Cited by 205Cardiovascular and exercise physiologySports Performance and TrainingMuscle metabolism and nutrition

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Systematic analysis of adaptations in aerobic capacity and submaximal energy metabolism provides a unique insight into determinants of human aerobic performance.

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Vollaard, Niels B. J., Constantin-Teodosiu, Dimitru, Fredriksson, Katarina, Rooyackers, Olav, Jansson, Eva, Greenhaff, Paul L., Timmons, James A., Sundberg, Carl Johan·2009·Journal of Applied Physiology

DOI 10.1152/japplphysiol.91453.2008

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Abstract

It has not been established which physiological processes contribute to endurance training-related changes (Δ) in aerobic performance. For example, the relationship between intramuscular metabolic responses at the intensity used during training and improved human functional capacity has not been examined in a longitudinal study. In the present study we hypothesized that improvements in aerobic capacity (V̇o 2max) and metabolic control would combine equally to explain enhanced aerobic performance. Twenty-four sedentary males (24 ± 2 yr; 1.81 ± 0.08 m; 76.6 ± 11.3 kg) undertook supervised cycling training (45 min at 70% of pretraining V̇o 2max) 4 times/wk for 6 wk. Performance was determined using a 15-min cycling time trial, and muscle biopsies were taken before and after a 10-min cycle at 70% of pretraining V̇o 2max to quantify substrate metabolism. Substantial interindividual variability in training-induced adaptations was observed for most parameters, yet “low responders” for ΔV̇o 2max were not consistently low responders for other variables. While V̇o 2max and time trial performance were related at baseline ( r 2= 0.80, P < 0.001), the change in V̇o 2max was completely unrelated to the change in aerobic performance. The maximal parameters ΔV̇e max and ΔVeq max(ΔV̇e/V̇o 2max) accounted for 64% of the variance in ΔV̇o 2max( P < 0.001), whereas Δperformance was related to changes in the submaximal parameters Veq submax( r 2= 0.33; P < 0.01), muscle Δlactate ( r 2= 0.32; P < 0.01), and Δacetyl-carnitine ( r 2= 0.29; P < 0.05). This study demonstrates that improvements in high-intensity aerobic performance in humans are not related to altered maximal oxygen transport capacity. Altered muscle metabolism may provide the link between training stimulus and improved performance, but metabolic parameters do not change in a manner that relates to aerobic capacity changes.

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Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance
BASSETT, D. R. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200001000-00012 · Cited by 2,410 · cited 4×
“Previously, it has been concluded that V˙ O 2max sets the upper limit for aerobic performance (3, 11), but this has little relevance for maximal work performance over extended durations, where it is not possible to maintain exercise at V˙ O 2max .”
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“A high V̇O2max is associated with reduced risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease (9, 35, 50), and training-induced changes in V̇O2max have been shown to correlate with changes in risk factors for metabolic and cardiovascular disease and mortality (29, 51).”
Background
A calcineurin-dependent transcriptional pathway controls skeletal muscle fiber typePreprint
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“Indeed, the fact that some individuals do not improve V˙ O 2max in response to a standardized aerobic training program has been known for over two decades (25, 39) and was convincingly demonstrated by Bouchard et al. (6) in a large cohort in the HERITAGE Family Study.”
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“In support of this view, V˙ O 2max and aerobic performance are positively correlated in athletes of mixed ability (15, 24, 27, 42), with well-trained endurance athletes achieving values for V˙ O 2max over twice those of sedentary individuals (42).”
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“…a training effect in endurance training studies (3), and V˙ O 2max is often used to quantify and standardize exercise intensity for training studies (13, 18, 38), submaximal time-to-exhaustion performance trials (28, 37), and studying metabolic responses to submaximal exercise (1, 41).”
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Examining interindividual differences in select muscle and whole‐body adaptations to continuous endurance training
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Background
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Response
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“In addition, low responders to the adaptation of aerobic capacity (VO2max) and muscle growth after aerobic and resistance exercise training are also known to exist (Vollaard et al., 2009; Roberts et al., 2018) but the underlying causes have not yet been fully elucidated.”
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Aube, J. J., Beaupre, L. P. R., & Gurd, B. J. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16189225

Authors: Vollaard, N. B. J., Constantin-Teodosiu, D., Fredriksson, K., Rooyackers, O., Jansson, E., Greenhaff, P. L., Timmons, J. A., & Sundberg, C. J.
Affiliations: Stockholm University (SE)
Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
University of Nottingham (GB)
Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Corresponding author: Timmons, James A.
ORCID: Vollaard, Niels B. J.
Rooyackers, Olav
Jansson, Eva
Greenhaff, Paul L.
Timmons, James A.
Sundberg, Carl Johan
Venue: Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Published: 2009-05
Volume: 106
Issue: 5
Pages: 1479-1486
ISSN: 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
8750-7587
1522-1601
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91453.2008
OpenAlex: W2121236814
Cited by: 205
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 30.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
dspace.stir.ac.uk
Licence: public-domain
Locations: Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Pfizer
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords: cardiorespiratory fitness, endurance training, aerobic performance, substrate metabolism, muscle lactate, acetyl-L-carnitine, cycling time trial, training-induced adaptations, interindividual variability, sedentary men
MeSH terms: Acetylcarnitine, Adaptation, Physiological, Adenosine Triphosphatases, Adult, Biopsy, Citrate (si)-Synthase, Electron Transport Complex IV, Energy Metabolism, Exercise Test, Humans, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Exercise, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Lactic Acid, Electron Transport Complex I, Quadriceps Muscle, Young Adult

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