser degree (still above baseline) for as long as 24 h.
“continued FAO takes place during the post-exercise early recovery period (i.e., 4 h) and continues at a lesser degree (still above baseline) for as long as 24 h [32]”
From The Role of Exercise in the Interplay between Myokines, Hepatokines, Osteokines, Adipokines, and Modulation of Inflammation for Energy Substrate Redistribution and Fat Mass Loss: A Review (2020) · cites this paper as [32]
The Introduction reports increased fatty acid oxidation for several hours after aerobic exercise, and Section 2.2 reports increased nocturnal oxidation and lower respiratory exchange ratios the following day. The paper does not establish that oxidation remains elevated at 24 hours or quantify it as less elevated than during the first four hours; its 21–24-hour figure concerns fatty acid appearance in plasma, not oxidation. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFollowing bouts of aerobic exercise, circulating FFAs and SkM FAO remain significantly elevated depending on exercise intensity and duration.
“Following bouts of aerobic exercise, circulating FFAs and the SkM FAO remain significantly elevated depending on exercise intensity and duration [32].”
From The Role of Exercise in the Interplay between Myokines, Hepatokines, Osteokines, Adipokines, and Modulation of Inflammation for Energy Substrate Redistribution and Fat Mass Loss: A Review (2020) · cites this paper as [32]
Section 2 (page unavailable) reports that circulating fatty acids remain elevated after aerobic exercise and that the immediate increase is related to exercise intensity. Section 4.1 (page unavailable) reports leg fatty acid oxidation above resting levels during recovery. The paper does not establish that the persistence of both elevations depends on exercise intensity and duration; its Introduction links those factors to post-exercise oxygen consumption instead. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFFAs become the main substrate in the post-exercise recovery period.
“but FFAs become the main substrate in the post-exercise recovery period [32]”
From The Role of Exercise in the Interplay between Myokines, Hepatokines, Osteokines, Adipokines, and Modulation of Inflammation for Energy Substrate Redistribution and Fat Mass Loss: A Review (2020) · cites this paper as [32]
The Introduction and Section 5 describe an increased contribution from fatty-acid oxidation after aerobic exercise and a preference for it over glucose oxidation in recovering skeletal muscle. They do not establish that free fatty acids become the main substrate throughout post-exercise recovery; the Introduction also describes fatty acids supplied from both circulating free fatty acids and triglyceride hydrolysis. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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“Even at 42 h to 66 h following prolonged high-intensity exercise, fasting plasma TG levels of trained and untrained individuals were reduced by 27%–39% compared with resting conditions [39,40].”
BackgroundEffect of exercise on recovery changes in plasma levels of FFA, glycerol, glucose and catecholamines
Bahr, R., Høstmark, A. T., Newsholme, E. A., Grønnerød, O., & Sejersted, O. M. (1991) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1991.tb09205.x · Cited by 87 · cited 4× · see citing works
“The immediate peak in plasma FA concentration in the hour after termination of exercise is transient, but beyond this, several studies have shown that circulating FA levels remain elevated at ~600–1000 μmol/L for 2–6 h into recovery when compared with resting pre-exercise levels [6,12,13,15,16].”
BackgroundInfluentialRegional Fat Metabolism in Human Splanchnic and Adipose Tissues; The Effect of Exercise
van Hall, G., Bülow, J., Sacchetti, M., Mulla, N. A. L., Lyngsø, D., & Simonsen, L. (2002) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.022392 · Cited by 83 · cited 12× · see citing works
“However, there seems to be a gender-specific regulation, since plasma GH was not found to be significantly increased by 1 h of exercise at 65% VO2peak or 30–180 min into recovery from this exercise bout in female in contrast to male subjects [16].”
BackgroundInfluentialRole of the sympathoadrenergic system in adipose tissue metabolism during exercise in humans
Stallknecht, B. M., Lorentsen, J., Enevoldsen, L. H., Bülow, J., Biering‐Sørensen, F., Galbo, H., & Kjær, M. (2001) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00283.x · Cited by 83 · cited 11× · see citing works
“However, there seems to be a gender-specific regulation, since plasma GH was not found to be significantly increased by 1 h of exercise at 65% VO2peak or 30–180 min into recovery from this exercise bout in female in contrast to male subjects [16].”
BackgroundInfluentialContraction-induced skeletal muscle FAT/CD36 trafficking and FA uptake is AMPK independent
Jeppesen, J. F., Albers, P. H., Rose, A. J., Birk, J. B., Schjerling, P., Dzamko, N. L., Steinberg, G. R., & Kiens, B. (2011) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m007138 · Cited by 79 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This is shown by subfractionation of mouse muscle during treadmill running [55], and in giant sarcolemmal vesicles (GSV) obtained from human muscle, in which a 75% increase in CD36 protein content after prolonged submaximal exercise was observed [56].”
BackgroundSelf-citationExercise-induced molecular mechanisms promoting glycogen supercompensation in human skeletal muscle
Hingst, J. R., Bruhn, L., Hansen, M. B., Rosschou, M. F., Birk, J. B., Fentz, J., Foretz, M., Viollet, B., Sakamoto, K., Færgeman, N. J., et al. (2018) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2018.07.001 · Cited by 79 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Even more directly, it was recently shown in a muscle-specific, inducible AMPK catalytic isoform KO mouse model (AMPKα1/α2 imdKO) that muscle glycogen synthesis was markedly reduced when glucose was administered orally following exercise [82].”
BackgroundSelf-citationRasmussen, B. B., Hancock, C. R., & Winder, W. W. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.5.1629 · Cited by 78 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In rat skeletal muscle, ACC activity and malonyl-CoA content remained suppressed, and FA oxidation enhanced 90 min after 30 min treadmill exercise, indicating that the ACC-malonyl-CoA-CPT1 axis post-exercise adds to the increased FA entrance into mitochondria and thus FA oxidation [68].”
BackgroundBanner, C. D., Göttlicher, M., Widmark, E., Sjövall, J., Jj, R., & Gustafsson, J. (1993) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)36951-0 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Holloway, G. P., Lally, J., Nickerson, J. G., Alkhateeb, H. H., Snook, L. A., Heigenhauser, G. J. F., Calles-Escandón, J., Glatz, J. F. C., Luiken, J. J. F. P., Spriet, L. L., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.135301 · Cited by 74 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Manipulation of their protein content in rodent skeletal muscle modified FA uptake under resting conditions [58,59].”
BackgroundEffect of prior exercise on glucose metabolism in trained men
Rose, A. J., Howlett, K., King, D. S., & Hargreaves, M. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.4.e766 · Cited by 69 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The oxidation of FA to cover energy expenditure in skeletal muscle during recovery from exercise is likely a metabolic priority of skeletal muscle to synthesize muscle glycogen stores from the available glucose [7,77,78].”
BackgroundIntramuscular triglyceride synthesis: importance in muscle lipid partitioning in humans
Bergman, B. C., Perreault, L., Strauss, A., Bacon, S. D., Kerege, A. A., Harrison, K. A., Brozinick, J. T., Hunerdosse, D. M., Playdon, M. C., Holmes, W., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00142.2017 · Cited by 68 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Besides EPOC, the relative contribution from fatty acid (FA) oxidation for whole-body energy turnover is increased, demonstrated by a decreased respiratory exchange ratio (RER), for several hours following aerobic exercise in both untrained and endurance-trained individuals [2–9], and notably also in obese and type 2…”
BackgroundInfluentialShort-term effects of exercise on plasma very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and fatty acids
rsheim, E. B., Knardahl, S., & Høstmark, A. T. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199904000-00005 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Lipoprotein Lipase Activity after Acute Exercise
Perreault, L., Lavely, J. M., Kittelson, J. M., & Horton, T. J. (2004) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2004.31 · Cited by 64 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A delayed increase in the activity of LPL in skeletal muscle has been found 3–6 h after prolonged exercise in trained men during fasted recovery, independent of insulin-stimulation [42,43] or intake of carbohydrate-rich meals [7].”
BackgroundTBC1D4 Is Necessary for Enhancing Muscle Insulin Sensitivity in Response to AICAR and Contraction
Kjøbsted, R., Chadt, A., Eskesen, N. O., Kido, K., Larsen, J. K., de Wendt, C., Al‐Hasani, H., & Wojtaszewski, J. F. P. (2019) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db18-0769 · Cited by 62 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, AMPK was recently shown to be important for muscle basal glucose uptake [83] and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake [84] in mice following muscle contractions and in vivo exercise via regulation of TBC1D1 [83] and TBC1D4 [85], respectively.”
BackgroundEffects of exercise on VLDL-triglyceride oxidation and turnover
Sondergaard, E., Rahbek, I., Sørensen, L. P., Christiansen, J. S., Gormsen, L. C., Jensen, M. D., & Nielsen, S. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00031.2011 · Cited by 61 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Lower fasting plasma TG levels have been reported in both early (2 h) [37] and late (12 h) [38] recovery from exercise lasting 1.”
BackgroundDose Dependency of the Pharmacokinetics and Acute Lipolytic Actions of Growth Hormone
Hansen, T. K., Gravholt, C. H., Ørskov, H., Rasmussen, M. H., Christiansen, J. S., & Jørgensen, J. O. L. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020563 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Postmarathon paradox: insulin resistance in the face of glycogen depletion
Tuominen, J. A., Ebeling, P. R., Bourey, R. E., Koranyi, L. I., Lamminen, A., Rapola, J., Sane, T., Vuorinen-Markkola, H., & Koivisto, V. A. (1996) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1996.270.2.e336 · Cited by 60 · cited 4× · see citing works
“The mechanisms explaining the increased plasma FA and glycerol concentrations observed in the late recovery phase [4,7,11,17] are not well established.”
BackgroundInfluentialOpposite Regulation of Insulin Sensitivity by Dietary Lipid Versus Carbohydrate Excess
Lundsgaard, A., Sjøberg, K. A., Høeg, L. D., Jeppesen, J. F., Jordy, A. B., Serup, A. K., Fritzen, A. M., Pilegaard, H., Myrmel, L. S., Madsen, L., et al. (2017) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db17-0046 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationHénique, C., Mansouri, A., Vavrova, E., Lenoir, V., Ferry, A., Esnous, C., Ramond, E. J., Girard, J. R., Bouillaud, F., Prip‐Buus, C., et al. (2015) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.14-257717 · Cited by 56 · cited 9× · see citing works
“Together, these findings point to that activation of AMPK during exercise is important for PDK4 induction and the inactivation of PDH leading to suppression of glucose relative to FA oxidation in skeletal muscle in recovery.”
BackgroundInfluentialHouten, S. M., Chegary, M., Brinke, H. T., Wijnen, W. J., Glatz, J. F. C., Luiken, J. J. F. P., Wijburg, F. A., & Wanders, R. J. A. (2009) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-009-9066-x · Cited by 52 · cited 1× · see citing works
“AMPK regulation of PDK4 in skeletal muscle is supported by increased transcription of PDK4 after treatment with the AMPK activator, the AMP-analogue 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), in primary rat cardiomyocytes [76].”
BackgroundBradley, N. S., Snook, L. A., Jain, S. S., Heigenhauser, G. J. F., Bonen, A., & Spriet, L. L. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00254.2011 · Cited by 51 · cited 3× · see citing works
“membrane fatty acid binding protein (FABPpm) and FA transport protein (FATP) 1 and FATP4 [56,57].”
BackgroundInsulin‐induced membrane permeability to glucose in human muscles at rest and following exercise
McConell, G. K., Sjøberg, K. A., Ceutz, F. R., Gliemann, L., Nyberg, M., Hellsten, Y., Frøsig, C., Kiens, B., Wojtaszewski, J. F. P., & Richter, E. A. (2019) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp278600 · Cited by 50 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Basal muscle blood flow is slightly increased in the first hours of recovery while returning to resting levels at 4 h post-exercise [51,52].”
BackgroundSelf-citationFritzen, A. M., Lundsgaard, A., Jeppesen, J. F., Christiansen, M. L. B., Biensø, R. S., Dyck, J. R. B., Pilegaard, H., & Kiens, B. (2015) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp270821 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationGH secretion in acute exercise may result in post-exercise lipolysis
Wee, J. S., Charlton, C., Simpson, H., Jackson, N. C., Shojaee‐Moradie, F., Stolinski, M., Pentecost, C., & Umpleby, A. M. (2005) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2005.08.003 · Cited by 44 · cited 15× · see citing works
“However, there seems to be a gender-specific regulation, since plasma GH was not found to be significantly increased by 1 h of exercise at 65% VO2peak or 30–180 min into recovery from this exercise bout in female in contrast to male subjects [16].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSmith, B. K., Perry, C. G. R., Koves, T. R., Wright, D. C., Smith, J. C., Neufer, P. D., Muoio, D. M., & Holloway, G. P. (2012) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20121110 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation during and after eccentric cycling
Peñailillo, L., Blazevich, A. J., & Nosaka, K. (2014) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-013-2816-3 · Cited by 41 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Of note, post-exercise FA oxidation is enhanced following unaccustomed eccentric exercise [70,71].”
BackgroundMetabolic adaptations in post‐exercise recovery
Krzentowski, G., Pirnay, F., Luyckx, A., Pallikarakis, N. E., Lacroix, M., Mosora, F., & Lefèbvre, P. J. (1982) · Clinical Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1475-097x.1982.tb00032.x · Cited by 36 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The scatter plots are based on data in references [3,6,12,13,18].”
BackgroundExercise and Dietary-Mediated Reductions in Postprandial Lipemia
Plaisance, E. P., & Fisher, G. (2014) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2014/902065 · Cited by 33 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Such reductions in postprandial lipemia in the hours after an aerobic exercise bout have consistently been observed and found to be dependent on the volume and intensity of the prior exercise bout [50].”
BackgroundMagkos, F., Mohammed, B. S., Patterson, B. W., & Mittendorfer, B. (2009) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.03.023 · Cited by 32 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The mechanisms explaining the increased plasma FA and glycerol concentrations observed in the late recovery phase [4,7,11,17] are not well established.”
BackgroundMethodIncreased VLDL-TAG Turnover during and after Acute Moderate-Intensity Exercise
Morio, B., Holmbäck, U. C., Gore, D. C., & Wolfe, R. R. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000126498.04454.c0 · Cited by 30 · cited 11× · see citing works
“However, there seems to be a gender-specific regulation, since plasma GH was not found to be significantly increased by 1 h of exercise at 65% VO2peak or 30–180 min into recovery from this exercise bout in female in contrast to male subjects [16].”
BackgroundInfluentialEnevoldsen, L. H., Polak, J., Simonsen, L., Hammer, T., Macdonald, I. A., Crampes, F., de Glisezinski, I., Štich, V., & Bülow, J. (2007) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/j.1475-097x.2007.00754.x · Cited by 30 · cited 3× · see citing works
“when GH secretion was abolished by administration of the somatostatin analog octreotide, from 1 h before, during 1 h of exercise at 50% of VO2peak, and 4 h post-exercise, plasma FA concentration, and glycerol Ra rates were blunted during the 4 h post-exercise period [22].”
BackgroundTurnover of free fatty acids during recovery from exercise
Hagenfeldt, L., & Wahren, J. (1975) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1975.39.2.247 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Impaired substrate oxidation in healthy elderly men after eccentric exercise
Krishnan, R. K., Evans, W. J., & Kirwan, J. P. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00746.2002 · Cited by 24 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Of note, post-exercise FA oxidation is enhanced following unaccustomed eccentric exercise [70,71].”
BackgroundBergouignan, A., Kealey, E. H., Schmidt, S. L., Jackman, M. R., & Bessesen, D. H. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094181 · Cited by 23 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, afternoon exercise led to increased nocturnal FA oxidation despite the intake of evening meals [36].”
BackgroundFrøsig, C., Roepstorff, C., Brandt, N., Maarbjerg, S. J., Birk, J. B., Wojtaszewski, J. F. P., Richter, E. A., & Kiens, B. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90556.2008 · Cited by 21 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In humans, we have shown a ~30% reduction in malonyl-CoA content relative to resting levels in skeletal muscle at 4 h fasted recovery from 1 h one-legged knee extensor exercise at 80% of peak workload, concomitantly with a sustained increase in inhibitory ACC phosphorylation [69].”
BackgroundSelf-citationJevons, E. F. P., Gejl, K. D., Strauss, J. A., Ørtenblad, N., & Shepherd, S. O. (2020) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00399.2019 · Cited by 19 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Importantly, the extent to which IMTG is utilized during exercise and recovery seems to depend on the muscle fiber type, since reductions in IMTG content were only obtained in type I and not in type IIa muscle fibers during [62] and 4 h [63] into recovery from a 2–4 h bicycle exercise bout at 56%–75% of VO2peak.”
BackgroundBeta-blockade and lipolysis during endurance exercise
Wijnen, J. A. G., van Baak, M. A., de Haan, C., Struijker-Boudier, H. A. J., Tan, F. E. S., & Bortel, L. M. V. (1993) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00315488 · Cited by 15 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Accordingly, when well-trained men performed cycling exercise at 70% of the Watt-max test until exhaustion (~20 min) with the β-adrenergic blocker, propranolol, plasma levels of FA and glycerol were markedly reduced at exercise stop and in the first 20 min of recovery [24].”
MethodMetabolism and Whole-Body Fat Oxidation Following Postexercise Carbohydrate or Protein Intake
Andersson-Hall, U. K., Pettersson, S., Edin, F., Pedersen, A., Malmodin, D., & Madsen, K. (2017) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0129 · Cited by 11 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Even with a carbohydrate-rich meal intake in recovery, the contribution of FAs to oxidation is still increased when compared with resting control conditions [2,4].”
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Gonzalez-Gil, A. M., & Elizondo-Montemayor, L. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12061899 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
“Increased metabolic demands are accomplished through mechanisms that are mostly mediated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), such as lipolysis in WAT dependent on the activation of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) by catecholamines [18,30], mobilization of hepatic glycogen stores, and antagonism of the anabolic act…”
BackgroundInfluentialEgan, B., & Sharples, A. P. (2023) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00054.2021 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
AMPK and the Adaptation to Exercise
Spaulding, H. R., & Yan, Z. (2022) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-095517 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Tuning fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle with dietary fat and exercise
Fritzen, A. M., Lundsgaard, A.-M., & Kiens, B. (2020) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-020-0405-1 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationMetabolic communication during exercise
Murphy, R. M., Watt, M. J., & Febbraio, M. A. (2020) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-020-0258-x · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Influence of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Abdominal Fat Lipolysis: An Update
Laurens, C., de Glisezinski, I., Larrouy, D., Harant, I., & Moro, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.575363 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Naderi, A., Rothschild, J. A., Santos, H. O., Hamidvand, A., Koozehchian, M. S., Ghazzagh, A., Berjisian, E., & Podlogar, T. (2025) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-025-02213-6 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“…repletion of IMTG following exercise [180], post-exercise plasma fatty acid availability is increased independently of post-exercise dietary ingestion, mainly due to the hormonal response that stimulates adipose tissue lipolysis and skeletal muscle blood flow during the recovery period [181].”
Chan, W. S., Ng, C. F., Pang, B. P. S., Hang, M., Tse, M. C. L., Iu, E. C. Y., Ooi, X. C., Yang, X., Kim, J. K., Lee, C. W., et al. (2024) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.adh2783 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“The Bdnf - depleted myotubes also had impaired mitochondrial capacity as demonstrated by the smaller OCR increase when stressed with the adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) inhibitors oligomycin and protonophore 2-[2-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]hydrazinylidene]- propanedinitrile (FCCP) (Fig.”
BackgroundYou, L., Wang, T., Li, W., Zhang, J., Zheng, C., Zheng, Y., Li, S., Shang, Z., Lin, J., Wang, F., et al. (2024) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2024.118165 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Notoginsenoside R1 Ameliorates Cardiac Lipotoxicity Through AMPK Signaling Pathway
Tian, X., Chen, X., Jiang, Q., Sun, Q., Liu, T., Hong, Y., Zhang, Y., Jiang, Y., Shao, M., Yang, R., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.864326 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“CPT-1A is responsible for the transfer of FA into mitochondria and is the key enzyme in the oxidation of FA (Lundsgaard et al., 2020).”
BackgroundGuo, Y., Guo, X., Deng, Y., Cheng, L., Hu, S., Liu, H., Hu, J., Hu, B., Li, L., He, H., et al. (2020) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.073 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“With new findings of fatty acids serving as important nutrients in postexercise recovery (Lundsgaard et al., 2020), this could be attributed to the more exercise taken by thigh muscle, because FRS ducks walk more frequently than NRS ducks during rearing.”
BackgroundZhang, M., Guo, Y., Su, R., Corazzin, M., Li, J., Huang, H., Zhang, Y., Yao, D., Su, L. C., Zhao, L., et al. (2022) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.2768 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Exercise—A Panacea of Metabolic Dysregulation in Cancer: Physiological and Molecular Insights
Raun, S. H., Buch‐Larsen, K., Schwarz, P., & Sylow, L. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22073469 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Follistatin‐like 1 is a myokine regulating lipid mobilization during endurance exercise and recovery
Nam, J. S., Park, S., Ahn, C. W., Cho, E., Kim, H., & Kim, Y.-S. (2023) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23949 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…adipose tissue lipolysis during exercise and subsequent recovery involve the prolipolytic actions of several hormones, including cate-cholamines, GH, and ANP, through HSL activation, with the strongest effect during exercise being mediated by catecholamines and during recovery by GH [ 23, 34].”
BackgroundMuscle Injuries Induce a Prostacyclin‐PPARγ/PGC1a‐FAO Spike That Boosts Regeneration
Luo, L., Chua, B. Y.-J., Liu, T., Liang, K., Min‐Wen, J. C., Ma, W., Goh, J., Wang, Y., Su, J., Ho, Y. S., et al. (2023) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202301519 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Aerobic exercise and lipolysis: A review of the β-adrenergic signaling pathways in adipose tissue
Rodrigues, A. C., Prímola‐Gomes, T. N., Pelúzio, M. D. C. G., Hermsdorff, H. H. M., & Natali, A. J. (2020) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2020.04.006 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Exercise prevents obesity by reducing gut-derived inflammatory signals to brown adipocytes in mice
Santana-Oliveira, D. A., Souza-Tavares, H., Fernandes‐da‐Silva, A., Silva-Veiga, F. M., Casimiro-Lopes, G., Lisboa, P. C., Mandarim‐de‐Lacerda, C. A., & Souza‐Mello, V. (2023) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-23-0123 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Wang, K., Wang, H., Sun, Q., Kou, X., Yang, P., Zhai, X., Li, Y., Yang, S., & Wang, X. (2025) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114707 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ginseng Pectin WGPA Alleviates Exercise-Induced Fatigue by Enhancing Gluconeogenesis
Jiao, Y., Chen, J., Hao, F., & Tian, M. (2022) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2022/7973380 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wang, N., Zhang, R., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., Sun, A., Zhang, Z., & Shi, X. (2024) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135206 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Smith, L. E., Guilder, G. P. V., Dalleck, L. C., & Harris, N. K. (2022) · Journal of Sports Science and Medicine · doi:10.52082/jssm.2022.545 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“A Pearson correlation coefficient revealed multiple, significant (p 0.05), positive relationships between body weight, REE, session EE, work EE, rest EE, and EPOC, see Table 4.”
BackgroundInfluentialCHEN, M., Zhou, L., CHEN, S., Shangguan, R., QU, Y., & SUN, J. (2021) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.934722 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“To achieve that, a plethora of metabolic changes will occur to regain substrate homeostasis(Lundsgaard et al., 2020, Tsiloulis et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialIhsan, F., Kozina, Z. L., Sukendro, S., Nasrulloh, A., Hidayat, R. A., & Perdana, S. (2024) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v57.105622 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Research by (Lundsgaard, Fritzen, & Kiens, 2020), showed that consumption of carbohydrates and protein within 30-60 minutes after exercise can increase muscle protein synthesis and muscle glycogen recovery.”
Intra- and inter-individual variation of the human lipidome
Anh, N. H., Beyene, H. B., Mocciaro, G., Hahnefeld, L., Lamichhane, S., Fabritius, M., Avela, H. F., Wang, Y., Dickens, A. M., Gurke, R., et al. (2025) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2025.118368 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kistner, T. M., Trinh, B., Mfeketo, K., van Hall, G., Pedersen, B. K., Lieberman, D. E., & Ellingsgaard, H. (2025) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2025.102283 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“This supports the notion that TAG refilling is secondary to glycogen restoration and occurs mainly when glucose availability is low, as during early recovery [13].”
Effects of Reduced Carbohydrate Intake after Sprint Exercise on Breath Acetone Level
Ota, N., Ito, H., & Goto, K. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010058 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In addition, exercise-induced elevation of these hormones are highly dependent on exercise intensity [19].”
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- Authors
- Lundsgaard, A.-M., Fritzen, A. M., & Kiens, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Kiens, Bente
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-01-21
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 280
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7070550
- OpenAlex
- W3002910289
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 0.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Sundhed og Sygdom, Det Frie Forskningsråd
- Danish Diabetes Academy (NNF17SA0031406])
- Novo Nordisk (NNF17SA0031406)
- Alfred Benzon Foundation
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF19OC0057404, #NNF17SA0031406, NNF18OC0034392)
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- fatty acid oxidation, post-exercise recovery, plasma fatty acids, adipose tissue blood flow, lipoprotein lipase, skeletal muscle, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, AMPK, pyruvate dehydrogenase, glycogen resynthesis, PPAR signaling
- MeSH terms
- Nutrients, Adipose Tissue, Biological Availability, Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase, Fatty Acids, Glucose, Glycogen, Homeostasis, Humans, Hydrolysis, Lipoprotein Lipase, Lipoproteins, VLDL, Oxidation-Reduction, Triglycerides, Signal Transduction, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors, AMP-Activated Protein Kinases
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