Artificial gravity as a countermeasure to microgravity: a pilot study examining the effects on knee extensor and plantar flexor muscle groups
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The goal of this project was to examine the effects of artificial gravity (AG) on skeletal muscle strength and key anabolic/catabolic markers known to regulate muscle mass. Two groups of subjects were selected for study: 1) a 21 day-bed rest (BR) group ( n = 7) and 2) an AG group ( n = 8), which was subjected to 21 days of 6° head-down tilt bed rest plus daily 1-h exposures to AG (2.5 G at the feet). Centrifugation was produced using a short-arm centrifuge with the foot plate ∼220 cm from the center of rotation. The torque-velocity relationships of the knee extensors and plantar flexors of the ankle were determined pre- and posttreatment. Muscle biopsy samples obtained from the vastus lateralis and soleus muscles were used for a series of gene expression analyses (mRNA abundance) of key factors implicated in the anabolic vs. catabolic state of the muscle. Post/pre torque-velocity determinations revealed greater decrements in knee extensor performance in the BR vs. AG group ( P < 0.04). The plantar flexors of the AG subjects actually demonstrated a net gain in the torque-velocity relationship, whereas in the BR group, the responses declined (AG vs. BR, P < 0.001). Muscle fiber cross-sectional area decreased by ∼20% in the BR group, whereas no losses were evident in the AG group. RT-PCR analyses of muscle biopsy specimens demonstrated that markers of growth and cytoskeletal integrity were higher in the AG group, whereas catabolic markers were elevated in the BR group. Importantly, these patterns were seen in both muscles. We conclude that paradigms of AG have the potential to maintain the functional, biochemical, and structural homeostasis of skeletal muscle in the face of chronic unloading.
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A recent NASA-supported bed rest study demonstrated that 1 h/day on a specially designed human centrifuge (producing 2.5x gravity at the feet) maintained muscle protein synthesis and attenuated muscle performance decrements in the knee extensors and plantar flexors.
“Specifically, a recent NASA-supported bed rest study demonstrated that 1 h·d-1 on a specially designed human centrifuge (producing 2.5x gravity at the feet) maintained muscle protein synthesis [15] and attenuated muscle performance decrements in the knee extensors and plantar flexors [39].”
From Protecting muscle mass and function in older adults during bed rest (2010) · cites this paper as [39]
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- Authors
- Caiozzo, V. J., Haddad, F., Lee, S., Baker, M., Paloski, W., & Baldwin, K. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2009-07
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 39-46
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- PMC
- PMC2711791
- OpenAlex
- W1974805573
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 3.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000071)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR0073, UL1RR029876, M01RR000073)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Spaceflight effects on biology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Effects of Vibration on Health
- Keywords
- artificial gravity, microgravity countermeasures, bed rest, head-down tilt, knee extensors, plantar flexors, torque-velocity relationship, muscle strength, muscle fiber cross-sectional area, muscle atrophy, muscle gene expression, vastus lateralis, soleus muscle, muscle unloading
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bed Rest, Exercise Test, Humans, Knee, Leg, Male, Muscular Atrophy, Pilot Projects, RNA, Messenger, Weightlessness, Gene Expression, Range of Motion, Articular, Gravity, Altered, Weightlessness Simulation, Head-Down Tilt, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal, Weightlessness Countermeasures, Myosin Heavy Chains, Muscular Disorders, Atrophic, Muscle Strength
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